197801 Interface Age V 03 I 01

TM

ifuTEnrALC «Sc

MICROCOMPUTING FOR SMALL BUSINESS AND HOME VOLUME 3, ISSUE 1 JANUARY 1978 $1.75

CANADA/MEXICO $2.00 INTERNATIONAL $3.00

Floppy ROm #3

The Word Processor

iteha*1

RETURN

RE PT

CTRL

SHIFT

QWERTY Is Obsolete

Tax Calculation Programs
ITledical Receivables Package
Report Writing By microcomputer

6800/2 IS HERE

The 6800/2 uses our new A2 processor board with socket
space for 8K bytes of ROM/PROM. This makes it possible
to use the 6800 in applications where ROM programs are
useful without purchasing an expensive PROM accessory
board. The A2 board has a DIP switch selector that allows
you to replace any 8K block of memory above the RAM
memory that extends to 32K with memory external to the
processor board itself. This lets you develop special pro-
grams that will later be put in PROM in a normal RAM
memory card where it can be modified and debugged. The
A2 board has a crystal controlled baud rate oscillator and a
separate clock driver oscillator whose frequency may be
changed with a programming resistor. The A2
processor board gives you the maximum possible flexibility
In setting up a computer system.

SWTBUG® Monitor-

The 6800/2 is supplied with our new SWTBUG® monitor.
This new monitor is software compatible with the earlier
Mikbug® monitor used in the 6800. All major subroutine
entry points are identical. SWTBUG® features a resident
MF-68 Minifloppy disk boot, single level breakpoints,
vectored software interrupt, generation of punch end of
tape formatting and automatic interface configuring for
either the MP-C control interface or MP-S serial interface.

AC I A Type Interface—

The 6800/2 uses our MP-S serial interface. This RS-232 and

20 Ma. TTY compatible interface may be configured to op-
erate serially at the following baud rates: 110, 150,300,
600, 1200, 2400, 4800 and 9600. Complete interrupt con-
trol is available through the user's software.

4K Static MEMORY-

The 6800/2 comes wth 4K of static RAM memory on our
MP-8M board . The memory may be expanded to 8K by the
addition of eight more memory chips. No additional parts
are needed. Full buffering of all data, address and control
lines is a standard feature. Memory expansion to 32K of
continuous RAM memory and up to a 48K mixture of
ROM/RAM is possible with this system.

ACCESSORY BOARDS-

Do you have a special job? Our accessory boards make it
possible to use the 6800/2 for almost any type of computer
application. We have our MP-T interrupt timer with soft-
ware interrupt selectable output. Our MP-N calculator inter-
face that allows you to do arithmetic functions In hard-
ware. Our MP-R EPROM programmer that programs and
verifies EPROMs right in the machine— and more coming.

6800/2 Kit . $439,00 ppd Com. ILS.

6800/2 Assembled $495.00 ppd Cont. U.S.

SWTBUG Ts a registered trademark of Southwest Tech. Prod. Corp.
Mikbug® Is a registered trademark of Motorola, Inc.

SOUTHWEST TECHNICAL PRODUCTS CORPORATION

219 W. RHAPSODY

SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS 78216

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 52

You can now have the industry’s
finest microcomputer
with that all-important
disk drive

YOU CAN GET THAT
ALL-IMPORTANT SOFTWARE,
TOO

Loading your programs and files
will take you only a few seconds with
the new Cromemco Z-2D computer.

You can load fast because the
Z-2D comes equipped with a 5"
floppy disk drive and controller. Each
diskette will store up to 92 kilobytes.

Diskettes will also store your pro-
grams inexpensively— much more so
than with ROMs. And ever so much
more conveniently than with cas-
settes or paper tape.

The Z-2D itself is our fast, rugged,
professional-grade Z-2 computer
equipped with disk drive and con-
troller* You can get the Z-2D with
either single or dual drives (dual
shown in photo).

CROMEMCO HAS THE
SOFTWARE

You can rely on this: Cromemco
is committed to supplying quality
software support.

For example, here's what's now
available for our Z-2D users:
CROMEMCO FORTRAN IV COM-
PILER: a well-developed and power-
ful FORTRAN that's ideal for scien-
tific use. Produces optimized, relo-
catable Z-80 object code.
CROMEMCO 16K DISK BASIC: a
powerful pre-compiling interpreter
with 14-digit precision and powerful
I/O handling capabilities. Particularly
suited to business applications.
CROMEMCO Z-80 ASSEMBLER: a
macro-assembler that produces relo-
catable object code* Uses standard
Z-80 mnemonics.

The professional-
grade microcomputer
for professionals

ADVANCED CONTROLLER CARD

The new Z-2D is a professional
system that gives you professional
performance.

In the Z-2D you get our well-
known 4-MHz CPU card, the proven
Z-2 chassis with 21 -slot motherboard
and 30-amp power supply that can
handle 21 cards and dual floppy
drives with ease.

Then there's our new disk con-
troller card with special features:

• Capability to handle up to 4
disk drives

* A disk bootstrap Monitor in a
IK 2708 PROM

• An RS-232 serial interface for
interfacing your CRT terminal
or teletype

♦ LSI disk controller circuitry

Shown with optional
bench cabinet

Werre able to put all of this in-
cluding a UART for the CRT interface
on just one card because we've taken
the forward step of using LSI con-
troller circuitry,

STORE/ FACTORY

Contact your computer store or
Cromemco factory now about the
Z-2D. It's a real workhorse that you
can put to professional or OEM use

now.

Kit: Z-2D with 1 disk drive

(Model Z2D-K) $1495.

Assembled: Z-2D fully assembled

and tested (Model Z2D-W) $2095,

Additional disk drive

(Model Z2D-FDD) $495,

SOFTWARE

(On standard JBM-format
soft-sectored mini diskettes)

16K BASIC (Model FDB-S) $95

FORTRAN IV (Model FDF-5). ... $95

Z-80 Assembler (Model FDA- 5) $95

Z-2 USERS:

Your Z-2 was designed with the future
in mind* It can be easily retrofitted
with everything needed to convert to
a Z“2D, Only $935 kit; or $1135 for
assembled retrofit package.

Cromemco

incorporated
Specialists in computers and peripherals
2400 CHARLESTON RD., MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94043 • (415) 964-7400
CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 11

JANUARY 1978

INTERFACE AGE 1

VOL. 3, ISSUE 1

JANUARY 1978

iiuicnr«Lc flue

pu aom #3
Word

COVER STORY

Our cover of the May 1977
issue portrayed the beauty
hidden with the skull of the
electronic brain. This month
our cover displays the esthe-
tic quality inherent in good
design. The “Writehander™11
was designed from the tech-
nological core outward. The
visible element is a product
of another discipline, human
engineering. The natural ar-
ticulation of the primate
hand determined the hemi-
spheric shape. Color and tex-
ture of the material chosen
determined the artistic ele-
ment.

In the background an ASCII
encoded QWERTY keyboard
is shown in ghostly form to
symbolize the former de-
sign’s honorable service,
now overshadowed by the
new generation.

Advertiser index 176

Book Reviews 148

FIFO Flea Market 174

From the Fountainhead ... 46

Hardware Section 100

Interfacial 6

Letters to the Editor 8

Micro-Market 173

New Products 133

Programming the Human

Computer 39

Sense Line 51

Software Section 149

The Jurisprudent

Computehst 32

Update 16

Calendar 24

White Collar

Microcomputer ........ 26

SINCE DECEMBER 1975

iiiiTEnrflLC «5E

MICROCOMPUTING FOR SMALL BUSINESS AND HOME

FEATURES

QWERTY IS OBSOLETE

A NEW DESIGN FOR THE TYPEWRITER by Sid Owen

KEYBOARD

THE WORD PROCESSOR

A PROGRAM TO ASSIST YOU TO WRITE by Ken Knecht

REPORTS, ARTICLES AND LETTERS

MEDICAL ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE PACKAGE
MICROBUSINESS II

COMPUTERIZE YOUR PROFESSIONAL by M R. Lockwood, A.$J

PRACTICE AND KEEP TRACK OF YOUR
RECEIVABLES WITH THIS SIMPLE
SOFTWARE PACKAGE

THE USE OF MICROCOMPUTERS FOR BUSINESS

RISK ANALYSIS 88

BEFORE YOU GO INTO BUSINESS, PLOT OUT by Jon R. Prescott
YOUR CHANCES OF SUCCESS WITH
THIS PROGRAM

HOWTO BUY AN APARTMENT HOUSE 94

YOUR MICRO CAN HELP YOU TO PLAN YOUR by Richard E. Michels
INVESTMENT IN INCOME PROPERTY

HARDWARE FEATURES

CARD OF THE MONTH: CANADA SYSTEMS INC.

CL 2400 REAL TIME CLOCK 100

by Roger Edelson, Hardware Editor

TURNING TOWARD MECA 104

by Car! Denver Warren II

THE GLASS TELETYPE: A FLEXIBLE TELEVISION INTERFACE ...... .113

by Charlie Mitchell, Phil Roybal
and Keith Winter

INTERVAL TIMER DESIGN 122

by Darrel J . Van Buer

SOFTWARE FEATURES

SOFTWARE EDITORIAL 149

by A , A. Perez, Software Editor

COM PUTER(ESE) SPEECH WRITER . . ..150

by As hok Nagrani

CROMEMCO DAZZLER GRAPHICS INTERFACE DRIVER 153

by Ray Duncan

TAX CALCULATION PROGRAM 158

by Gary O. Young

THE TAX MAN -GAME 164

by Gary O. Young

CRAZY BALL WITH NORTHSTAR BASIC - GAME 170

by Sy Feierstadt

56

60

80

INTERFACE AGE Magazine, published monthly by McPheters, Wolfe & Jones, 16704 Marquardt Ave., Cerritos, CA 90701. Subscription rates: U.S. $14.00,
Canada/Mexico $16.00, aH other countries $24.00. Make checks payable in U.S. funds drawn on a U.S. bank. Opinions expressed In by-lined articles do
not necessarily reflect the opinion of this magazine or the publisher. Mention of products by trade name in editorial material or advertisements contained
herein in no way constitutes endorsement of the product or products by this magazine or the publisher.

INTERFACE AGE Magazine COPYRIGHT © 1978 by McPheters, Wolfe & Jones, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Material in this publication may not be
reproduced in any form without permission. Requests for permission should be directed to Nancy Jones. Rights and Permission, McPheters, Wolfe &
Jones, 16704 Marquardt Ave,, Cerritos, CA 90701. INTERFACE AGE Magazine is catalogued in the Library of Congress, Classification No. QA75,5,155.
Membership in Audit Bureau of Circulations applied for.

POSTMASTER: Please send change of address form 3579 and undelivered copies to INTERFACE AGE Magazine, 16704 Marquardt Ave.f Cerritos, CA
90701. Second-class postage paid at Artesia, California 90701 and at additional mailing offices,

2 INTERFACE AGE

JANUARY 1978

Welcome to the Real World

with the Real-World Interface from The Digital Group

A computer should have a purpose. Or as many
purposes as you can imagine. Because a computer
belongs in the real world.

And now, the Digital Group introduces the Real-
World Interface. A system component that's actually a
system in itself, and specifically designed to help you
get your computer to control all those tasks you
know a computer can control so well.

Automate your sprinkler system. Heat and cool your
home. Guard against burglars. Shut off lights . . . It's
all a part of the Real World, easily controlled with the
Digital Group Real-World Interface,

Our Real-World Interface is initially made up of three
basic components — motherboard and power supply,
parallel CPU interface and cabinet — plus three types
of plug-ins: AC controller, DC controller and
prototyping card. The recommended software
packages are Convers, Assembler or Maxi-Basic, in
that order.

Some of the features include:

Motherboard & Power Supply

* 12 slots — 11 control cards, one for the interface
card

• +5V DC±5% @ 1A, +12V DC ±5% @ 1 A, ~I2V DC
±5% @ 1A contained on board

* May be free-standing (with care)

Parallel CPU Interface

• All buffering for Data Out (25 TTL loads), Address
(25 TTL loads) and Data In (10 TTL loads)

• Includes cable and paddlecard for connection to dual
22 on Digital Group CPU back panel. Two 22-pin
edge connectors included

• Requires two output ports and one input port

AC Controller

• Eight output devices (2N6342A-2N6343A, -12 amp
Triacs); Each output 240V AC max, 12A max RMS

• Control AC motors, lamps, switches, etc,

• Opto-isolated (MCS-2400 or equivalent)

DC Controller

• Eight output devices (2N6055) each output up to
50V and up to 5A

• Control DC motors, switches, solenoids, etc,

• May use internal +12V DC for load or externa! DC
up to 50V DC

Price

• For the motherboard and power supply, parallel
CPU interface and cabinet, our kit price is only
$199.50, or $260 assembled. Now down to
earth.

We've only just begun our Real-World Interface

System. There are many more plug-ins and

applications coming along soon. So write or call The

Digital Group now for complete details.

And welcome to our world.

P.O. BOX 6525 DENVER, CO 902 06 (303) 777-7133

JANUARY 1978

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 15

interface AGE 3

Buy a dumb terminal
the smart way

and save 1/3.

Introducing
Dynabyte’s
new Naked
Terminal:

Buying a dumb terminal used to get
pretty expensive - about $ 1 ,000. But
that was the old, dumb way. Now
there is a new, smart way to add a
dumb terminal to your system. Get
Dynabyte's new Naked Terminal and
add a keyboard and video monitor at
a cost of about $650. You save
around $350!

The Naked Terminal does all that a dumb
terminal does. Some things it does better.

It displays 80 characters per line by 24 lines. And
it displays it on any screen size: 9, 12, 15 or
whatever size you prefer. The $1,000 one
doesn't give you a choice. Both upper and lower
case characters are displayed in a 5 x 7 font.

Although you spend less money you get more
features: half duplex, full duplex, and a block mode
that allows editing before transmission.
You-know-who doesn't have a block mode.

The Naked Terminal has addressable cursor. And its
display offers you lots of switch-selectable flexibility:
black-on-white or white-on-black, blinking or
non-blinking underline cursor, and
variable baud rates.

No software support is required. The Naked Terminal
can be configured by dip switch to drop into an
existing system, replacing the serial I/O card and
stand-alone terminal without making any
changes to software.

The Naked Terminal is a complete dumb terminal on an S-100 board. It contains a microprocessor
with its own memory, its own software drivers, and its own internal bus. We built it that way so it won’t
take up any of the 64k memory address space of the S-100 bus. Keyboard and video monitor

cables are available at additional cost.

Like all Dynabyte products, the Naked Terminal is completely assembled, socketed, tested and
burned in. Dynabyte's guarantee is for a full year - the longest in the industry.

Now isn’t the Naked Terminal a smart buy? Learn more about saving 1/3 on a dumb terminal. Ask
your local computer retailer. Or write today to Dynabyte, Inc., 4020 Fabian, Palo Alto, CA 94303.

Telephone {415)494-7817.

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 103

' New! 16k' and 32k fully static RAM’s. With either 250 ns. or 450 ns.

typical access time. .Assembled. Tested. Burned in. Guaranteed.

Like our 16k dynamic RAM. Built as solid as the 4,400 year-old pyramids.

Ancient Egyptians didn’t stop
with just one pyramid. The Great
Pyramid stands on the Plain of
Gizeh with two other monuments
erected for kings and queens.

Dynabyte didn’t stop with one
1 6k dynamic RAM, either. Now
you can get 1 6k and 32k fully
static RAM’s that are built with the
same unmatched engineering
ability and manufacturing skill
that went into Egypt’s wonders of
the ancient world.

When we say built, we mean
completely built. Assembled,
tested and burned in. We don’t
leave anything undone. That way,
you can buy any Dynabyte
memory and know that it is backed
by a factory guarantee for one full
year. Kits and semi-kits can’t
say that.

Our 16k static and our 32k
static are available with either 250
ns. or 450 ns. access time. Our
250 ns. module is completely
compatible with the 4MHz Z-80A
processors. The 450 ns. modules
are compatible with the 8080 and
the faster 3MHz 8085 processors.

The Great 16k Static
Memory. 250 ns., $555. 450
ns., $525.

• 4k block addressing along 4k
boundaries

• Bank Select

• Write Protect with alarm for
each 4k block

• full Schmitt trigger buffering

• No DMA restrictions

• Completes* 100 bus com-
patibility, including the Alpha
Micro and Z-2.

The Great 32K Static
Memory. 250ns., $995,450
ns., $925.

• 4k boundary addressing

• Full Schmitt trigger buffering

• No DMA restrictions

Why Dynabyte doesn’t
build memory kits

Assembling a kit can be fun;
almost anyone can do it.

But how about testing it?
Do you have the test programs
and equipment? Do you know
which memory test program
uncovers pattern sensitivity?
Or which finds shorted data
bits but won’t find address
decoder faults?

We do. It’s our business. We
have the 200 MHz oscillo-
scopes, the logic analyzers, the
burn-in chambers, and the test
programs. We find the bugs,
even the subtle ones.

Which lets you concentrate
on computing.

• Conservative thermal design

» CompleteS-100 compati-
bility, including the Alpha
Micro and Z-2.

The Great 16k Dynamic
Memory. $399.

• Highly cost effective

• No wait states

• Transparent refresh

• 1 6k addressing boundaries

• Widest S- 1 00 mainframe and
disk system compatibility

All of Dynabyte’s memories
meet rigid industrial grade stand-
ards. Design, components, con-
struction, testing and perfor-
mance. But if a module ever needs
repair, we provide factory service
with 24 hour turnaround for both
warranty and non-warranty work.

Ask for the Great Memories by
Dynabyte at your local computer
store. You can also pick up com-
plete product information while
you’re there.

But if you haven’t got a local
computer store, write Dynabyte,
Inc., 4020 Fabian, Palo Alto, CA
94303. Or telephone (41 5)
494-7817.

Builders of Great Memories

JANUARY 1978

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. IS

INTERFACE AGE 5

“QWERTY IS OBSOLETE” is not a call to arms against the Flag and the
Constitution, but it may be a manifesto against a hallowed tradition of tech-
nology, the keyboard that has held our ten fingers in thralldom for so many
years- Sid Owen is a man who looked at this ubiquitous design and asked
himself, “Do you really need ten fingers?” He then set about to prove that
half that number will do. Sid Owen stands out, not for having a successful
new product, rather for having dreamed that he could make a change in his
world.

Last May Bob Jones, our publisher, and William Turner who has since
become our Southeastern Regional Editor, made a change in our world of
publishing computer information when they launched THE FLOPPY ROM™
EXPERIMENT, a plastic platter bound into the magazine engraved with a 4K
BASIC interpreter program. The experiment was repeated in the September
issue with the platter containing Bud Shamburger's GENERAL LEDGER
PACKAGE, This third event can no longer be called an experiment, rather a
viable publishing practice. The FLOPPY ROM™ contains the software of
WORD PROCESSOR PROGRAM by Ken Knecht. This is the third in a pro-
jected series of useful material planned by INTERFACE AGE in the next years*

Good software, however, without good hardware is as limited as a Shake-
spearean actor with permanent laryngitis, Carl Denver Warren II authors a
descriptive article on a high speed cassette system called the MECAdrive
and Roger Edelson shows you how to tell time with your computer in his
CARD OF THE MONTH feature, CL 24 REAL TIME CLOCK. Three engineers
from National Semiconductor Corporation pooled their talents to author
THE GLASS TELETYPE, a device which enables the microcomputer user to
use a television set or video monitor as an output device. This inexpensive
system coupled with a readily available switch matrix or encoded keyboard
for input, provides a complete terminal far below standard peripheral cost.

Also of value to the homebrew user with limited funds is a hardware clock*
Darrel van Buer describes his INTERVAL TIMER DESIGN.

Our book selections this month also are of interest to the hardware builder.
In this issue’s reviews you will see how Capt Judith Scoiney (Robertson),
LLS.A.F, (Ret.) did not win her commission entirely by being harmless. In the
course of last year we have been silent about our book reviewers, Larry and
Judy. At regular intervals we hand them stacks of books, catalogs and
diverse printed matter and expect them to spend their spare time reading
and evaluating this output from the printing presses, then at our press
deadlines we dun them for manuscripts. In this first issue of 1978, we want
to take the opportunity in the name of our readers to say “thanks” and wish
this brilliant couple and their gifted daughter a fulfilling yean

Along with our standing lineup of columnists, a new name appears,
James S* White. Jim will inform you on developments in microcomputing
for small businesses.

Putting out a broad-spectrum computer magazine is like pulling a dogsled
with a fan hitch. The editors come from various walks of life, portray diverse
viewpoints and each applies traction at his own slant. When Ashok
Nagrani’s article COMPUTERIZED SPEECH WRITER arrived here, its con-
tent elicited chuckles from some of the staff and less than favorable com-
ments from others. My vote for acceptance won out by a slim margin and I
planted the article into Abe Perez1 section. I did it and am glad — and many
of you will probably chuckle with me. Others of you may be tempted to pen
irate letters accusing the author and the magazine of making a mockery of
report writing. So be it; this aspect should be told, and if it hits a sore nerve,
first wonder why the spot is so raw, then if you are still angry, do us the favor
to aim the darts at me. I am responsible.

—Linda Folkard-Stengel

iru7Enrfl~E «5E

13913 Artesia Boulevard
Cerritos, CA 90701
(213) 926-6629

PUBLISHER * EDITOR-IN-CHIEF

ROBERT S, JONES

EXECUTIVE PUBLISHER

NANCY A. JONES

GENERAL MANAGER

EVA YAKA

FEATURE EDITOR

LINDA FOLKARD-STENGEL

NORTHWESTERN REGIONAL EDITOR

ADAM OSBORNE, PhD

NORTHEASTERN regional editor

ROGER C. GARRETT

SOUTHEASTERN REGIONAL EDITOR

WILLIAM TURNER, WB4ALM

SOFTWARE EDITOR

ABRAHAM A. PEREZ

HARDWARE EDITOR

ROGER EDELSON

CONTRIBUTING BUSINESS EDITOR

BUD SHAMBURGER

PRODUCTION LAYOUT EDITOR

MIKE ANTICH

ART

MERRILYN JOYCE
MARGARET FEN STERM AKER

PRODUCTION AGISTS

KATHY ROBERTSON
DONNA YOSHIOKA
SAY OK O TAN1SAKI

SUBSCRIPTION CIRCULATION

JO ANN FERGUSON

TYPOGRAPHER

MELODY A. MARTENS

Editorial Correspondence

Direct all correspondence to ihe appropriate
editor ai: INTERFACE AGE Magazine, P.O.
Box 1234, Cerrilos, CA 90701.

#

NATIONAL SALES MANAGER

BRUCE BERKEY

AD V ERTI S I NG- Re pre sen I ai i ves

ALLEN BROWNE-ZACH BOVINETTE

Advertising Inquiries

Direct all advertising inquiries Co: Advertising
Depi,. INTERFACE AGE Magajine, 61 South
Lake Avenue, P.O. Box 456ft, Pasadena, CA
91106- (213* 795-7002,

DOMESTIC RETAIL CIRCULATION

ZACH BOVINETTE

{213) 796 7002

JAPAN CIRCULATION
KAZUHIKO NISH I

ASCII Publishing - 305 HI TORIQ
5 '6-4 Minami Aoyama.

Minaio-ltu. Tokyo 107 Japan
Telephone: {03) 407-4910

UNITED KINGDOM CIRCULATION
VINCENT COEN

L.P. Enterprise. 313 Kingston Road.

I Hurd, Essex, England IGIIPJ.

Telephone: 01-553-1001

WESTERN CANADA CIRCULATION
BRIAN I.J. WIEBE

Kiironic, 2523ft 26th Avenue RR5
Aidergrdve, BC VOX 1A0
Telephone: (604) 856-2301

EASTERN CANADA CIRCULATION

LIZ JANEK

HS-232, Lid., 1SB Queen Street Wesl,

Toronto. Ontario M5V l£l
Telephone: (426) 5980206

AUSTRALIA CIRCULATION
n. J, HOESS

Electronic Concepts Pty. Ltd,

52-50 Clarence Street, Sydney NSW 2000
Telephone: 29-3753

MEMBER OF THE WESTERN
PUBLISHERS ASSOCIATION

AMERICAN SOCIETY OF
BUSINESS PRESS EDITORS

6 INTERFACE AGE

JANUARY 1978

When you put it together, it's really together.

Some people build personal computers for the love of building. The Equinox System ™
is for people who build for the love of computing.

You put it together. And it's really together.

The Equinox 100™ mainframe combines the 8080A CPU with a front panel program-

ming station featuring ultra-convenient octal keyboard and digital LED readout.

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 40

There are low-cost 4K and 8K memories. All your interfacing comes in one kit. Even
EQU/ATE™and BASIC-EQ™ languages on easy-loading cassettes.

It's all together now. It's all S-100 compatible. And it's upward-compatible with new
Equinox™ equipment, software and systems coming in the months ahead.

See the Equinox System™ at your local computer shop. Call toll-free to 800-648-5311
(BAC/MC accepted). Or write Equinox Division, Parasitic Engineering, P.O. Box 6314,
Albany, California 94706. THE EQUINOX SYSTEM™ All together now.

ASTRONOMY SPECIAL

Dear Editor:

Your Astronomy/Astrophysics
issue has set another new high. It re-
called to mind a mixture of space
and computer technology which first
occurred to me some years ago.
What if — we build a spaceship con-
taining a self-maintaining super-
computer and launched this vessel
on a path through space-time such
that the vessel would experience a
time expansion of 11:1 (say 10000:1).
It would return to Earth after the
passage of only 5 years’ earth time
but would itself be 50,000 years
older (and wiser). The machine
would be equipped with a great
Knowledge base and would be
assigned the task of finding the cure
for aging, the Holy Grail, etc. 1
suspect that a trajectory through
space time with the required attri-
butes could be found, but I am not
sure how to do it.

It may not be possible for many
years to build a ship capable of at-
taining the required velocity and
energy level. Since the vessel would
be unmanned, It does not need to be
a physical spaceship. Our computers
in a sense are not physical devices
but rather highly complex, rapidly
changing, and self-modifying fields
of electromagnetic energy. Can we
separate the field from the physical
computer in order to transmit intact
field through space? The semicon-
ductors (FETs) and wires of today’s
computers serve to contain and guide
the field. Can the containment func-
tion be performed by the field itself,
can an electromagnetic wave emulate
a semiconductor as well as a wire?
Such a computer would be a true
electronic device! It might in fact be
an “electronic consciousness
vehicle” such as can be found in the
literature of mysticism, assuming
computers can be “conscious,”

A near term application which I
have in mind for my 8080 system is
to use it as a lie detector. A com-
pany in Springfield, Virginia is mar-
keting a device for psychological
stress evaluation based on the prin-
ciple that “micro tremors” in the
human voice are suppressed when a
person is under stress such as that
associated with fear of being caught

lying. These micro tremors are a fre-
quency modulation of the voice sig-
nal at 8 to 14 Hz. The voice signal
would be digitized using an A-D con-
verter or Speechlab type device. I
know how to detect FM when the
modulated signal is a simple sine
wave using either common radio cir-
cuits or a Fourier Analysis program
but when the signal being modulated
is complex such as a voice, I run into
problems. Could any of your readers
suggest a program, algorithm or cir-
cuit capable of separating these two
signals, the voice and the micro-
tremor FM?

P.S. I think a truth detector program
wou Id make a super software art icle.
If you agree, I’d be glad to send you
copies of the literature which I have
on the subject.

James R. Tyron
5340 Holmes Run Pkwy., #1504
Alexandria, VA 22304

Thanks for the compliment on the
August Issue. Your work on lie de-
tecting sounds as if it would make
good reading. Send it in and share
your ideas with other readers.

— Editor

Dear Editor:

The program on “Computing the
Positions and Orbits of the Planets"
was truly most interesting. However,
I found a drawback. People using a
SWTPC 6800 and Robert Uiterwyk's
8K BASIC will have a long time to
wait for results from lines 400 up to
485. I myself found that it took al-
most 32 minutes to get the number
of degrees for Venus. Being a 6800
owner with the 8K BASIC I knew
there had to be a way of speeding up
the process with as little error as
possible. I found out how and now it
takes only a few minutes and the er-
ror in my opinion is acceptable.

Below is the patch for line 430 to
speed up the mathematical process,

430 X = X+ 0.017453925 - 8. 726646 24 5 £-03

Using the above formula intro-
duces a slight error. My findings
were from 0.05 degrees up to a max-
imum of 0.36 degrees. If the user can
tolerate such an error the person
will find that the process is speeded
up by about 20 minutes in most
cases. The formula has been tried

for most of the planets on the chart
at various dates. I hope readers will
find it useful and would be inter-
ested if someone has even a faster
way with less error. Anyway it is a
starting point.

Dennis W. Tracy
151 Gemini Avenue
Winnipeg, Manitoba
Canada R2G 0T7

Dear Editor:

I read, with interest, Ed Keith’s ar-
ticle entitled “A Better 6800 Memory
Test — Memtest” in the July 1977
issue of INTERFACE AGE. Mr. Keith
has done an admirable job in pro-
gramming a solution to his problem
— namely a more complete memory
test than that produced by Robit-1.
However, it seems to me that there is
one tiny flaw in Mr. Keith’s approach.
Since every 100th position of mem-
ory is loaded with the same data dur-
ing Phase 1 of Memtest, Phase 2
would be unable to detect a short
that occurred between two memory
positions 100 addresses apart.

Such a situation as described in
the previous paragraph could, theo-
retically at least, occur. If one or
several such shorts happened, the
shorted memory positions would re-
spond to more than one address, but
Memtest would be unable to detect
it because it would load like data In-
to these locations. Despite the short,
no alteration in the expected pattern
would occur.

if a memory had all of its locations
wired (or shorted) to all other loca-
tions that were a multiple of 100 ad-
dresses away from it, it would cer-
tainly be unusable. However, a tool
other than Memtest would be required
to diagnose the problem correctly.

Kenneth C. Service
Exton, PA

Dear Editor:

While I feel that the article “The
Remotoid/Android Project" by
Roger Garrett, In April 1977 INTER-
FACE AGE, was adequate in most
respects, there are a couple of
points I would like to make.

First, the principal components of
muscle tissue, actin and myosin,
have been known for quite a few
years; they aggregate when mixed to

8 INTERFACE AGE

JANUARY 1978

form fibers of acti nomyosin, which
contract upon exposure to ATP,
which acts as an energy source. As
far as I am aware, this system has
never been put to any practical use
(i.e. locomotion) by any other than
living organisms.

The other dubious aspect of this
article is the idea of using a pluton-
ium PN junction sandwich for a
power cell. There are several obvious
defects to this approach. 1) Pluton-
ium emits not only gamma radiation,
but also neutrons due to spontane-
ous fission. 2) The combination of
plutonium and the so-called "inert
material” — obviously intended to
be a plastic, from the drawing —
serve to turn S.F. neutrons into ther-
mal neutrons within the package. 3)
The silicon itself can be transmitted
into phosphorus; this affect is the
basis for the so-called “neutron dop-
ing” in semiconductor silicon. 4) If
the P-type dopant is boron, which
has a thermal neutron capture cross-
section orders of magnitude larger
than almost anything in the package
except plutonium, it will serve as a
neutron “sink." 5) Care should be
taken to avoid assembling a "critical
mass” of plutonium; this is made dif-
ficult because (a) thermal neutrons
are not retained within the package,
and (b) a high density of these units
would seem to be required for ade-
quate power generation. 6) Even in
the event that a plastic package is
not used, this probably means a
glass-ceramic package, which might
entail high temperature sealing; care
should be taken to avoid too high a
heat, for plutonium has seven crys-
talline allotropes — each with a dif-
ferent density. This effect alone
might cause intolerable stress with-
in the package. (Obviously the engi-
neering problems are substantial
either way you go — which is not to
say that it couldn't be done, but just
not in so simple a manner.)

I suppose the point I'm trying to
make is that when someone writes
an S.F. piece for your magazine, he
should check his science a little, or
even collaborate on points he’s not
sure of, because even though a ma-
jority of your readers (myself in-
cluded) know just a little about com-
puters, it is invalid to assume that,

because of that, we are also scienti-
fic illiterates.

Keep up the good work!

Glen Lewis
Garland, Texas
We have received feedback from a

great number of people on this arti-
cle. Each reader who called or wrote
had a very personal and unique re-
sponse to it. Not all were favorable,
some calls were even abusive, but
most described themselves as hav-

Free

Bugbacks. f

~ $6.50 worth m

of Bugback® M

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with $35.00 |

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Our Bug back adhesive labels slick to
their chips, immediately identifying logic
functions and pin numbers. But even
without the 3B.50 Bugback freebie, our
Bugbooks" are a great bargain Nine
books, packed with everything
to teach you digital and
analog electronics
from scratch,

Bugbooks I & II - 750
pages, with experiments
in basic digital electronics
to sophisticated circuits.

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Bugbook IIA - Advanced topics
in digital logic transmission. 35.00
Bugbook lit - General overview
of microcomputer systems with
particular emphasis on interfacing,

1/0, programming in machine languages.
597 pages, $15.00

Bugbooks V & VI - Digital logic and
microcomputers from ground zero

Emphasis on self-leaching. No previous
knowledge of electronics needed
Over 900 pages, $19.00.

BRS-1 - Lab workbook providing theory
and applications of the 555 timer chip.
$6.95,

BRS-2 - Text/ work bo ok covering the best
design of tow-pass, high-pass,
bandpass and notch filters
$8.50

* BRS-4 - OP-AMP and linear
course. 300 pages. $9.00.
Select your $35 (or more)
book value and get $6.50
worth of Bugbacks now. Send
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postpaid anywhere in continental U S.

@nr

E&L INSTRUMENTS, INC.

61 First Street. Derby. Cone 06418
(203) 735-8774 Teles No 96 3536

Please send the fallowing Bugbooks, postpaid. I’ve enclosed

$ □ Bugbook I/ll $17.00 □ IIA $5.00 □ III $15.00

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Name

Enclose check, money order cr numbers from BankAmericsrd/
Visa or Master Charge. We will ship postpaid anywhere in
Continental U. S

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 20

INTERFACE AGE 9

JANUARY 1978

ing been "entertained" or even
"inspired." — Editor

Dear Editor:

l have received my first copy of IN-
TERFACE AGE Magazine. I just be-
come interested in computers about
a year ago. You have some very inter-
esting articles including "A Byte of
Music" by Christopher Smith. My
first computer project was the
Cosmac RCA 1802. The "Byte of
Music" was a very well thought-out
article. Keep the articles concerning
the RCA 1802 going, especially the
programs. Is there any source where
you can obtain these programs for
the 1802?

Andy Brewer
4917 Monte Vista Dr.

Knoxville, TN 37914

We are publishing Mr. Brewer's com -
plete address to facilitate his search
for information. —Editor

Dear Editor;

I was pleased to see a program-

mable calculator program even
though it is not one I have use for. If
you have any others in back issues
I’d by happy to receive them. Espe-
cially any for Texas Instruments
SR52 and TI59, Such in the future
will also interest me.

Regarding computers, I’m a by-
stander, waiting, watching. My one-
man business doesn’t have $8K for
an adequate computer now, but, like
calculators’ prices, may improve in
time. Your magazine looks pretty
good. I'll read, learn and keep
posted. I like your cover story.

Tom Swaienberg
Columbus, OH

We plan to run one PPC story per
issue as soon as article contribu-
tions make it feasible. — Editor

BYTE OF MUSIC

Dear Editor:

I read Christopher Smith’s article
in the November issue of INTER-
FACE AGE Magazine and was im-

pressed by the use of the computer
as a transcriber of music. I have
heard the RF energy picked up by a
portable radio placed on top of a
large business computer but he has
actually tuned the computer to per-
form a melody . . .

I am planning to buy a microcom-
puter for my son this Christmas.
After looking at many of the sys-
tems available, the RCA COSMAC
VIP kit seems to be the best buy for
the hardware received. On top of
that he’ll get twenty games already
programmed for him to start to use it.

My only reservation is what else
can the COSMAC system provide
after the novelty of the games has
worn off. Programming in actual
machine language is a tedious task
and may discourage him from using
it. I’m assuming that you have in-
vestigated the sources of software
for the 1802. Do you know of anyone
who has or is planning to write a
BASIC for the 1802? Are you familiar
with clubs that have been formed to

• S-100 Bus Interface

• RPN Stack Microprocessor (Not a
calculator chip)

• Four register stack

• 512 Byte RAM

256 bytes program storage
256 bytes in 16 x 12 registers

• 250 nanosecond memory speed (Z-80)

• Floating point scientific notation

• Trigonometric functions

• Sin, Cos, SORT, SQ, LOG, and more

• Variable 1 to 8 digit mantissa

• More than 70 micro encoded instruction sets

• Speed up execution by parallel processing

• Hard or soft interrupts

• Assembled and tested

• Manual included

INTRODUCING THE
NUMBER CRUNCHER

A High Speed, Low Cost Mathematical Task
Processor

Simple to add to your Z-80, 8080, 6800, or 6502

Here’s a powerful addition to your microcomputer.
Performs complex mathematical calculations. Up to 16
registers to handle large, multiple problems. Gives you a
task processing capability that runs simultaneously with
your microcomputer. Control and debugging are handled
through your microcomputer. You always have control.
You can stop, start, examine programs while it is running.
Add the Number Cruncher to your system and you’ll
have a powerful two processor system,

CT200 Number Cruncher— $249.00

(Add $2.50 per unit for shipping and handling)

Assembled and tested, includes manual.

Se/id cftedf or money order to.

(Calif, residents add 6% sates tax)

P. O. Box 417

Huntington Beach, CA 92648
(714) 638-2094

Maslerctiarge and Visa [BankAmericard] accepted. Dealer Inquiries Invited

10 INTERFACE AGE

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 10

JANUARY 1978

Computer Mainframe System

First in the TEI family . . . The MCS-112 and 122 Mainframe Systems.

“The Base on Which to Build”

The cabinet

A heavy duty precision formed cabinet of fine
craftsmanship. Completely machined and
ready for assembly The exterior is fin-
ished in TEI blue. Vented for most
efficient thermal character-
istics. Furnished with all
necessary hardware

Edge connectors

High quality edge connectors fe^oty mounted and wave sotdefed to eliminate thrs nuisance for
you. Completely checked out for shorts or open traces. ALL edge connectors furnished, 12 for
the MCS-112 and 22 for the Mt$-T22.lMo additional expense when you expand your
system.

The power supply

One of a kind . . using a constant voltage transformer CCVT) with a very
high immunity to input line noise . . greater than 100 db rejection.
Line regulation better than ± 1% from an input of 95 to 140 Vdt
AC at full load to 85 to 140 Volt AC at three quarter load.
Designed to meet UL-478 specifications (EDP SPECS).
Individual fusing on alt input and output voltage
lines. See specifications beiow for power
ratings.

coding system

A 115 CFM muffin fan with a
commercial grade washable filter
will provide clean airflow over all
circuitry

The wiring

All wiring is color coded and ALL is
pfeeut to length with connecting lugs
factory machine applied

HOW ... TEI puts It all
together for you* Mainframe

systems C 12 and 22-slot) . . .
Floppy and mini-floppy disc drive
systems (single, double and triple) 16K
RAM ... a Z-80 CPU with addressable
'jump to" and autostart capability ... 16
Channel A/D and D/A converter ... 3 serial + 3
parallel multiple I/O ... . and other supporting boards
. . and our newest item, the PROCESSOR TERMINAL — A
CRT keyboard, mini -floppy disc and 12 -slot mainframe with a
8080A CPU - all housed in one quality aluminum case. Ail of
these fine products at prices you will like Watch for them all.

The motherboard

An S-1QQ Bus system high quality mother board with 100-pin edge connectors. Compatible with IMSAI, MITS,
CfcOMEMCQ, TDL and other S-100 bus configured circuit boards. Plug connections for reset switch. VbHage terminals
are screw type to power supply leads Ail card guides are provided 12 slots for MCS-112 model and 22 slots for
MC5-122 model

Dimensions 1 7V* W x 12 D x 7 y« H 1 7 y. w x 1 9Vi Dx7lAH

Power 4-8 vplt DC 17 amps 30 amps

Power ± 16 vdt DC 2 amps 4 amps

S peel fications MCS - 1 12 MCS- 1 22

The front panel

The front panel is blank
except for an indicating AC
switch and a reset switch.

However, the chassis and mother
board are designed so that you may
remove the front panel and tnsert an IMSAI
or equivalent .front panel

SPECIAL SYSTEMS GROUP

MCS

MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEM

Contact your local TEI Dealer or if you are not near one of our dealers, write or call CMC Marketins Corp direct for more information,

CMC MARKETING CORP

5601 Bintliff Suite 515 • Houston, Texas 77036 • Phone: (713) 783-8880

JANUARY 1978

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 7

INTERFACE AGE 11

CHEAPER BY THE BYTE

The Dual Digital Cassette Storage System
Only $585. Only from Peripheral Vision

For the first time ever there's an inexpensive,
reliable system for mass data storage. Peripheral
Vision introduces the Phi-Deck Cassette Storage
System for the S-100 Bus. For only $585,

That's right, $585. That gets you two Phi-Decks,
controller card kit and power supply. Which
means you get more bytes per buck. Take a look.

The features:

• Controller card supporting mutiple drives

• Computer-controlled operating system —
an 8080 version of PhiMon

• Large data capacity:

254.000 8-bit bytes on C-30 cassettes

508.000 8-bit bytes on C-60 cassettes

• Software error rate less than 1 bit in 10*

What our system allows you:

• Indexed software controlled program file

• Indexed random retrieval

• Multipass compilers

• Duplication and backup of important data

• Large data files — lists, names, business
accounts

• System residence

What our software operating system offers:

• 8080-based design

• Cyclic redundancy check (CRC) error
detection

• System retries after soft errors

• Automatically bypasses hard errors

• Block size from 1 to 256 bytes

• Phi Deck Monitor Operating System

How to get connected:

With Peripheral Vision's new four-port I/O board.
It's another one of our bargains. Only $85. To save
you bucks.

We've only given you a glimpse of our exciting
new cassette storage system and the four-port I/O
board. For more details, just fill in the coupon
below. For cheap little bytes.

O.K., I'll byte! Send me details on your cheaper
way to store data and get it connected!

Name

Address

City/State/Zip

12 INTERFACE AGE

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 42

JANUARY 1978

expand the hardware and software
capabilities of the 1802 system?

My original idea was to build an
8080 kit and expand the memory, in-
terfaces and I/O as time and funds
permitted, but it seems that when all
is considered the 8080 system will
cost much more than an equivalent
1801 package. Will you please tell
me why he decided on the RCA 1802
and what advantages he sees it has
over the 8080a or the 280 system?

Richard Nicewicz
W. Babylon, NY

The letter was addressed to Mr.
Smith. We sent him a copy for per-
sonal reply and re-edited the test in-
to the third person when Mr. Smith’s
reply did not arrive in time for press
date. —Editor

SOLUTION TO THE
NOVEMBER COVER

Dear Editor:

The letter (November issue, pg. 45)
is an ‘R.1 An integrated overview is
shown in Figure 1 below, with num-
bering to correspond with that of
Figure 4 in November. Note that
from the viewpoint v shown, the let-
ter just might be a weird ‘K,’ as
shown in Figure 2. However, one
other viewpoint v', as labeled in
Figure 1, is sufficient to distinguish

P.S. The “clue” on the cover of
November is, of course, that the bald
point-human is in an 'R.‘ Incidentally,
the word “RAM” was chosen for the
cover because (1) it begins with an

DATALYZER ... a 24 channel
Logic Analyzer for your S100 Bus

24 Channel LOGIC ANALYZER, complete with 2 cards and 3 sets of probes.

Features

— 24 channels with 256 samples each.

— Display of disassembled program flow.

— Dual mode operation — external mode analyses any external logic
system. Internal mode monitors users data and address bus.

- Selectable trigger point anywhere in the 256 samples.

— 0-16 bit trigger word format or external qualifier.

- 8MHz sample rate

- Synchronous clock sample with coincident or delayed clock mode.

- User defined reference memory,

- Displays and system control through keyboard entry.

— TTL Logic level compatible (15 pf and 15 pa typical Input loading.)

Displays in Binary Displays in Hex Display of disassembled

program flow.

The DATALYZER

Designed to plug easily into your S-10Q Bus, the DATALYZER is a
complete system - — for only S495. Display of disassembled program
flow is a standard feature, not an extra. And the low price includes 30
logic probes, so you can hook up immediately, without additional
expense.

The DATALYZER is available in kit form ($495), and as a fully
assembled device on two RGB's ($595). Operators' manual $7,50 . A
substantial warranty, and the Databyte, Inc. commitment to service
make the DATALYZER a worthwhile investment.

Databyte, Inc.

7433 Hubbard Avenue
Middleton, Wisconsin 53562
Tel: (608) 831 7666

JANUARY 1978

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 12

INTERFACE AGE 13

APPLICATION

SOFTWARE

NATIONAL SOFTWARE EXCHANGE, INC.
maintains a national registry of programs that
are for sale. Also, we publish and sell six special
interest software catalogs describing those pro-
grams along with prices.

Scientific and Engineering
Personal and Hobby

Professional

Satisfaction Guaranteed

Business
Games
Systems

Reasonable Prices

If you have programs you would like to buy or if you
have some to sell. Contact your local computer store
or

WRITE OR CALL

NATIONAL SOFTWARE EXCHANGE, INC.

1000 Lake Saint Louis Blvd.

Suite 248

Lake Saint Louis, Missouri 63367
(314) 625-2400

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 35

'FT (a letter which has both straight
and curved portions, plus a “hole”),
(2) “RAM” has significance as a
computer acronym, and (3) I am a
bald Aries.

Ellis Cooper

Dear Editor:

Many thanks for your kind review
of “I’m Madly in Love with Electric-
ity.” We have been tremendously
pleased with the number of mail re-
quests received from around the
country, and almost all of this is due
to people like yourself who have
publicized it in journals.

On behalf of all of us who worked
on the booklet, thank you!

Nancy Kreinberg
University of California
Lawrence Hall of Science
Berkeley, CA 94720
We are a young publication in a
young field and are dedicated to the
belief that the computer is totally
gender-blind. We are seeking ar-
ticles from women computerists.
Our goal is a 50% mix. — Editor

Branched to Page 49

WE HAVE IT

The advanced experimenter now has the opportunity to use the
same reliable mechanism the quality printing industry has used
for many years — the IBM Selectric® typewriter. Our low cost
conversion kits are designed around specially built com-
ponents, and available to the engineer, student, educator, and
small businessman.

MECHANISM IN SKn KITS

Item Description Price

SK-1 Selectric conversion kit, with all mechanical 1 89.95
and electronic parts. Needs 1 amp at 12
volts.

SK-2 SK-1 with combined power supply and TTL 321.95
compatibility.

SK-3 SK-2 with controller kit giving ASCII data at 598.95
110 or 300 BPS. A high speed paper tape
interface capability is included.

DK-1 Floppy disk and controller kit, with 250 KB 1095.00
drive. For use with SK-3, or any serial
interface, up to 19200 BPS. Contains high
level DOS, with simple commands making
any terminal a smart one or any serial CPU a
disk system.

Kits shipped 10 days — two weeks after receipt of order. Disk
kits take longer. Manuals from above kits are offered for the
purpose of evaluating the kits. Refunds for manuals apply on
subsequent kit order.

SK-D1

Selectric Conversion Manual

6.50

SK-D-2

Selectric Programming Manual with listings
and timing data.

6.50

DK-D1

Floppy Disk Kit and DOS Manual.

6.50

Please include UPS shipping rates.

Sliarp & Associates Inc.

Box 26045, Lakewood, Colorado 80226

14 INTERFACE AGE

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 47

JANUARY 1978

.tf#1 °%e6 ^-S^e

t>*

«*£

**&$&**

'^°£V

o^ J lO^ »

*sSS>

V

*&&*&«

*!&&«*&

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•sSSisss^

&>**

a# n^°°7'5

JANUARY 1978

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 49

INTERFACE AGE 15

MACBETH COLOR COURSE

Practical application of new color
technologies is the subject of an in*
novative series of training courses
being offered this year by Macbeth,
a division of the Kollmorgen Corp,

The one-week courses make avail-
able to those taking them the con-
siderable expertise of both Macbeth
and M unsell Color, an integral part
of the Macbeth Division and long
recognized as a leader in the color
field.

The format of the course will
underscore practical application of
colorant formulation theory. Includ-
ed in the course are discussions of
methods to describe and measure
color; color differences, specifica-
tions and tolerances; theories and
how to apply them; and the applica-
tion of instrumental techniques.

The basic information is presented
in such a manner that each student
can perform actual color matching
experiments, with daily sessions
scheduled to be segmented be-
tween lecture and lab work.

Courses are scheduled at both
Newburgh, N*Y< and Tatamy, PA, for
the weeks of February 20, May 15,
September 18, and December 4,
Cost of the course is $350 and in-
cludes textbooks, all necessary sup-
plies, reference material, lunches
and an evening banquet.

For more information, contact
either Dr, J,G* Davidson, Macbeth,
Little Britain Rd.t Drawer 950, New-
burgh, N.Y. 12550, (914) 561*7300 or
H*R< Davidson, P.O. Box 157, Tatamy,
PA 18055, (215) 252-2120.

PERCOMP 78

Eight free seminars, tutorials and
demonstrations are scheduled for
PERCOMP 78, April 28-30 at the
Long Beach Convention Center,
Long Beach, California

The papers run the gamut from
the very basic to the super sophisti-
cated, and also encompass the
lighter aspects of computer games,
music and household use.

Included are the following presen-
tations: "Marketing for the New
Manufacturer," David Ahl, Creative
Computing; "Three Dimensional
Microcomputer Graphics," Bruce
Artwick, Sublogic; "6530 Timer Pro-
gramming," Arthur Stoll, Rockwell
International; "Human Factors in
Software Design," Jack Emmerichs,
A.O* Smith; "Computer Games,"
James Butterfield, author of The
First Book of KIM ; "Getting Started
in Microcomputers," Louis Fields,
president, International Computer

Society/SCCS; "The 'Jogger' Micro-
processor Communication Bus,” Dr.
Keith L* Dotty, University of Florida.

Dr. Portia Isaacson, chairperson
for the ACM Personal Computing
Group, will conduct a session for
retailers, while attorneys Leonard
Tachner and Kenneth Widelitz will
take computer enthusiasts through
thelabyrinth of tax benefits, patents
and copyrights*

Carol Ogdin, Software Technique,
Inc*, will deliver the keynote ad-

<P

dress. She will address the subject
of proven home applications of the
computer

For further information, write
PERCOMP 78, 1833 E* 17 St,, Santa
Ana, CA 92701.

CALL FOR PAPERS

A Call for Papers has been issued
for the International Microcomput-
ers Minicomputers Microprocessors
78 Conference to be held June
20-22, 1978 at the Palais des Exposi-

dilithium Press
30 NW 23rd Place
P.O. Box 10766
Portland, OR 92710

SUPPORT YOUR
LOCAL

COMPUTER STORE

We could have run an ad that said “buy your books
directly from us” but that’s not to your advantage. If
you look at our books at a computer store you can
decide which ones meet your needs. We know that
you will decide on two or three and actually use them.
That’s our goal, use! The more you know about micro-
computers the more you’ll want to know and that is
good for you, for your local computer store and for us.
If you don’t know the name of your local computer
store, send us your name and address. We’ll tell them
your name and we’ll tell you their name. Once you two
get together, be sure to look at some of the books on
the next page.

16 INTERFACE AGE

JANUARY 1978

tion in Geneva, Switzerland. The
subject matter includes Microcom-
puter Technology, Software Develop-
ment Systems and Tools, Advances
in Software Technology, Peripherals
for Minicomptuers and Microcom-
puters, industrial Control and
Automation Applications, Small
Business Systems, Military/Aero-
space Applications, Communica-
tions Applications of Microcom-
puters and LSI Devices, Personal
Computing, Testing and Standardi-

zation, Multiprocessing/Instrumen-
tation Applications of Micropro-
cessors.

Abstract due date is February 15,
1978- Announcement of selected
papers will be made on or about
March 1, 1978. A Proceedings will be
published. For further information
contact Dr, Fred L, Morritz, V.P.,
Technical Programs, Industrial &
Scientific Conference Management,
Inc., 222 W. Adams St., Chicago, IL
60606, (312) 2634866.

ISRATECH 70

American executives visiting Isra-
Tech 78 will meet in Israel with the
Minister of Industry, Commerce and
Tourists and with the Mayor of Jeru-
salem as part of the schedule of
events announced by the Govern-
ment of Israel Economic Offices.

IsraTech 78, an exposition of
Israel’s rapidly growing high tech-
nology industries, is scheduled for
June 4th to 8th, 1978 in Jerusalem. It
will be the most significant econom-
ic event of Israel's thirtieth anni-
versary.

In addition to meeting with Minis-
ter Hurvitzand Mayor Kollek, attend-
ing executives will meet with Israel’s
manufacturers and government rep-
resentatives to discuss a vast num*
ber of business opportunities in
Israel, such as buying, selling, in-
vesting and licensing. Executives
will also attend an International
Meeting of the Metalworking and
Professional Electronics Commit-
tee, will tour industrial plants and
research and development facilities,
and will be guests at official ban-
quets and receptions.

While attending a modern exposi-
tion, executives and their families
will also be able to visit the sites of
one of the world's most historic
cities. The program for IsraTech 78
will include tours of the Israel
Museum, cultural evenings, and a
special program designed for ac-
companying persons.

Hundreds of American business-
men are expected to attend IsraTech
78, which will provide them with
broad exposure to Israel's high tech-
nology industries. The industries
that will be exhibiting will include:
metal processing, equipment and
machinery manufacturing, electrical
systems and parts, systems and
components, electronics, compu-
ters, instrumentation, aerospace
and military applications.

The metal and electronics indus-
tries, government sources projected,
will have enjoyed a five fold export
growth between 1972 and 1978, from
$115 million to $580 million.

At the exhibition visiting execu-
tives will also have an opportunity to
discuss with their Israel counter-
parts and with representatives of the
Government the unique advantages
Israel offers potential foreign inves-
tors. Among these benefits are:

* Common Market agreement pro-
viding duty-free entry to the 270
million person Common Market
by manufacturing for export in
Israel.

THE

ANSWER BOOKS
FOR
HOME
COMPUTER
HOBBYISTS—

HOME COMPUTERS: 210
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

by Rich Didday
Volume 1: Hardware
This book is for the person with
a micro-computer who wants to
get an idea of what it can be like
to use it to the fullest. $7.95 77

Volume 2: Software
A companion volume to the
above book, this guide leads
the new micro owner through
the thorny problems surround-
ing the selection and use of
software. $6.95 77

STEP BY STEP INTRODUCTION
TO 8080 MICROPROCESSOR
SYSTEMS

by David Cohn and James Melsa
This is a more advanced book
which will show you how to put
together what you've learned to
build systems and applications
that really exploit the capabili-
ties of your micro. $7.95 77

HOME COMPUTERS: A
BEGINNER'S GLOSSARY
AND GUIDE

by Merl Miller and Charles Sippl
This book provides the funda-
mental knowledge and skills for
the new micro owner. Written in
a lively and straightforard style,
it takes the mystery out of the
basic mathematical and logical
principles involved in working
with computers. $6.95 77

TAKE A CHANCE WITH
YOUR CALCULATOR

by Lennart Rade
This book was written to help
you discover the word of prob-
ability with your programmable
calculator. You will need no
previous experience either in
probability theory or in pro-
gramming to learn both from
this book. It is self-paced so
that you can teach yourself the
variety of games and applica-
tions it includes. $6.95 77

INTRODUCTION TO BASIC

by Jeffery B. Morton
An introductory BASIC that
covers all the topics in simple,
easy-to-understand language.
Nothing is left out, everything
is presented in clear, step-by-
step fashion. This book will
make a good BASIC program-
mer of any reader, $8.95

BEGINNING BASIC

by Paul Chirlian
Designed for the person who
has essentially no experience
with computers or computer
programming, this book is both
elementary— so that you can fol-
low it easily, and complete — so
that you will become familiar
with all aspects of BASIC. $9.95

<P

Prices subject to change without notice.

dilithium Press
30 NW 23rd Place
P.O. Box 10766
Portland, OR 97210

Publishing personal computing books is our business!

■o

ft

in

V

3

in

JANUARY 7978

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 17

INTERFACE AGE 17

• Israel enjoys the Generalized
System of Preferences by which
2,700 Israel-made product cate-
gories can be imported to the
U.S. duty-free.

• U.S. companies wilt be exempt
from double taxation on profits
earned in Israel under a soon to
be ratified, and already signed,
tax treaty.

• Israel offers a generous package
of financial and operating incen-
tives to encourage U.S. compan-
ies to locate production facili-
ties there, including financing
most of the fixed assets and
working capital needed.

■ Israel actively supports indus-
trial research and development
activities with grants of 50% of
R&D costs; moreover, Israel and
the U.S. recently established
the Binational Industrial Re-
search and Development Foun-
dation, which has been allo-
cated $60 million to fund joint
R&D projects.

For further information contact
the Government of Israel Investment
Authority, 641 Lexington Ave., New
York, N.Y. 10022, (212) 486-8530.

LOGICAL MACHINE CORPORATION
ACQUIRES BYTE, INCORPORATED

Logical Machine Corporation,
manufacturer of the ADAM business
computer, announces the acquisi-
tion of Byte, Incorporated of Sunny-
vale, California as a wholly-owned
but independent subsidiary. Found-
ed two years ago as a retail store in
nearby Mountain View, California,
the original Byte Shop sold micro-
processing equipment and literature
to hobbyists. Byte, Incorporated
evolved from this single shop and
now has a network of approximately
sixty independent dealerships
throughout the country. Each store
uses the name Byte Shop™, a recog-
nized trademark. Byte, Incorporated,
in order to stay on top of a dynamic
market, will continue to expand in
the business, home and personal
computer markets.

Byte, Incorporated is currently
composed of two primary divisions:
distribution and manufacturing. The
distribution division supplies the
Byte Shops with periodicals, man-
uals, microprocessors, and other
computing equipment. The manu-
facturing division produces a micro-
processor which is sold as an inte-
grated system through the Byte
Shops.

NEW COMPUTER STORES

"Home Computer Centers” are
now open in Virginia Beach and
Newport News, Cirginia. These are
full sen/ice microcomputer stores
catering to hobbyist, homeowner,
schools, business, and industry.
Nearly 60 years of professional ex-
perience in the computer field are
brought together in this enterprise.
Three man-years of research insure
a knowledgeable and dependable
solution to each requirement. Pro-
duct lines include: Apple II, Proces-
sor Technology, Vector Graphic,
PolyMorphic Systems, Technical
Design Labs, Dec and Tl terminals,
parts, books and magazines. Soft-
ware, consultation and service are
also available. The addresses are:
Home Computer Center, 2927 Vir-
ginia Beach Btvd., Virginia Beach,
VA 23452, (804) 340-1977. Home
Computer Center, 12588 Warwick
Blvd., Newport News, VA 23606,
(804) 595-1955.

COURSE IN DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
& MICROCOMPUTER INTERFACING

Virginia Military Institute will con-
duct a two-week course in digital
electronics and microcomputer inter-
facing from July 17 through July 29,

1978- Branched to Page 20

Upgrade your SWTPC 6800 system to 1200 baud with
PerCom’s CIS-30+ dual-cassette/terminal interface

The CIS-30 + ... four times as fast as SWTPC’s AC-30 with the same dual-
cassette capability . . . p/us a 1200-baud data terminal interface ... in a SWTPC
color-compatible package that's only 1 /10 the size of the AC-30.

Dependable? The simplicity of Harold Mauch PerCom Data designs says more
than any well-chosen words. Simply put, for only $79.95* you get the fastest, most
dependable dual function interface you can buy for your SWTPC 6800.

See your nearest dealer or order direct from PerCom.

PerCom 'peripherals for persona! computing'

PERCOM

PERCOM DATA COMPANY, INC.
DEPT. 1 . 31 5 BARNES . GARLAND, TX 75M2

(214) 276-1968

*Kit pries. Assembled and tested :
$99.95 + shipping. Tex. res. add
5% tax. BAG & MC available.

* Record and playback at 120,
60 or 30 self-clocking bytes per
second (extended Kansas City
Standard)

• Compatible with SWTPC cas-
sette software

• Optional kit permits program
control of cassettes

* Optional adaptor permits inter-
facing with any computer

the inside story

• 1200, 600 or 300 baud data
terminal interface

• Dual cassette operation

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 41

18 INTERFACE AGE

JANUARY 1978

New UVS-1 IE
EPROM Erasing System

Performance and Reliability

for $59.50

Now available . . . the newest
member of UVP’s growing family of
quality EPROM Erasing Lamps.

The UVS-1 IE Short Wave UV
Lamp was designed specifically for
the small systems user and
computer hobbyist. It’s compact,
easy-to-use, and will erase up to 4
chips at one time. It even features a
special safety interlock system for
complete safety.

This is the first UV erasing system to
offer simple operation and
foolproof safety features at an
affordable price. Like all UVP
products, the UVS-1 IE is
quality-built and backed by 45
years of UV technology.

Order now from your local
authorized UVP stocking dealer. Or
write today for more information
and name of nearest dealer.

ULTRA VIOLET PRODUCTS, UNC.nn

5 100 Walnut Grove Avenue. San Gabriel, CA 91770 U-S.A.

JANUARY 1978

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 60

INTERFACE AGE 19

This is a hands-on course designed
for both academic and industrial
personnel who are interested in the
implementation of microcomputer
techniques to solve problems in
computer interfacing. Lecture and
laboratory topics will include in-
struction in the fundamentals of
digital electronics, the SOSO
microprocessor and standard inter-
facing techniques. Software
development aids will be available.
This course provides an oppor-
tunity for professional growth in this
popular technological area as well
as a vacation in the historic and
beautiful Shenandoah Valley of
Virginia. Tuition will be $350.00, of
which $100.00 deposit will be re-
quired by April 5, 1978. Academic
credit is available through James
Madison University,

For information and registration
forms write to Dr. Philip B. Peters,
Dept, of Physics, VMI, Lexington, VA
24450.

CALL FOR PAPERS

A Personal Computing Festival
will share the public spotlight in
conjunction with the 1978 National
Computer Conference to be held
June 5-8 in Anaheim, California. A

Call for Papers has been issued for
the Festival Program which will be
held June 6-8 at the Disneyland
Hotel adjacent to the Anaheim Con-
vention Center. Included as part of
the three day program will be pre-
sentations of invited papers, con-
tributed papers, tutorials, as well as
panel discussions relevant to per-
sonal computing. Letters of intent to
participate as either an author,
panelist or session chairman must
be submitted by February 1, 1978.
Authors who have received notifica-
tion of acceptance must submit
final papers by /Ware/? 15, 1978 In a
specified camera-ready format.

Approximately 30 sessions are
planned with emphasis on the
following areas, although papers
and session proposals on other
topics are encouraged: tutorials for
computer novices; speech synthesis
and speech recognition; computer-
driven and computer-assisted music
systems; computer graphics and
video art; personal computers for
the physically disabled; personal
computers for education; business
systems using "home" computers;
hardware and software design and
implementation; standards for hard-

ware, interfaces and software.

Papers presented during the
Festival Program will be published
in a softbound book, Festival Digest
'78, which will be available during
the NCC.

Potential authors should im-
mediately send a "letter of intent"
including an abstract of their pro-
posed talk to Jim C, Warren, Jr.T Star
Route Box 111, Redwood City, CA
94062; (415) 851-7664. Authors will
be mailed the Festival Author Kit,
which contains author instructions
and the necessary materials for
preparing the camera-ready copy.

Session Chairmen must submit
two copies of a 250 word abstract
describing the scope of the pro-
posed sessions and tentative title of
presentations by February 1 , 1978.
in the case of panel sessions, the
prospective organizer should list
proposed panelists, their titles and
affiliations, and a brief biography of
each speaker. Prospective session
chairmen will be notified as the
disposition of suggested sessions
by February 10, 1978.

Information on NCC 78 may be
obtained from AFIPS, 210 Summit
Ave., Montvale, NJ 07645, (201)
391-9810. Branched to Page 25

THE ALPHA-1 SYSTEM
CRATED A BEST BUY
IN MASS STORAGE
SYSTEMS

u* APPLICATIONS

* BUSINESS applications include mailing lists, payroll,
billing, and inventory.

* CASSETTE BACKUP for disk- based Systems not
only provides large amounts of storage at low cost,
but also provides for convenient storage of histori*
cal records.

* DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM features include a power*
ful operating System with an Editor, Assembler, and
Debugger, plus a variety of System utilities which
speed development.

* OEM applications include P.O.S. data capture, word
processing systems, audio-visual presentation sys-
tems, telephone call transfer systems.

HARDWARE

* Stores greater than 5Q0K bytes per side of a C-6Q
tape.

* Access a file in 17 seconds average on a C-60 tape.

* Load 8K of data in less than 1 1 seconds (6250 baud).

* 100% interchangeability of cassettes with no adjust*
ments required or allowed.

* Compatible with all popular S-100 Bus Microcom-
puters.

* Audio track under computer control.

* Eliminates the need for ROM/PROM monitors.

SOFTWARE

* MCOS, a powerful stand-alone cassette operating
system, is operationally much simpler than a D.O.S.,
handles variable length named files, will update a
file in place, packs or copies tapes with a single
command.

* EXTENDED BASIC with MCOS permits array hand-
ling and concatenation of files, plus all capabilities
of MCOS.

^ PRICES START AT $240
U* FREE BUYERS GUIDE

If you are shopping for a tape or disk system for your
S-100 Bus Computer System, you do not have all the
facts until you have the MECA "BUYERS GUIDE TO
MASS STORAGE.'1 This 10 page guide book provides a
framework for evaluating cassette, cartridge, and disk-
based systems. Write for your copy today.

For complete information including the Dealer nearest
you, write or phone:

incca

7026 O.W.S. Road, Yucca Valley, CA 92284
(714) 365-7686

20 INTERFACE AGE

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 29

JANUARY 1978

“A splendid
performance
in three acts”

ACT-I

Known for its dependability, ease of
interfacing, utility and affordable price,
the ACT-I enjoys its reputation as one of
the most popular "glass teletypes" on
the market. If your computer system
communicates in serial ASCII, the ACT-I
could be just the tool you need to
get online

The ACT-I computer terminal
manages a 1024 character display
organized as 16 lines of 64 characters
selected from the standard upper case
ASCII set. Receipt of more than 64
characters on a line or the Line Feed
code initiates a scroll operation.
STANDARD ACT-I FEATURES INCLUDE:
Switch selectable data rates of: 110,

300 1 600, 1200, 2400, 4800, 960Q, and
19200 Baud,

Switch selectable UART options: Odd,
even, or no parity, one or two stop bits.
Jumper Selectable Interface: R3232C,
20MA current loop or TTL voltage levels.

* Handsome, rugged, lightweight
aluminum cabinet

• Standalone operation — absolutely no
processor overhead required

• Highly reliable keyboard with two
key rollover

* Clear sharp video output signal
(RS170 standard) capable of driving
any CRT monitor

Price $400. A cursor control /bell op-
tion is available for $25.00.

MICRO-TERM INC.

RD, BOX 93B7
ST LOUIS. MO 631*17
t31^1 6^5-3656

ACT-n ACT-IV

We've added the convenience of an
acoustically coupled modem to the
economy and performance of the ACT-I
to create the ACT- EL Designed to com-
municate either with remote processors
through its modem, or with local
computers via its RS232C or SOMA
current-loop interfaces, the ACT- II offers
versatility unheard of at its low price.
The ACT-II (without monitor) slips easily
into an attache case (4 x 14 x II
inches) to commute with you between
work and home.

The ACT- II’ s demodulator employs
four stages of active filtering to
minimize the bit error rate of the
receiver. If you are eager to join the
ranks of those who sit at home and en-
joy the use of a powerful computer
system across town, the ACT-II can be
your "password".

As a further convenience feature, the
modulator input and demodulator out-
put are available at jacks on the rear of
the ACT-II cabinet so that you may link
a local serial device (such as a digital
casette tape or even your own computer
system) to the remote computer through
the internal modem.

The ACT-II can be purchased for
only $550,00

If you're looking for a low priced
high powered terminal, consider these
features which are all standard with
MICRO-TERM'S ACT-IV:

DISPLAY: Upper and descending lower
case characters, 24 lines of 80
characters, and auto- scrolling.
KEYBOARD; Full ASCII with cursor con-
trols and auto-repeat on several keys,
TRANSMISSION MODES: Character by
character or ‘ page" mode.

SPECIAL FUNCTIONS: relative and ab-
solute cursor addressing, home up,
erase to end of line, erase to end of
screen, fixed tabs, report cursor posi-
tion, and display control characters,
EDITING: in PAGE mode, the user can
insert or delete characters on any line
and insert or delete lines on the page.
DATA RATE: 300 to 19200 baud (Switch
selectable on rear)

The ACT-IVa comes in a compact
(briefcase compatible) cabinet without
video monitor for $550,

The ACT-IVb comes complete with a
12" monitor and numeric keypad in a
single enclosure for $800.

Optional available features: separate
printer port (110-9600 baud) $50,

GENERAL INFORMATION;

All MICRO-TERM products are fully assembled, tested and guaranteed for 90 days.
The entire MICRO-TERM product line is available from stock at discriminating com-
puter stores or may be purchased directly from the factory. All prices are less
monitors (which start at $130.00) F O.B. St. Louis, Missouri.

VISA and Master Charge Accepted

JANUARY 7978

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 33

INTERFACE AGE 21

INTERFACE AGE

BACK ISSUES

Available in Limited Quantities

Vol. 1, Issue 5, APRIL, 1976

Introduction to Microprocessor Technology; Bubble Memories Are Conning; Calculatin' Engines; Teleprinter Maintenance; Altalr Alterations.

Vol. 1, Issue 6, MAY, 1976 (Very Limited Quantities)

War of Ihe Microprocessors; Simplify Your Digital Design; No Such Thing as dheap Timesharing?; The IMSAI 6080: Polymorphic Systems

Vol. 1, Issue 9, AUGUST, 1976

Color Graphics: A Beginning; A New Pony— The Altalr BBOOB; BASIC— An Easy Programming Language; Biorhythms in Practice

Vol. 1, Issue 11, OCTOBER, 1976

National's New Portable Terminal; SA-40Q Mini floppy; CSC- Experimenter 300/600; Software Power for Your 6800; ESP-i Software Package

Vol. 1, Issue 12, NOVEMBER, 1976

Build a Simple A to D; Super Chip FD1771; FCA ASCII Keyboard Modifications; Protecting Stored Programs; New Product Guide; SWTPC 6800 ROBIT 1

Vol. 2, Issue 2, JANUARY, 1977

A CRT Terminal Using the M68G0 Chip Family; AMI s EVK Series Microcomputer; Build a 3 Digit A/D; Microcomputer Design Aides; Cromemco Bylesaver1 M

Vol. 2, Issue 3, FEBRUARY, 1977

8080 Octal Monitor Program; Legion: An Experiment In Artificial Intelligence; Microcomputer Stock Options; Building a 12-BH A to D Convener

Vol. 2, Issue 4, MARCH, 1977tm

Menace ot the Micro World; New Product Guide; The Qube; Card of the Month— Cromemco T.V. Dazzler™; Z-B0 MITS 12K Extended BASIC Patches.

Vol. 2, Issue 5, APRIL, 1977

-Mike"- A Computer Controlled Robol; LE D. Flasher (For Dasher-Or Any Olher); Robots As Household Pets; The Remotoid/ Android Project

Vol. 2, Issue 6, MAY, 1977

Computrac 2000; The FloppyROM™ Experiment; Robert Ulterwyk’s 4K BASIC Interpreter Program; Help Your Computer Understand Your Voice

Vol. 2, Issue 8, JULY, 1977

Diablo Output Driver Routine; Soma Further Notes on Robed Uiterwyk's Floppy ROM 4K BASIC; Microcomputerized Combination Lock; PIA TestlOTST

Vol. 2, Issue 9, AUGUST, 1977

The Shadow of What?; A KIM-1 Sidereal/ Solar Clock; Solar Eclipse Prediction by Microcomputer; Viking UPLINK/DOWNLINK; Star-Ship Sim u I at ion- Part I

Vol. 2, Issue 10, SEPTEMBER, 1977

General Ledger Program; Microcomputers: The Intelligent Terminals; Star-Ship Simulation-Part II; PerScI Intelligent Floppy Disc Controller

INTERFACE AGE Magazine Dept. Bl - P.O. Box 1 234, Cerritos, CA 90701

10/77

NamelPrlnh

Address

Cilv

State

Zio

Please send me;

i issue Qly

Price Total

Issue

Qly Price

Total

Issue

Qly

Price

Total

APRIL 1976

2.25*

JANUARY 1977

2.25*

MAY 1977

2.25*

MAY 1976* *

2,25*

FEBRUARY 1977“

2.25*

JULY 1977

2.50*

AUGUST 1976“

2.25*

MARCH 1977

2.25*

AUGUST 1977

2,50"

OCTOBER 1976

2,25'

APRIL 1977

2,25*

SEPTEMBER 1977

2.50*

NOVEMBER 1976

2.25'

'Price includes 50* for postage and handling.
“Available in verv limited Quantities.

TOTAL ENCLOSED I

1,1

Ex d. Dale

SiG.

You may photocopy this page if you wish to keep your INTERFACE AGE intaci. Please allow six weeks for delivery.

22 INTERFACE AGE

JANUARY 1978

SYSTEM

FOR:

HEATHKIT H8 COMPUTERS
DIGITAL GROUP Z80 COMPUTERS
ALL S-100 COMPUTERS

mm » *. info zoos YOUR QUESTIONS ANSWERED

The INFO 2000 Disk System is a complete
dud floppy disk system for your S-100,
Heath kit H8, or Digital Group microcom-
puter. It incorporates the fastest dud disk-
ette drive (PcrSci 277) and the most sophis-
ticated intelligent controller (PerSc I 1070)
available to provide the highest performance
and greatest functional capability of any
mass-storage system you can buy for your
microcomputer, INFO 2000 supports this
Disk System with the best and most comp-
lete library of operating software available
anywhere. The complete INFO 2000 Disk
System is delivered assembled and fully
tested to assure you of an uneventful plug-
in-and-go installation in your microcomput-
er,

WHAT KIND OF COMPUTERS CAN USE
THE INFO 2000 DISK SYSTEM?

If you have a Digital Group Z80 system.
Heath kit H8, or any S-100 bus computer
which uses the Z8G microprocessor, the
INFO 2000 Disk System and supporting
software library will work with It. INFO
2000 provides its customers with the unique
service of customizing its software to oper-
ate with whatever I/O configuration you
are using (within reasonable limits) at no
additional cost. The INFO 2000 Disk
System and software are being used today
with Altair, BYT-S, Cromcmco Z-2 (at 4
Mhz), Digital Group, Heath kit II 8, 1MSAI,
Poly 8 8. Processor Technology SOL, TDL
Xitan, T.E.T., Vector Graphic, and other
microcomputer mainframes. If your comp-
uter uses an 8080 processor with the S-100
or Digital Group bus, you can use our hard-

ware without modification; however, you
must upgrade your computer to a Z8G in
order to use our library of software.

WHAT ARE THE TECHNICAL DIFFER-
ENCES BETWEEN THE INFO 2000 DISK
SYSTEM AND OTHERS?

The INFO 2000 Disk System is the only one
which has an intelligent controller with its
own on-board microprocessor and file man-
agement firmware. It is the only one which
provides all of the EPROM and RAM need-
ed for its disk Monitor software, and there-
fore does not use up a single byte of your
system RAM. It uses the industry-standard
single-density FM recording technique and
soft-sectored diskettes ro provide nearly
complete immunity to read/ write errors,
(Double -density recording is extremely
intolerant to speed variations, dirty heads,
flawed media, etc., and so is an order of
magnitude less reliable,} It offers the most
complete software support of any disk sys-
tem, And it is available for all S-100, Heath-
kit HS and Digital Group systems with total
file and program interchangeability.

WHAT MAKES YOU SAY THAT YOUR
PRICES ARE LOWER THAN OTHERS?

Let's look at the cost of the INFO 2000
Disk System in comparison to the most
comparable disk systems from Cromcmco
and IMSAI:

CROMEMCO l IMSAI | INFO 2000

8s* Dual Drive Assembled with Case
and Power Supply
*2.495 |$2,390

S-l 00 Controller As;

595

I 599

52,650

emblcd

Included

TOTAL DISK SYSTEM

$3,090 [$2,989 j $2,850

If the cost of software is included in the
comparison, the INFO 2000 cost picture
looks even more favorable, (For example,
our disk monitor on EPROM Is included in
the $2,650 price, while their disk-resident
monitors cost $75 to SlOO extra.) Similar
n apples- with -apples" price comparisons be-
tween the INFO 2000 Disk System and
the Processor Technology Helios, the iCOM

ATTENTION: HEATHKIT H8 OWNERS

Now INFO 2000 offers its high-performance
Disk System for your Heath kit H8 Comput-
er, and upgrades your system ro a Z80 in
the process! Simply unplug your Heath kit
8080 CPU board, and replace it with the
INFQ 2000 ZBO/Disk Adapter Board in-
stead. This remarkable board combines a
Z80 microprocessor and all supporr chips,
7K of EPROM and IK of scratchpad RAM
for the INFO 2000 Disk Mom tor. and all
logic necessary to interface the INFO 2000
Disk System to the Hcathkit H8.

With the INFO 2000 Z80/Disk Adapter
board installed, your H8 Computer can
operate in either of two switch -selectable

modes. One mode permits the use of the
Meath HR EPROM monitor and all existing
Benton Harbor software without modifica-
tion (but provides the speed advantages and
extended instruction set of the ZSO). The
Other mode supports the INFO 2000 Disk
Monitor and alHNFO 2000 software includ-
ing the TDL software library and CP/M,

The complete INFO 2000 Disk System for
the Hcathkit H8 costs $2,750 — this is SXOO
more than our S-100 and Digital Group sys-
tems, but includes the upgrade to a Z80 pro-
cessor as part of the deal. Contact INFO
2000 for further details of this exciting new
product*

dual system, and other competitive
systems yield similar results. However, we
think you should buy the INFO 2000
Disk System because it is the best on the
market, not because it is the cheapest*

HOW ABOUT THE TW0DR1VE MINI-
FLOPPY SYSTEMS THAT ARE UNDER
ST ,500?

Minifloppies seem like quite a bargain, un-
til you realize that they are about half the
cost of the full-size 8T' diskette systems but
offer only one-third of the capacity and
one-sixth of the speed. Our experience in-
dicates that minifloppies are an attractive
alternative to cassettes for loading pro-
grams, but are simply not viable for serious
data management work such as business
applications.

WHAT ELSE DOES INFO 2000 SELL?

An increasingly important part of our
business is helping customers to configure
and acquire complete disk-based microcom-
puter systems optimized for their specific
requirements* You may be interested in
discussing the advantages of purchasing
a total computer system from INFO 2000,
and having us assemble and test the entire
configuration together before it is delivered
to you*

DOES INFO 2000 SELL SOFTWARE TO
ACCOMPANY ITS DISK SYSTEMS?

We offer the most extensive library of soft-
ware available anywhere. This includes TDL
12 K Super BASIC (extended for disk},
Text Output Processor, Relocating Macro
Assembler, Z-tel Text Editing Language,
and ANSI Standard FORTRAN IV* We also
have Digital Research GP/M Monitor and
much more software. Please write for all
the details.

INFO 2000 normally ships disk systems or-
ders within two to four weeks after receiv-
ing your certified check, cashier's check or
money order* C,O.D, orders are accepted
with a 20% deposit. INFO 2000 extends
a 5% discount on Disk System orders to
retail customers who include payment in
full ac the time of order. California residents
add 6% sales tax. Dealer inquiries welcomed.

Please feel free to write or phone INFO
2000 with any questions you may have re-
garding our products. At INFO 2000 we
take pride in providing personal consul ca-
tion and support to our customers. We
look forward to hearing from you.

CORPORATION

20630 South Leapwood Avenue
Carson, Californio 90746

(213)532-1702

JANUARY 1978

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 28

INTERFACE AGE 23

Feb 1 New England Computer Soci-
ety will meet in the cafeteria of
the MITRE Corp. at 7:00 P.M.
Located on Route 62 in Bedford,
MA. Contact Dave Day at (603)
434-4239 for details.

Feb 1 Kitchener Waterloo Micro-
computer Club will meet at the
University of Waterloo, Room
3388, Engineering Bldg. #4,
University Ave., Waterloo, On-
tario, Canada at 7:30 P.M.

Feb 1 Northwest Computer Society
will meet in the Pacific Science
Center in Seattle, Room 200 at 7:30
P.M. For more details write NCCN,
Box 242, Renton, WA 98055.

Feb 1 The Valley Computer Club will
meet at 7 P.M. at the Harvard
School located at 3700 Coldwater
Canyon, Studio City, CA.

Feb 1 Lincoln Computer Club will
hold its meeting at the South
Branch Library located on 27th
and South Sts. at 7 P.M. For more
details write Hubert Paulson, Jr.,
422 Dale Dr., Lincoln, NE 68510.

Feb 2 Bay Area Microprocessors
Users Group (BAMUG) will meet
in the Hayward ROC Center,
26316 Hesperian Blvd., Hayward,
CA at 7:30 P.M. For further details
write BAMUG, 1211 Santa Clara
Avenue, Alameda, CA 94501.

Feb 2 Crescent City Computer Club
will hold its meeting at the Uni-
versity of New Orleans, Lakefront
Campus at 8 P.M. Call Bob Latham
at (504) 722-6321 for more details.

Feb 4 The Computer Hobbyist Group,
will meet at 1 P.M. in Green Center,
Room 2.530, campus of University
of Texas, Dallas. For further infor-
mation write the club at P.O. Box
11344, Grand Prairie, TX 75051.

Feb 4 Louisville Area Computer Club
(LACE) will meet at the University
of Louisville, Speed School Audi-
torium at 1 P.M. For details, write
the club at 115 Edgemont Dr.,
New Alban, IN 47150.

Feb 4 South Central Kansas Ama-
teur Computer Association, 9:00
A.M., Wichita Public Library,
Wichita, KS. Call Chris Borger at
(316) 265-1120 or Dave Rawson,
1825 Gary, Wichita, KS 67219,
(316) 744-1629 for further details.
Feb 4 Oklahoma Computer Club
will be meeting at the Belle Aisle
Library at 10 A.M. Call Al Camp-
bell at (405) 842-4933 for details.

Feb 4 Southern Nevada Personal
Computing Society will meet at
Clark County Community Col-
lege, Las Vegas, NV at 12:00. For
further information write SNPCS,
1405 Lucille St., Las Vegas, NV

89101 or call (702) 642-0212.

Feb 4 Milwaukee Area Computer
Club will meet at 1 P.M. at the
Waukesha County Technical In-
stitute, New Berlin, Wl. Call (414)
246-6634 for further details.

Feb 6 Minnesota Computer Society
will meet at the Brown Institute,
Room 51, 3123 E. Lake Street,
Minneapolis, ,MN. For further in-
formation contact the Society at
Box 35317, Minneapolis, MN
55435, Attn: Jean Rice.

Feb 7 Tidewater Computer Club will
hold its meeting at the Elec-
tronics Computer Programming
Institute, Janaf Office Bldg.,
Janaf Shopping Center in Norfolk.
For further information contact:
C. Dawson Yeomans, Interface
Chairman, 677 Lord Dunmore Dr.,
Virginia Beach, VA 23462.

Feb 9 Mid America Computer Hob-
byist meeting will be at 7:00 P.M.
at Commercial Federal Savings &
Loan, Bellevue NE. Intersection of
Galvin Rd. and U.S. Hwy. 73-75.
Write P.O. Box 13303, Omaha, NE
68113 for further information.

Feb 9 Utah Computer Association
will meet at Murray High School,
Rm 154, 5440 S. State St., Salt
Lake City, UT at 7 P.M. For details
write or call Larry or Holly Barney,
1928 S. 2600 E., Salt Lake City, UT
84108. (801) 485-3476.

Feb 9 The Rochester Area Micro-
computer Society will meet at the
RIT Campus, Rm. 1030, Bldg. 9 at
7:30 P.M. For details write RAMS,
P.O. Box D, Rochester, NY 14609.

Feb 10 Northern New Jersey Ama-
teur Computer Club (NNJACC) will
hold its meeting at the Fairleigh
Dickenson University, on the
Rutherford Campus, Becton Hall,
Room B8, at 7 P.M. For details
write NNJACC, 593 New York
Ave., Lyndhurst, NJ 07071.

Feb 11 The Permian Basin Computer
Group — Odessa Chapter meets
at 1 P.M. in the Electronic
Technology Bldg., Room 203 on
the Odessa College campus. For
details call (915) 332-9151.

Feb 12 North Orange County Com-
puter Club will have its meeting
at Chapman College, Orange, CA.
Doors open at 12:00. 105 Hash-
inger Hall Auditorium. Member-
ship Chairman, Tracey Lerocker,
(714) 998-9722 evenings.

Feb 15 Homebrew Computer Club
meeting will begin at 7 P.M. in
Menlo Park, CA at the Stanford
Linear Accelerator Center Audi-
torium. Call (415) 967-6754 for
more details.

Feb 17 Long Island Computer Asso-
ciation will meet at 7 PM at the
New York Institute of Technology,
Old Westbury Campus, Route
25A between Route 107 and Glen
Cove Rd., Rm. 508. For more
details write Long Island Com-
puter Association, 36 Irene Lane
East, Plainview, NY 11803.

Feb 17 Amateur Computer Group of
New Jersey (ACGNJ) will meet at
UCTI, 1776 Raritan Rd., Scotch
Plains, NJ 07076 at 7 P.M. For fur-
ther information write to the club
at the above address.

FEB 18 Southern Nevada Personal
Computing Society will meet at
Clark County Community Col-
lege, Las Vegas, NV at 12:00. For
further information write SNPCS,
1405 Lucille St., Las Vegas, NV
89101 or call (702) 642-0212.

Feb 18 San Diego Computer Society
will meet at the Grossmont Com-
munity College Student Center,
8800 Grossmont College Dr., El
Cajon, CA. Doors open at 12:30.
For details call (714) 565-1738.

Feb 18 The 7C’s Committee (Affili-
ated with the Cleveland Digital
Group) will meet at Cleveland
State University Student Services
Bldg., in the Kiva Room at 2:00
P.M. For more information write to
Cleveland Digital Group, 8700 Har-
vard Ave., Cleveland, OH 44105.

Feb 18 Central Florida Computer
Club will meet at the Orlando
Utility Bldg., on S. Orange Ave.,
Orlando, FL at 2:00 P.M.

Feb 18 Philadelphia Area Computer
Society will meet at 2 PM at
LaSalle College Science Bldg, at
the corner of 20th & Olney Ave.
For more details write PACS, P.O.
Box 1954, Philadelphia, PA 19105.

Feb 19 Chicago Area Computer
Hobbyist Exchange (CACHE) will
meet at 12:00 P.M. in the Nigas
Bldg. Cafeteria located on
Schermer Rd. in Glenview, IL. Call
CACHE Hotline (312) 849-1132 for
details.

Feb 21 Sacramento Microcomputer
Users Group, (SMUG), 7:30-9:30
P.M. at SMUD Training Bldg., on
59 St. Write Richard Lerseth, P.O.
Box 161513 or call (916) 381-0335
after 5:00 P.M.

Feb" 22 Tidewater Computer Club
will hold its meeting at the Elec-
tronics Computer Programming
Institute, Janaf Office Bldg.,
Janaf Shopping Center in Norfolk.
For further information contact:
C. Dawson Yeomans, Interface
Chairman, 677 Lord Dunmore Dr.,
Virginia Beach, VA 23462.

Feb 22 Diablo Professional Users
Group (DPUG) will meet at Diablo
Valley College Library, near the
Willow Pass exit of Fwy. 680,

24 INTERFACE AGE

JANUARY 1978

from 8-10 PM. For details write or
call Bob Hendrickson, Elec-
tronics Dept., DVC, Pleasant Hill,
CA 94523; (415) 687-8373.

Feb 22 Boston Computer Society
will meet at the Commonwealth
School, 151 Commonwealth Ave.,
Boston at 7 P.M. The school is
located on the corner of Dart-
mouth St. in Boston’s Back Bay.
For information write or call the
society at 17 Chestnut St.,
Boston, MA 02108, (617) 227-1399.

Feb 22 Ventura County Computer
Society will meet at Camarillo
Public Library, 3100 Ponderosa
Dr., Port Hueneme, CA 93041 at
7:30 P.M. For more information
write: VCCS, P.O. Box 525, Port
Hueneme, CA 93041.

Feb 23 Space Coast Microcomputer
Club will hold its meeting at 7:30
P.M. at the Merritt Island Library,
Merritt Is., FL. Contact Ray Lock-
wood at (305) 452-2159 for details.

Feb 23 Small Computer Engineer-
ing Association of Minnesota
(SCEAM) will meet at the Resource
Access Center, 3010 Fourth Ave.
So., Minneapolis, MN 55408 at 7
P.M. For more information write to
this address or call (612) 824-6406.

Feb 24 Alamo Computer Enthusiast
meets at 7:30 P.M. in Room 104 at
Chapman Graduate Center at Trin-
ity University, San Antonio, TX.
For details call (512) 532-2340, or
write to the club at 7517 Jonquill,
San Antonio, TX 78233.

Feb 24 Washington Amateur Com-
puter Society has scheduled its
meeting to be held at the Catholic
University of America, St. Johns
Hall. Located at Michigan and
Harewood Aves. in Washington,
D.C. Contact Bill Stewart at (202)
722-0210 for club details between
the hours of 10 A.M. and 12 P.M.

Feb 24 University of Minnesota
Microcomputer Users Group
(UMMUG) will hold its meeting at
the University of Minnesota, Elec-
trical Eng. Rm. 115 at 7 P.M.

Feb 24 TRACE will hold its meeting
at the Ontario Science Center, 8
P.M., 770 Don Mills Road, Don
Mills, Ontario. Club address is
Box 545, Streetsville, Ontario,
Canada L5M 2C1.

Feb 26 Summit City Computer Club
will meet at the McMillen Library
on the Indiana Institute of Tech-
nology Campus in Ft. Wayne, IN.
For details write the club at P.O.
Box 5096, Ft. Wayne, IN 46805.

Feb 28 Computer Amateurs of South
Jersey will holds its meeting at
the National Park Municipal Bldg.,
7 So. Grove Ave., National Park, N J
at 7:30 P.M. For details call (609)
541-1010, or (609) 541-8296.

COMPUTER COUNTRY

A retail computer store called
Computer Country in Tustin, Califor-
nia, offers microcomputer systems
for application in the home, educa-
tion and business. These microcom-
puter systems are at the heart of
video games, word processing, in-
ventory control and financial report-
ing systems. These systems are also
part of burglar alarms, smoke/fire
detection, Christmas mailing lists,
and message recording systems for
telephone answering bureaus.

Computer Country systems are al-
ready being applied to jobs in auto
tire retreading, information systems
for the blind and inventory control
for a motorcycle parts manufacturer.

The store is oriented toward the
practical computer user and offers a
number of classroom training pro-
grams. These include: Preparing the
Business Man for Data Processing,
Basic Language Programming, and
Star Trek, an advanced video game
for adults and children.

The founders of Computer Country
are planning to franchise a network
of independently owned stores
throughout the United States and
abroad. The pilot store is in Larwin
Square Center in Tustin, California.
The store has a complete line of
microcomputers and software prod-
ucts including microcomputers
from IMSAI, Apple, RCA, Atari, and
Applied Data Communications.

The founders of the company are
Mr. Kenneth D. Allen, who heads the
firm and was formerly President of
Microline Corp. and Microdata Corp.
in Irvine, California; Mr. Don Berry,
currently Vice President of Engineer-
ing for GTE’s Information System
Group in Anaheim, California; and
Mr. Clifton Myers, Vice President of
Systems and formerly Director of
Management Information Systems
at Microdata Corporation in Irvine,
California.

Franchising operations will be
headquartered in a new facility
under construction at the Airport In-
dustrial Complex in Irvine, California.

PROGRAMS IN BOOK FORM

The very low cost microcomputer
hardware systems are finally being
matched by low cost software. Os-
borne & Associates are producing,
in book form, business application
programs with documentation. These
are programs that have traditionally
sold for many thousands of dollars.
In book form these programs, plus
documentation, are available for
$12.50. There are interesting legal

Vectored from Page 20

ramifications to these books, since
they copyright the printed word, but
do not protect the magnetic surface.
This means that anyone can modify
or resell the programs without pay-
ing a license fee, providing the pro-
grams are sold in a computer-read-
able form and not in a human-read-
able form. While international con-
troversy rages regarding ability to
patent or legally protect software,
the appearance of programs in book
form lends a new dimension to an
already tricky legal problem.

For the next 12 months, small
business data processing apparently
will represent the most significant
outlet for microcomputer systems.
There are probably hundreds of such
systems being installed every month,
sold by computer stores and by
direct sales from the manufacturer.
This very significant installed base
is being ignored by most surveys of
small business computer systems.
In all probability, the surveys are
therefore highly distorted.

MINI/MICR078 IN PHILADELPHIA!

The 1978 MINI/MICRO COMPU-
TER CONFERENCE AND EXPOSI-
TION is scheduled for the Philadel-
phia Civic Center next April 18-20
(Tuesday through Thursday).

According to a respected industry
source, International Data Corpora-
tion (IDC), the Philadelphia area
ranks as the fifth largest computer
marketplace in the country, and is
easily accessible from the No. 1
(New York) and No. 4 (Washington,
D.C. area) major computer markets
in the nation. And, again quoting
IDC, 90 percent of annual expendi-
tures come from current U.S. com-
puter users.

For registration and further infor-
mation contact Mini/Micro 78 at
5528 E. La Palma Avenue, Suite 1,
Anaheim, CA 92807 (714) 528-2400.

ROACHES BUGGING
TRAIN COMPUTERS

In Tokyo, Japanese railways
have declared war on cockroaches
that are upsetting the computers
on the high-speed Shinkansen
train running between Tokyo and
Hakata.

A cockroach recently got into
the speed-measurement circuit
on one train, so that the computer
recorded a speed of 130 miles an
hour while it was standing in
Nagoya station.

JANUARY 1978

INTERFACE AGE 25

By James S. White

Microcomputers for small busi-
nesses! A computer for your busi-
ness? As a small businessman, you
certainly are well aware of many of
the benefits that computers accord
to large businesses, benefits so
great that the opportunities of a
large business without a computer
are unthinkable today. Thus you have
some feeling of the potential that
computers hold for your small busi-
ness. However, many small busi-
nessmen properly question whether
a computer would be a beneficial
tool for them yet, and aren’t sure
how to evaluate the place of a com-
puter in their business.

As a reader of INTERFACE AGE,
you are aware that today you can af-
ford to own a computer, the com-
puter hardware, that is. Whether you
can afford all the costs of a com-
puter system package is quite a dif-
ferent matter. It is quite possible for
a small business owner or manager
to program his own computer. Some
do this; do-it-yourself programming
may even be realistic for some small
businessmen.

Consequently, it seems that many
of the benefits of computers may be
within your grasp. You may be able
to receive better and/or quicker in-
formation, perhaps about your busi-
ness, the marketplace, and the com-
petition. You may be able to save a
considerable amount of the time and /
or money you or your employees
presently require to do certain func-
tions. You may be able to expand
your business, using your computer
to help overcome previous limita-
tions. You may be able to increase
the quality of your products or ser-
vices, or to optimize your operations
towards producing what you can sell
or selling what you can produce. In
many other ways, you may be able to
benefit from those computer contri-
butions that are, for you, in the im-
portant-to-improve areas of your
business.

What are the characteristics of
computers that allow them to pro-
vide these benefits? First is the
computer’s ability to function as a
calculator, a skill about which you
are probably quite familiar. Another

key computer characteristic is its
large, quick memory; a small busi-
ness computer (using disc storage)
can “remember” more than 100,000
numbers (for example, stock num-
bers and corresponding wholesale
and retail prices) and instantly
“recall” desired information. A com-
puter, after having been suitably pro-
grammed, can also compare alter-
natives — you might ask your com-
puter to find the most profitable (or
best against other criteria) way to in-
vest the limited number of dollars
you can allocate to inventory. It can
help you to prepare sales calls, or do
any other business operation.

The real key, however, to a com-
puter’s power is that it can do these
things very quickly, almost perfectly,
over and over again in the same way.
Or, if you prefer, your computer can
repeat its work in a similar way, vary-
ing its operations depending on the
characteristics of the data with
which it is given to work. A computer
can “check through” its records for
your entire 100,000-item inventory
every day, or even every hour if you
want. If you have a task that requires
a large, long amount of work, the
computer will work all night, gener-
ally without a mistake, and have the
answer ready for you first thing the
next morning. To top this all off,
your computer will do all this with-
out asking for a vacation or for a day
off for its great-aunt’s funeral, and
will never ask for a raise (although
its repairman might) or get bored.

This all sounds great, you may be
thinking, but how can I reach these
benefits and make a computer part
of my organization? Much more im-
portant, how might I decide if a com-
puter belongs in my organization?
The first part of the answer comes
from scrutinizing your own business.

Unfortunately, it is easy to take a
different approach: to start computer
considerations by looking at mem-
ory sizes, operating speeds, and in-
struction sets. Computer vendors are
generally very comfortable talking in
these terms, and much of today’s lit-
erature is oriented to topics such as
these. True, objective characteris-
tics should not be ignored when se-

lecting a computer. However, because
these characteristics tend to be rela-
tively easy to compare and also ex-
citing to look at, or at least fun, they
often obscure more important con-
siderations.

For a businessman, starting with
hardware considerations is usually
putting the cart before the horse.
The motive force for your computing
involvement is your business; how
can you improve it, or maintain it at
less cost? Therefore your business
is where your computer considera-
tions logically begin, and. remain for
a while. Even after some business
planning has been done and some
computing decisions tentatively
made, it is usually very worthwhile
to return and further review busi-
ness plans in additional detail, par-
ticularly considering characteristics
that computer planning have shown
to be important.

Probably the best way to start mak-
ing your decision about the place of a
computer in a business is first to
learn about the business itself. This
may sound ridiculous — what owner
or manager doesn’t understand his
own business? Many don’t, to the
degree of detail necessary.

If you presently do all your own
record keeping, forecasting, pro-
cess control or whatever it is that
you are thinking a computer might
do for you, you may know much of
what you need for computer plan-
ning. It is also important to consider
why these things are done in the
way that they are. What other ways
could these things be done with a
tool having capabilities somewhat
different than yours? And what are
the rules to follow under all possible
conditions, including ones you have
never encountered before? A compu-
ter must be given instructions on
handling every condition. The in-
structions can be as simple as to
call for help from a human, or to
treat the condition the same as
another, normal condition.

An owner or general manager who
has delegated some of the business
operation to someone else also needs,
in order to plan for a computer, to
know how and why the other persons

26 INTERFACE AGE

JANUARY 1978

TIMESHARING

The 80-103A works both ways. Your system can cal! a timesharing service and communicate as an intelligent
terminal OR your S-100 system can be the timesharing system where the 8Q-1G3A answers the phone and
communicates with terminals or other processors-

80-103A DATA COMMUNICATIONS ADAPTER

The 80-103A DATA COMMUNICATIONS ADAPTER was developed to function as an S-100 bus
compatible serial interface incorporating a fully programmable modem and Telco interface. These
functions are usually accomplished by the use of two separate modules: 1) a serial I/O board, and
2} an external modem. By combining these features on a single board, the 80- 103 A can offer
microcomputer applications significant cost/performance advantages over other implementations.

• FULLY PROGRAMMABLE FEATURES

• AUTOMATED DIALING AND AN-
SWER

• ORIGINATE OR ANSWER MODE

• 110-300 BIT/SEC DATA RATES

• CHARACTER FORMAT AND PARITY

• ERROR DETECTION

• FULLY BUFFERED, OUTPUTS DRIVE
25 S-100 BUS LOADS

DC Hayes Associates offers a full range of capabilities
for solving your information handling problems.
Whether your problem is large or small, we will apply
innovative techniques for finding the best solution.
Contact us about our products and services.

• STANDARD U.S. FREQUENCIES

• FULL TELCO COMPATIBILITY WHEN
ATTACHED TO DAA

• COMPATIBLE WITH EXISTING TELE-
TYPES AND TIME SHARING MODEMS

• ALL DIGITAL MODULATION AND
DEMODULATION. NO ADJUSTMENTS
REQUIRED.

PRICES:

Assembled 80-1 03A with 48 hour burn in
and 90 day warranty is $279.95

Bare Board with manual is $49.95

D C Hayes associates

P.0. Box 9884 • Atlanta, Georgia 30319 • (404) 231-0574

JANUARY 1978

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO.

INTERFACE AGE 27

Heathkil "Program-Ready” Computer
Systems Await YOUR COMMANDS!

The Heathkit H8 is designed to provide you with a versatile,
efficient computer that's easy and fun to build and use. It fea-
tures an intelligent front panel with keyboard entry and 9-digit
display, a heavy-duty power supply with enough extra capac-
ity for memory and I/O expansion, and an exclusive 50-line
fully buffered bus capable of addressing 65K bytes. The CPU
board is fully wired and tested and features the 8080A chip,
clock, systems controller and full bus buffering. Seven vec-
tored interrupts are available on the bus for quick response to
your I/O requests. The mother board has positions for up to
10 plug-in circuit boards for memory and interface cards and
complete "program ready1' software (BASIC, assembler, edi-
tor and debug) ts included at no extra cost. Together with its
"system designed1' peripherals: memory expansion boards,
serial and parallel interfaces, the H9 CRT terminal with ASCII
67-key keyboard and the ECP-3801 cassette recorder/player
mass storage device, the H8 will provide you with years of
computing usefulness and enjoyment.

Based on the world-famous DEC LSI-11, the H11 and its peri-
pherals give you all the power and speed you need for total
computing versatility. It's one of the few FULL 16-bit compu-
ters available to the hobbyist today, and equivalent commer-
cial versions would cost literally thousands of dollars more.
The H1 1 features a fully wired and tested DEC KD11F board
that contains the 16-bit LSM1 CPU, a 4096x16 read/ write
MOS semiconductor memory, DMA operation, and includes
the powerful PDP-11/40 instruction set. Heath/ DEC PDP-11
software includes editor, relocatable assembler, link editor,
absolute loader, debug, I/O executive and DUMP programs,
plus BASIC and FOCAL. The backplane/card guides are fully
compatible with alt standard LSI-1 1 accessories. The H1 1 and
its system peripherals: memory expansion modules, serial
and parallel interfaces, an extended arithmetic chip, plus the
H10 paper tape reader/ punch and the H9 CRT terminal give
you all the power and versatility you need for personal com-
puting at its very best!

Basie Self-Instruction Course

Learn BASIC program-
^29” ming easy and fast with
our EC-1100 self-instruc-
tional course. Features programmed
instruction text, experiments and
demonstrations to give you a thorough
knowledge of BASIC and program-
ming techniques.

World-Famous DECwriter If

Deluxe keyboard printing
1495 terminal at Heath’s sensa-
tional low mall order price!
Also available: LAX X- KG EIA (RS-232C)
Interface with cable and connector, $65;
LAXX-LM Acoustic Coupler which mounts
In LA36 with hardware provided, $250.00

HEATHKIT CATALOG
The new Winter '78 Edition

You can gel a FREE relail catalog by re-
deeming this coupon In person at any ot
Ihe SO Heathkit Electronic Centers (Units
of Schlumberger Products Corporation) In
major markets coasMo-c oast, where
Heathkit products are sold, displayed, and
serviced. [Retail prices on some products
may be slightly higher) {Check the white
pages of your telephone book.)

Use coupon for
mail-order
catalog or bring
to store for
retail catalog.

Address

City

State

L,

CP -137

Zip

Please send me my FREE Heathkit Catalog.
I am not on your mailing list

Name.

Nearly 400 fascinating electronic kits fully
illustrated and described, plus a variety of
Heath-recommended assembled products.

Send for your FREE copy today!

Prices are mail order net FOB, Benton Harbor, Michigan.
Prices and specifications subject to change without notice,

HEATH

Heath Company, Dept. 343-370
Benton Harbor, Michigan 49022

28 INTERFACE AGE

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 25

JANUARY 1978

do their job to the extent that the
work done or the results produced
might relate to a new computer. The
important things to know are those
that are really done, rather than the
techniques and rules that “should"
be followed. Naturally, the proper
procedures should also be consid-
ered if different from actual practice.
The degree of tolerance and flexibility
In the people who will work with the
computer and its information are
also important factors to know.

Obtaining business understand-
ing might start by considering how
information flows now through a
business. From where should a
computer get its information, and
where should it feed its results back
into the information flow system?
What parts of present business pro-
cedures relating to computable func-
tions are flexible enough that you,
the owner, would consider chang-
ing? Which are fixed, and therefore
ones to which a computer would
have to adapt?

These normal, basic considera-
tions are only the start. Although
statistics on small businesses are
not yet available, most of the costs
of most older, larger computer appli-
cations are due to two factors: ex-
ceptions and errors,

exceptions Because there are
usually several different conditions
of information and other computer
input, there are several ways, at
least in part, that things can be
done. Consequently, the system
planning and programming costs
are several times the cost of doing
the “normal” job. For example, in a
“simple11 vendor invoice processing
application, a bill might be received
normally, or before the merchan-
dise, or before the agreed billing
date, or the “bill” might be a credit,
or come when the bank account is
too low to pay all bills then due, A
bill could be too large or too small,
compared to the amount actually
due, by a large or small amount for a
specified or unspecified reason.
Also possible variables in terms of
both input and required processing
are discount terms, international
orders, prepaid orders, COD orders,
etc.

errors Although computers are
almost perfect (computer errors do
have to be anticipated and handled),
people are human and don't always
do what is reasonable or proper.
This problem starts with computer
system designers and programmers,
the best of whom may cause the
device to act very undesirably in
unusual conditions. The users or
operators of the data processing
equipment are certain to do what
everyone was sure they would never

do, and had instructed them posi-
tively not to do. A successful com-
puter application must anticipate er-
rors and plan for solution of the
resulting problems.

As a small businessman, your
computer system may have fewer
exceptions or variables than sys-
tems in larger businesses. However,
these factors must be considered if
your system is to be at ail success-
ful. Concerning errors, a universal
principle of computer planning is
that it is easier and less costly to
prevent problems than to fix them.

Another important consideration
is people, especially how present
employees will relate to what can

easily be considered as a threaten-
ing, even aggressive, intruder (The
computer is going to take over my job —
as soon as it can! PANIC!!)* Bringing a
computer into a business is not only
bringing a new machine into its
operations. A computer is also a
tool that often helps people intellec-
tually, or, at least, requires that
some people interact with it on an
intellectual basis. For this reason,
and because of the dramatic effect
that a computer can have on a busi-
ness and its employees’ work, bring-
ing a computer into a business is
also somewhat like bringing in a
new employee.

Proper preparation can greatly in-

"he Answer For. . .
Student
Hobbyist
Manufacturer

8700

COMFUTER/CONTROLLER

■ hi IM

8700 Processor: 6503 MPU, Wear free “Active Keyboard”,

Micro-Diagnostic® Extensive documentation. Fully Socketed.

PicbllC] Monitor: Relative address calculator. Pointer High-low,
User Subroutines, Back- step key.

Cassette Interface; Load & Dump by file Tape motion
control, Positive indication of operation.

Applications systems from $90 (lOunit quantity)

Development systems from $149 (single unit)

another great kit from RBiA

TELL ME MORE I want to see for myself that the 8700 is The Answer. ;

; { ) Please send documentation

‘ and price lists. 510 enclosed. name: — .

: ( ) T don' t need documentation

* p]ease send price lists. address: -

: ( ] Please send FKEE CATALOG.

: city: state: zip:

Boyusk

: ELECTRONICS 0EPT.2-F * 1020 W. Wilshire BUd. * Oklahoma City, OK 73H6 14051 843-9626

JANUARY 1978

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 39

INTERFACE AGE 29

crease the productivity of both peo-
ple and computer* This preparation
may include presenting the com-
puter as a tool which enhances the
importance of people and frees
them for more interesting jobs,
rather than an usurper of people's
functions and value.

But we’re not ready to do that yet*
First comes further evaluation of the
possible value of a computer to your
business and this leads to the deci-
sion of whether, where, and how a
computer will be a net benefit to
your business now*

Some of the preceding ideas may
seem negative — to make using a
computer harder than many people
feel it is. But our intent has been to
be realistic — to prepare the pros-
pective user to look at alt the consid-
erations and to be able to make a
decision after considering all rele-
vant factors*

If you have good answers to the
preceding questions and considera-
tions, you are well prepared to go
ahead and start evaluating actual
computing alternatives* But what if
you aren’t comfortable with your
answers to these questions? Then, I
propose, you are not ready for a com-
puter at this time. Further, you have
defined your desirable degree of per-
sonal computing involvement. Hence
the following options are available
for further progress: 1) Delegate the
responsibility for these questions,
and therefore, necessarily, also for
the management of the computer-re-
lated parts of your business, to
someone in your organization* 2)
Train yourself or obtain basic train-
ing. 3} Obtain the needed support
from a consultant or other vendor
outside your business organization.

Of course, actual conditions may
call for a combination of these op-
tions.

Computer planning questions
needn’t be, and probably shouldn’t
be, answered alone* One place to
look for help is to prospective com-
puter system vendors* Pick out some
people or organizations; ask them if
they miqht want to sell a complete,

operational computer system pack-
age to you — on your conditions to
meet your specifications. If so, ex-
plain to them your situation, ideas,
and wishes. Let them tell you what
they think is practical for their and
other vendors' computers to do and
not do* Ask for references who can
substantiate actual performance
supporting their statements* After a
series of increasingly detailed
discussions, with both you and the
vendor becoming increasingly
knowledgeable of the important
issues, you should have a good start
in choosing the system for specific
needs of your business. Alternative-
ly, and equally worthwhile, you may
have confidently concluded that a
computer would not be a net benefit
to your business now.

If your chosen approach includes
the selection of a consultant, or
similar type of assistance, how
might that selection be done? There
are many ways, and, as a successful
small businessman, you are prob-
ably well skilled in that art* One par-
ticular selection criteria unexpected
by many applies to a computing con-
sultant and to an employee to whom
computing management is delegated.
He or she should be able to help you
understand what a computer will do
in and to your business, and how
and why* Furthermore, he should be
able to communicate these ideas on
the level of your business, using its
terminology, and not only computer
terms. The functions of computers
really aren’t difficult to understand.
Your obtaining that understanding, as
it applies to your business, should
be one of the important results ac-
quired of your computer expert*

If you follow the above guidelines,
you should be reasonably welt
prepared to start looking at specific
computing capabilities for your
small business. But, as we shall em-
phasize next month, the product for
most small businessmen to look for
and to evaluate is the entire com-
puter system service package need-
ed to meet your needs, not just the
machine or hardware.

CXlpha

^"'"ogvsTEma

DEALERS

ARIZONA

PHOENIX
Byte Shop of
(602) 942-7300

TEMPE
Byte Shop of
<602) 094-1129

TUCSON
Byte Shop of
(602) 327 4579
CALIFORNIA
COSTA MESA
Orange County
Computer Center
(714) 646 0221

LAWNDALE
Byte Shop of
(213) 371-2421

PALO ALTO
Byte Shop of
(415) 327-3030

PASADENA
Byte Shop of
(213) 634-3311

SAN DIEGO
Com purer Center
(714) 292 5302

SAN RAFAEL
Byte Shop of
(415) 457-9311

SANTA ANA
Advance Microcomputer
(714) 553 0813

SANTA BARBARA
Byte Shop of
(305) 966-2630

TARZANA
Tech Mart
(213) 344 0153

VAN NUYS

Computer Components
(213) 344-0153

COLORADO
DENVER
Computer Hut
(Prime Radix)

(303) 573-4395

FLORIDA

CORAL GABLES
Sunny Computer
(305)661-6042

FORT LAUDERDALE
Byte Shop of
(305) 561-2903

ILLINOIS

CHAMPAIGN
Champaign Computer Co.
(217) 359 5833

EVANSTON

Itly Bitty Machine Go*

(312) 328 6800

INDIANA

BLOOMINGTON
Data Domain

(312) 334 3607

INDIANAPOLIS
Data Domain
(317) 251-3139

MARYLAND

ROCKVILLE
Computer Workshop
(301} 463-0455

MASSACHUSETTS

WALTHAM

Computer Mari of Boston
(617) 899-4540
MICHIGAN
ROYAL OAK
Computer Mart of

(313) 576-0900
MISSOURI
PARKVIiLLE
Computer Workshop
(616) 741 5055

NEW JERSEY

I SELIN

Computer Mart ol
(201) 283-0600
NEVADA
RENO

Byte Shop of
(702) 325 8080
NEW YORK
NEW YORK
Computer Mart of
(212} 686-7923
OHIO

CLEVELAND
Byte Shop of
(216) 333-3261
OREGON
BEAVERTON
Byte Shop of
(503} 644-2606

EUGENE
Real Oregon
Computer Co,

(503) 404-1040

PORTLAND
Byte Shop of
(503) 223 3496

TEXAS

FORT WORTH
Tandy Computers
(817) 335-7198
HOUSTON

Electronic Specialty Co*
(713) 865-0477
LUBBOCK
Computer Mart of
West Texas
(806) 765-7134
RICHARDSON
The Micro Store
(214) 231-1096
UTAH

SALT LAKE CITY
Byte Shop of
(801) 355-1041
WASHINGTON
BELLEVUE
Byte Shop of
(206) 746-0651
WISCONSIN
MILWAUKEE
The Milwaukee
Computer Store
(414) 259-9140
AUSTRALIA
GORDON
Trudata Pact lie
498*4706

ALICE SPRINGS

Microcomputer Systems

Alice Springs, NT

CANADA

TORONTO

The Computer Place

(416) 598-0262

VANCOUVER
Byte Shop of
(604} 756 0511
FRANCE
PARIS

Computer Boutique
310095-047
GERMANY
MUNICH
Defame g KG
(089) 460-4993
HONG KONG
CAUSEWAY BAY
Tel tec
5-781-0651
SPAIN

BARCELONA

Infotecnos

(000)235-7110

VENEZUELA

CARACAS

E.D.C. MEGA, C*A-

Ave, Francisco De Miranda

Centro Peru, Plso 7; Chacao

33-79-90

30 INTERFACE AGE

JANUARY 1978

Introducing the AM- 300 ‘—an S-IQQ compatible
six port serial I/O board- Designed to enhance the
AM- 100* 16-Bit microprocessor board set, this t/O
is one of the fastest, most efficient , versatile serial
ports available for microprocessors supporting time
sharing

SOFTWARE PROGRAMMABLE

Also compatible with 8080 microprocessors utilizing
the S'lQO bus, it provides six fully programmable
RS-232 ports— each independently software program-
mable to select any of sixteen baud rates up to 19,200
baud. Multi-level, interrupt-driven under program
control, each I/O port will accept, independently,
data in either asynchronous or synchronous modes.
This is accomplished through use of six Western
Digltall ASTRO chips (UC-167 IB) .

WITH MEMORY MANAGEMENT

AMOS’ (Alpha Microsystems Operating System)
now supports Memory Management utilizing Industrial

i

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO, 1

ASYNCHRONOUS
AND SYNCHRONOUS

SOFTWARE

PROGRAMMABLE

BAUD RATES

INTERRUPT

DRIVEN

Micro Systems 16k Static RAM boards. This system
allows memory expansion up to 256k bytes providing
true m ulti- user/ muiti -tasking partitions up to 48k
byte for most S-10G bus mainframes.

The AM-300* with 256k bytes memory provides
superior handling capabilities for the user s application.

‘Trademark of Alpha Microsystems.

Write or call us for the location of your nearest
Alpha Microsystems Dealer,

0(lpha

^"'CKogySTEmS

17875N Sky Park North
Irvine, California 92714
Phone: (714) 957-1404

S s

<£BZa£0(£

BC0SDKK1SS

AVAILABLE FOR
IMMEDIATE DELIVERY

An Advanced, Comprehensive,
Commercially oriented, Compiled
I interpreters ASIC language facility
designed for use with the

OP/M OPERATING SYSTEM

C BASIC FACILITIES INCLUDE:

DISK ACCESS — Sequential and
Random Files, Fixed and Variable
length records.

print USING allows sophisticated
formatting of output to both the
Printer and Disk Files,

FOURTEEN DIGITS of numeric
precision,

LIBRARY FACILITY supports
“Canned " procedures which are
Included at compile time,

LINE NUMBERS are not necessary
on every line. They are needed only
to transfer control.

VARIABLE NAMES can be up to
31 characters long,

STRING manipulation facilities
include MATCH, LEFTS, RIGHTS,
MIDS, LEN, Concatenation, Arrays
and More,

PEEK, POKE, CALL, WHILE, .
WEND, TRACE, Printer Selection,
Multiple lines per statement. Re-
marks that don't take space, IF . . .
THEN , . . ELSE, Logical Operations,
IN PUT LI N E to enter text i ncluding
commas and special characters,
READ LINE to read text files and
MORE,

FOR ONLY * 0 0 ^

Including Extensive User’s Manual

Manual only $15.00

BUSINESS APPLICATIONS
PROGRAMS For CP/M Users:

□SORT - A Full-Diskette Sort/

Merge (in 8080 code) with
Documentation $ 95

UTILITIES — Including a Full-Disk
Copy and Memory Test $40

GENERAL LEDGER-A Generalized
Business GL designed for Account-
ants or Small Businesses. Includes
complete documentation.

Written in C BASIC $995

NAME AND ADDRESS FILE
SYSTEM — Interactive Entry
program Adds, Changes, Deletes,
or Displays records. Prints labels
or reports of all or selected portions
of a file. Written in C BASIC $ 79

To Order or For More Information, Write;

/tructured /y/tem/ Group

S61S KALES AVENUE
OAKLAND, CALIFORNIA 94618
(415) 547-1567

California residents add 6V2 % Sales Tax.
Prepaid or COD only.

Dealer Inquires Invited

CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research.

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 50

32 INTERFACE AGE

mi

mw&wimm

Elliott MacLennan, Attorney at Law
Stephen Murtha

SUBCHAPTER S

THE TAX HYBRID SMALL

BUSINESS CORPORATION

This is the second column in a
series of columns dealing with the
legal, tax, and tactical considera-
tions which go into choosing the
form in which to run your business.
The first column dealt with sole pro-
prietorships and partnerships. In
this column, we shall discuss a
unique form of organization; the Sub-
chapter S corporation (Sub S), which
can be very valuable to the entre-
preneur.

ADVANTAGE OF ELECTING SUB-
CHAPTER S STATUS

The principal income tax advan-
tage of the Sub S corporation is the
elimination of the corporate tax,
thereby avoiding the “double taxa-
tion" of corporate earnings white
preserving the traditional legal ad-
vantages of operating in the corpor-
ate form, i.e., limited liability for
owners; free transferability of stock;
centralization of management and
continuity of life.

PURPOSE

The underlying purpose of the Sub S
corporation was to promote "tax
neutrality” in the choice of the form
of doing business. Query: Does the
Congressional selection of the word
“neutrality” mean that without this
tax armistice, businessmen would
be at war with the Internal Revenue
Service?

TAX SAVING IDEAS

There are several reasons to elect
S to be taxed as a Sub S corporation
other than avoidance of the double
tax imposed on the standard or Sub-
chapter C corporation. Generally,
the Sub S is helpful when a share-
holder’s income derived from the
corporation is either low or non-ex-
istent, or inconsistently, extremely
high.

Specifically, where the sharehold-
ers are in a lower tax bracket than

the double-taxed Sub C corporation,
the Sub S decreases the tax burden.

The Sub S performs probably its
most distinguished and meritorious
service in the business “start up”
situation. Business losses exceed
income, or to be specific, allowable
deductions produce a “net operat-
ing loss” which can be used to off-
set other income of the taxpayer.
These losses are said to “pass
through" to the Sub S shareholder;
not so for the shareholder’s unlucky
shareholder in the Sub C corpora-
tion. An analogy to a diode may be
helpful here. The loss “pass through”
to the Sub S shareholder would be a
diode forward-biased and reversed-
biased to a Sub C shareholder.

An excellent income splitting de-
vice, i.e., shifting income from one
family member in a high tax bracket
to one in a lower bracket, is possible
because the Sub S only taxes the
amount of corporate income not pre-
viously distributed to the share-
holders. Since a shareholder's
status is determined on the last day
of the corporation’s tax year, a gift
of stock to a lower bracket family
member may be effected. This device
requires cautious and thorough plan-
ning to avoid Internal Revenue Ser-
vice attack for prohibited assign-
ment of income.

Where the Sub S corporation’s tax
year is different from the calendar
year, a tax deferral possibility exists.
Again, since the undistributed por-
tion of corporate income is not
taxes unitl the last day of the cor-
poration tax year, taxpayer-share-
holder may consider the following:

Assume a Sub S corporation with
a fiscal year ending January 31 of
each year. Assume the Sub S has
$100,000 of earnings. Assume
$50,000 is distributed to taxpayer-
shareholder during the calendar
year (January 1 to December 31). Tax-
payer must report the calendar year
income on the first April 15 follow-
ing the close of the calendar year

JANUARY 1978

A Complete Data Processing System for Small Businesses

LET’S TALK HARDWARE . . .

Last month INFO 2000 introduced the
most capable and cost-effective microcomp-
uter system you can buy for business data
processing. This month’s advertisement
takes a closer look at the hardware which
makes up the INFO 2000 BUSINESS SYS-
TEM, while future ads will focus upon the
outstanding accounting and word-processing
software offered with the system,

MASS STORAGE

The heart of a business system is its mass
storage, INFO 2000 uses the PerSci 277
dual diskette drive, whose outstanding per-
formance parameters set it apart from other
floppy disk systems.

PRINTERS

Hardcopy devices tend to be expensive,
but a high-performance printer is crucial to
the success of a business data processing sys-
tem. INFO 2000 offers both a high-speed
line printer and a medium-speed work pro-
cessing printer; either or both may be con-
figured with the INFO 2000 BUSINESS
SYSTEM,

The high-speed line printer provides con-
tin ucus-duty bidirectional printing at 160
characters per second- about 6 rimes faster
than competitive units. This state-of-the-
art peripheral prints a full 132-character
line, and has an adjustable forms tractor
which accomodates all sprocket-feed busi-
ness forms up to four layers thick, and up to
1 5 inches wide. The printer generates all 95
ASCII characters including true lower case
letters with descenders, and also has a com-
plete graphics capability. (The pictures of
the Mona Lisa in the photo shown were act-
ually printed on this unit.)

The medium-speed word processing prin-
ter provides print speeds up to 55 cpst and
utilizes the latest in daisy-wheel technology
to provide typewriter quality output. The
unit accepts either carbon or doth ribbons,
quick-change type wheels in a wide variety
of fonts, an adjustable forms tractor for
sprocket-feed forms, plus conventional pla-
ten feed for ordinary letterhead. This print-
er indudes a complete S electric-style key-
board, and can be used as an auxiliary con-
sole for the computer system, or can he
switched off-line and used as a typewriter.

VIDEO CONSOLE

The selection of a video console is espe-
cially important in a business system be-
cause of the many hours that you will spend
in front of that console. INFO 2000 has
tried, tested, and rated them all, and has
chosen the very finest video console on the
market for its system. This unit incorporates
a third -gene ration microprocessor to pro-
vide advanced functions and complete

self-test capability. The commercial-quality
keyboard includes a full typewriter key-
board. a row of special function keys, and a
separate numeric keypad. The video display
uses an 8x8 dot matrix character genera-
tor (instead of the usual 5x7) to provide a
beautifully readable display of all 95 ASC1T
characters including true lower ease letters
with descenders— especially important for
word processing. Other features include line
graphics (for displaying business forms on
the screen), dual display intensity, reverse
video, and an extra high speed of 19,200
bits per second (instead of the usual 9*600).

CENTRAL PROCESSOR

The processor is a 280, the fastest and
most advanced 8-bit microprocessor availa-
ble, and is configured with up to 56K of
RAM memory (32K standard). The remark-
able INFO 2000 universal I/O board com-
bines a complete diskette controller for up
to 8 drives, two R5232 serial ports with
software-selectable baud rates, three 8 -bit
parallel ports, and 8K of EPROM on a single
printed circuit board. Thus the standard sys-
tem requires only four hoards: CPU board,
I/O board, and 2 16K RAM boards.

The professional quality mainframe in-
cludes a filtered forced -air cooling system
and a heavy-duty constant- volt age (ferro-
resonant) power supply with twice as much
rated capacity as actually needed by the sys-
tem, The INFO 2000 BUSINESS SYSTEM
is built around the widely used 5-1 00 bus
architecture, providing unlimited flexibility
to expand or customize the system with a
wide variety of off-the-shelf S-10D modules.
You are not locked into the product line of
a single manufacturer.

The standard mainframe provides 12 slots
in a compact, attractive package; even this
provides for a great deal of system growth
potential, since the standard 32 K system
uses only 4 slots! Optional mainframes with
22 slots and with 22 slots plus a complete
front pane! are also available.

OPERATING SOFTWARE

Standard operating software for your
own program development work is the best
and most complete available for any micro-
computer system, and includes a complete
Disk Operating System plus the full library
of Technical Design Labs (TDL) software:
Super BASIC, Macro Assembler, Text Edit-
ing Language, and Word Processor, An ex-
tended ANSI FORTRAN JV is available at

additional cost, as are the complete account-
ing and word processing applications pack-
ages which will be detailed in future INFO
2000 advertisements.

COST AND DELIVERY

INFO 2000 offers this system as a total
rcady-to-run package, with all components
fully assembled and tested together as a
complete system. The price of the basic sys-
tem is 58,000, This includes a standard 32K
processor, dual diskette system, high-speed
line printer, video console, plus the disk op-
erating system and complete TDL software
package as described. The price also includes
all cabinetry and cables, box of diskettes,
spare printer ribbon—absolutely everything
you need to plug in and run on the first
day!

Delivery is 15-30 days after receipt of
your order. COD orders are accepted if a
20% deposit accompanies the order, but
INFO 2000 extends a liberal $200 discount
to retail customers who prepay in full at the
rime of order, California residents must add
6% sales tax.

Options include the following: Addition-
al loK RAM, add $400. 22-slot mainframe
instead of standard 12-slot, add $150. 22-
slot mainframe plus full front panel, add
56 50, Medium-speed word processing prin-
ter instead of high-speed line printer, add
51,100. Both printers, add $3,300, ANSI
FORTRAN TV software, add 5350.

ATI components of the system are fully
warranted by INFO 2000 for a full 90 days.
We have taken every precaution to ensure
that you have no surprises and no hassles.
Ocher small business computers are being
advertised, but we honestly believe that you
cannot buy another system with comparable
technical credentials that is priced close to

the INFO 2000 BUSINESS SYSTEM.

For additional information, circle the in-
dicated number on the reader service card.
Or for a faster reply, write us directly. Deal-
er inquiries arc welcomed.

CORPORATION

20630 South Leapwood Avenue
Carson, California 90746

(213) 532-1702

INTERFACE AGE 33

JANUARY 1978

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 48

The difference is value.
Take a look at our low-cost
microcomputer’s heavy duty
cabinet. Even with the cover
removed, it maintains its rigid
structural integrity. But we
don’t stop there. Quality built
Vector Graphic products, from
boards and kits to complete
systems — such as our
Memorite turn-key text editor
shown below — beat all
competitors in mechanical,
thermal and electrical design.

Based on an 8080A
microprocessor and the S-100
bus structure, Vector Graphic
microcomputers are compatible
(with the exception of minor I/O
patches) with all of the current
8080A software.

If you’re designing small
business systems, text editors,
control equipment, games or
even microprocessor
development, it will pay you to
look into our low cost
microcomputers and interface
boards, kits or assembled.

Rush me details today.

Yes, I’m interested in:

□ Systems □ Boards, kits or
assembled □ Microcomputers

j Name

I Firm

Phone

j Address

1 City/State/Zip .

Vector Graphic Inc.,

790 Hampshire Rd., Westlake
Village, C A 91 361 (805) 497-6853

lC>3 G3APHC iflC.

Sold and serviced nationally.

Vector Graphic's microcomputer
What's in it for you? 4*

Word processing systems for $7,950 — features normally found in systems costing twice as much.

34 INTERFACE AGE

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 62

JANUARY 1978

when that income was earned. If tax-
payer waits until after the close of
the calendar year and pays out the
undistributed $50,000 portion of in-
come between January 1 and Janu-
ary 31, taxpayer will not have to
report this income until April 15 of
the next year, i.e., fourteen and one
half months later. The economic ra-
tionale is this: If taxpayer can defer
payment of tax for one year, then the
amount of tax that would have been
paid except for the deferred
amounts to an interest-free loan to
taxpayer for the year deferred.

Shifting to the other end of the in-
come spectrum, a Sub S can help
taxpayer in the following manner.
Many Sub C taxpayer-shareholders
tire of wrangling with the Internal
Revenue Service over what is “rea-
sonable compensation” in the form
of salary and bonuses paid to them
from their corporation. If, as the
shareholder argues, compensation
is reasonable, then generally the
maximum tax imposed is fifty per-
cent. The Internal Revenue Service,
if successful in contending that the
compensation is unreasonable, may
tax the unreasonable portion up to
seventy percent. The Internal Reve-
nue Service rationale being that the
compensation by not being reason-
able must be a disguised distribu-

tion of corporate earnings and pro-
fits, i.e., disguised dividends.

Lastly, if taxpayer elects Sub S
status because of expected loss
pass through from start up losses,
and surprise — the venture is quick-
ly producing a profit beyond taxpay-
er’s requirements for personal spend-
ing income, taxpayer may want to
terminate the Sub S election to
reduce the tax burden. Caveat: Ter-
mination of Sub S status must be
planned carefully and once accom-
plished, cannot be subsequently
elected, generally for five years.

OPERATION

In general, income is reported on
the shareholder’s individual tax
returns directly. The corporation
files a tax return, a form 1120S each
year, even though it pays no tax. Cer-
tain tax preference items such as
capital gains, accelerated deprecia-
tion, etc. receive special treatment,
unfavorable from the taxpayer’s
point of view.

There are seven basic require-
ments set out in the Internal Reve-
nue Code which must be met in
order to elect Subchapter S status.
The word elect is of critical import-
ance here. All of the shareholders
must elect to be taxed under Sub-
chapter S provisions. If any one or

more shareholders do not elect, or if
one of the shareholders terminates
his election, then the corporation
loses its privilege to be taxed as a
Sub S corporation.

The seven requirements for eligi-
bility of this method of taxation are
as follows:

1) The corporation must be a
domestic corporation. In addi-
tion, it may not be a member of
an affiliated group eligible to
file a consolidated return with
any other corporation.

2) It may not have more than ten
shareholders during the first
five years under election and
no more than fifteen share-
holders thereafter. The only
exception to this rule of ten
during the first five years is the
addition of new shareholders
who inherited their shares
from a deceased shareholder.
In this case, the number may
go up to fifteen during the first
five years. A husband and wife
who hold shares as tenants in
the entirety, tenants in com-
mon, joint tenancy, or as com-
munity property will be counted
as only one shareholder in ap-
plying this rule.

3) All shareholders must be indi-

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JANUARY 1978

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 37

INTERFACE AGE 35

We'd Like To Ask You A Question.

Have you considered the Central Data 1 6K RAM
board? If you haven't, you should. We’ve combined
quality engineering and low prices to come up with a
memory board you'll like. Take a look at our
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• completely assembled, tested and burned in

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• access time of 450ns

• invisible refresh — absolutely no wait states

• power dissipation one-half that of static RAM

• one-year warranty.

You can purchase a 16K RAM board with all these
features for only $289. The cost of adding 16K to
your present Central Data 16K board is $200.

A 32K RAM board, assembled, tested and
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Please send me the following:
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Central Data P.0, Box 2484, Sta. A Champaign, [1 61820

r

36 INTERFACE AGE

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 6

JANUARY 1978

viduals, estates of decedent
shareholders, or certain trusts.
A corporation cannot elect
Subchapter S treatment if
another corporation, partner-
ship, or non qualified trust has
stock in that corporation.

4) A non-resident alien may not
be a shareholder.

5) The corporation may not have
more than one class of stock.

6) The corporation may not get
more than eighty percent of its
gross receipts from sources
outside the United States.

7) The corporation may not get
more than twenty percent of its
gross receipts from interest,
dividends, rents, royalties, an-
nuities, and gains from sales or
exchanges of securities. (This
is called “passive income.”)

The first five of these require-
ments must be met before the cor-
poration can make a valid election
for a given tax year. Failure to meet
any of the requirements will auto-
matically terminate an otherwise
valid election for the tax year in
which the condition is not met.
Remember, if the Subchapter S elec-
tion is terminated, either voluntarily
or involuntarily, then the corporation
must wait for five years until it can
re-elect this tax treatment under
most situations.

There are also several advantages
which both Subchapter S and Sub-
chapter C corporations have over
sole proprietorships and partner-
ships. These will be examined in the
next two columns dealing with Sub-
chapter C corporations.

The Subchapter S corporation is
one of the forms of business often
used by new or extremely success-
ful business ventures. It can offer
many of the advantages of the cor-
porate, partnership, and sole propri-
etorship form of business in the
form of a hybrid possessing most of
the desirable aspects of all forms.

A thorough examination of the
company’s business plan and future
growth pattern are essential prere-
quisites to consider prior to electing
this unique form of doing business.
Lastly, it should be pointed out that
the Subchapter S provisions exist
only with respect to Federal, not
State, income taxation.

The material presented in this arti-
cle is intended for the reader's gen-
eral information. The authors request
that the reader consult professional
advisors prior to applying this mater-
ial to his or her specific situation.

Introducing
Bit Pad.

The new,

low-cost digitizer for
small computer systems.

Bit Pad is the newest product from Summagraphics. the leading
producer o( professional digitizers. 1 1 has a small 1 1 -inch active area and
a small $555 price tag But the list of applications is as big as your
imagination.

Better than a joystick or keyboard for entering graphic information
it converts any point on a page, any vector, any distance into its digital
equivalents. It's also a menu for data entry You assign a value, or an
instruction to any location on the pad At the touch of a stylus, it's
entered into your system

Who can use it? Anyone from the educator and the engineer to the
hobbyist and the computer games enthusiast The data structure is
byte oriented tor easy compatibility with small computers, so you can
add a power supply, stand-alone display, cross-hair cursor and many
other options.

$1,000.00 creativity prize. You can also add $1,000 00 to your
bank account as a reward for your inventiveness. Just write an article
on an original Bit Pad application and submit it to any national
small-computer periodical. I f the editors publish it - and the decision
is solely theirs - Summagraphics will pay you $1,000 00 Contact
Summagraphics tor rules concerning this offer

Rhone(203) 384-1344 TELEX 96-4348

JANUARY 1978

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 51

INTERFACE AGE 37

The High Performance
Floppy Disk System
That's Not High Priced

Micromation’s MACRO DISK is a complete, high
performance floppy disk system — yet it’s economical.

Fast Per-Sci Drive

MACRO DISK uses the unique Per-Sci dual drive
to give you the fastest, most reliable system avail-
able. This unique drive features a fast voice coil
positioner and automatic electronic diskette hand-
ling. It’s a field-tested design that’s proven its relia-
bility and superiority in years of operation. And its
a full-sized dual drive — you have on-line mass stor-
age of over 500K Bytes, and you can copy diskettes
to provide essential system backup.

IBM Compatible Controller
The Micromation disk controller features full IBM
3740 formating — so you can interchange disks with
the rest of the world. There’s even a serial I/O port
on the controller board to make it easy to bring the
system up. Just connect your terminal to the con-
troller’s serial interface, install in any 16K S-100
system, jump to the on-board PROM bootstrap —
and you’re up and running without any patching.

A Complete, Assembled System

MACRO DISK is fully assembled and tested. And

it’s complete — including aluminum enclosure,

cables, power supply, and fan. Everything you need
38 INTERFACE AGE CIRCLE

to bring big system performance to your S-100 com-
puter.

Powerful CP/M Software — and BASIC

For program development select the optional Micro-
mation version of CP/M, the most powerful floppy
disk operating system available for microcomputers.
And there’s BASIC. A complete disk BASIC featuring:
versatile file access; string processing; and both
numeric and string arrays.

Under $2,000 Systems

The fast Per-Sci drive, the IBM compatible control-
ler, and the powerful CP/M software make MACRO
DISK a high performance system. And since MACRO
DISK uses proven, standard components, there’s no
long wait for delivery. Systems are available in less
than four weeks from receipt of your order. But
the best news is the price.

MACRO DISK dual Disk system $1,895.

CP/M with BASIC 95.

Complete Documentation Package 35.

(refundable with order)

Ask about MACRO DISK at your computer store, or
write or call for additional details. Micromation
Inc., 524 Union, San Francisco, Ca. 94133,

(415) 398-0289.

NO. 31

INQUIRY

JANUARY 1978

HOW TO GET THE MOST OUT OF
A COMPUTER CONVENTION

Attending a computer convention
can be both fun and rewarding, but it
can also be a waste of time. What
you get out of it is in many ways de-
pendent on how well organized you
are. The basis of this organization is
a good plan. To get a good start,
begin developing your plan at least a
month in advance.

The first thing to do is preregister.

I can’t emphasize this enough. Usu-
ally, you will save $2.00 or $3.00 by
preregistering, but the savings in
time and irritation will be worth many
times this amount. You might also
ask about groups.

The second thing to do is order a
rubber stamp or a packet of mailing
labels. This will save you the trouble
of writing your name down on 200
mailing lists. It also offers you some
assurance that the exhibitor will be
able to decipher your name.

Start your plan by deciding whom
you want to see, what interests you
and why. You will find a list of exhi-
bitors in your preregistration kit. If
you need equipment, books, or soft-
ware there will be plenty of manufac-
turers, electronic equipment suppli-
ers and computer stores from which
to choose. Determine how much you
can afford and what you want. Most
exhibitors will accept cash, check or
credit card and give a discount, so
go prepared to buy some things. As
a general rule count on looking at
the item at the manufacturer's booth
and buying it at the dealer’s booth.
Most manufacturers do not want to
compete with their dealers, so you

will probably get a better price from
a dealer. Narrow the list of exhibitors
down into two groups: those you
really want to see (the key group)
and all the rest (the other group).
Once you have done this you are
ready to consider the sessions.

Read the title and the description
of every session listed and ask your-
self these two questions: What can I
learn from this and what good will it
do me? Make a list of the sessions
you think might teach you something
and then go through it again. Ask
yourself the same two questions. You
should be able to narrow the list down
to a workable manner. By the way, be
sure to take a notepad, a pencil and
a tape recorder. (You can tape
record any session providing you
don’t make a copy for anyone else.)

When you have decided what you
would like to see, you are ready to
lay out your time. Make up your mind
right at the start that you are going
to allow enough time. The minimum is
about six hours. You will want to di-
vide your time at about % at sessions
and % at exhibits. You’ll need about
five minutes at key booths and about
two minutes at other booths. Most
sessions will be about Vz hour. As an
example, assume you have six
hours. This means you will be able
to attend four sessions (6 hours x
1/3 = 2 = 4 half-hour sessions). You
will have four hours to spend in the
exhibits. If you spend 50% of your
time at those key exhibits (120
minutes 5 minutes) and 50% of
your time at other exhibits (120
minutes -s- 2 minutes), you can see

24 key and 60 other. This is less than
half of the usual convention.

A much better way of doing this is
to decide you are going to spend as
much time as necessary. As an ex-
ample, let’s assume there are 200
booths. The first thing to do is divide
the number of booths by 3.5; this will
give you the number of key booths
you can see. Multiply this by five
minutes:

200 + 3.5 = 57 key
x 5 min. 60 = 4.75 hrs.

If you are going to spend 4 hours
and 45 minutes at key booths then
you are going to spend 4 hours and
45 minutes at the other booths:

4 hrs. 45 min. <+• 2 min. = 143 other
If you are spending 9V2 hours total
and spend 5 hours in sessions, or 10
sessions:

9.5 hrs. -s- .666 = 14.26

Now if you compare this to your list
of sessions you want to attend and
exhibits you want to see, you should
be able to figure out the ideal time
you want to spend. Add in a little
time for lunch, chatting with friends,
etc., and don’t forget time to sit
down to rest your feet. Convention-
going is exhausting.

The conclusion you should draw
from this is that it takes more than
one day. Most of the personal com-
puting conventions are on the week-
end, so you should have the time.
Use it! If you can, you should attend
all three days. There are advantages
and disadvantages of attending at
various times. The best time to buy
something is the first day and the

JANUARY 1978

INTERFACE AGE 39

Puzzled

About Computers?

Data Dynamics Technology has a library of answers . .

ft

(I An Introduction 1o Microcomputers:
Volume 0, The Beginner's Book
By Adam Osborne. 22® pages, $7*50
This book has been written for readers who
know nothing about computers, and it has
been written for two audiences: 1) For those of
you who have a real interest in learning how to
use computers. 2) For everyone else — who
must live with computers, and need to know a
little about them. For those of you who have a
real interest in learning how to use computers,
this is the first in a series of books. After
reading this book you will be ready to move on
to “Volume 1 — Basic Concepts," which gives
you the information you will need in order to
use computers.

Order No. OSB6QQ1, paper

a

An introduction to Microcomputers:
Volume 1, Basic Concepts
By Adam Osborne* 207 pages, $7.50
This book covers the hardware and software
concepts required for the intermediate techni-
cian and hobbyist's needs.

Order No . OSB20Q1 , paper.

An Introduction to Microcomputers:
Volume It, Some Real Products
By Adam Osborne* 868 pages, SI 5,00

As the second volume in a two-volume set, the
purpose of this book is to describe some real
products which implement the general con-
cepts covered in Volume L In this book,
devices of the 8080 A, MCG8QD, Z80. and
MC56500 microcomputers are described in ap-
proximately the detail we believe to be
necessary.

Order No. QSB3001, paper

HU™—.-

W By David L. Heiserman
234 pages, £5.95

Here are complete instructions, plans, sche-
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He’ll serve you coffee or bring you the morning
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Buster has the capacity to get himself out of
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Order No. TB841, paper

Getting Involved with Your Own
Computer: A Guide for Beginners
By Leslie Solomon and Stanley Veit
216 pages, $5,95

This Is the first major book by outstanding
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work and what can be done with them. It will
not make you a computer expert, but it will
teach you enough to understand what is going
on and where to go for more information.

Order No. RfD004-8, paper

By James White. 220 pages, S6.00
For the pre-hobbyist and the microcomputer
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how they work. This book requires no prior
knowledge or experience in electronics or
computing. It provides answers to your many
questions about hardware, software, and the
personal computing scene today.

Order No, DM K 05-1 , paper.

(J Instant BASIC

^ By Jerald R. Brown. 180 pages, S6.00

Written for the inexperienced, this activity-
oriented book will help you leach yourself
microcomputer BASIC, and the similar DEC
BASIC PLUS for programming your personal
computer* There's never a dull page and plenty
of activities ... so have fun while you learn!
For those of you who already know some
BASIC, this workbook can teach you the new
microcomputer dialect.

Order No. DMX 04 3, paper.

Basic SASIC:

An Introduction to Computer
Programming in BASIC Language
By James S* Coan, 256 pages, $8*95
This text for high school and college students
integrates programming In BASIC language
and the teaching of mathematics. Written in
precalculus setting, it Is suitable either as a
supplementary text within already established
math courses or as the sole text in a course on
programming alone.

Order No. HAY5872-1 r paper.

Advanced BASIC

By James S. Coan. 192 pages, S7.95

This book is for those who want to extend their
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niques and applications, Including coordinate
geometry, area, sequences and desires, poly-
nomials, graphing, simulations and games.
Order Wo. HAY5055-7, paper.

II Beginners Guide to Computer

Programming

By Brice Ward. 379 pages, $7.95

As any practitioner will tell you, computer pro-
gramming is not extremely complicated, at least
not for those who have enough initiative to
learn the basics. And If your supply of “initia-
tive" is adequate, you can learn those basics
from this book; in fact, if you learn the material
contained herein, you'll be well on your way to
becoming a full-fledged programmer.

Order No. T8574 , paper,

m

Beginners Guide to
Computer Logic
By Gerald F* Stapleton* 192 pages, $7*95
This book was written for those who want a
practical introduction to logic and computer
systems, The objective is to present the basic
concepts of logic design and demonstrate
these concepts with construction plans for
various logic and computing subsystems. The
reader with little or no background in computer
technology can learn the fundamentals and ap-
ply Ihem in selecled projects.

Order No. TB54$h chth.

DATA DYNAMICS TECHNOLOGY P.O. Box 1217, Cerritos, CA 90701

N ame ( Pri nl)

Add ress _

City

Please send me;

_ Stale.

_Zlp_

Description

pjy

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Total

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Gty

Price

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Binders

7.50

Slip Cases

5*95

Hex Code Cards
Octal Code Cards

2.95

295

Shipping & Handling Charges

Binders and Slip Cases $1.00 ea. US*, Si 50 ea. Foreign
Code Cards $ .25 ea. U.S., S .SO ea, Foreign

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D Visa#, Li MrtHL

TOTAL ORDER S
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Please allow six weeks for delivery. You may photocopy I his page If you wish to keep your INTERFACE AGE intact.
Orders cannot be shipped unless accompanied by payment, including shipping & handling and lax where applicable.
DATA DYNAMICS TECHNOLOGY, A Division oflNTERFACE AGE Magazine (213)926-6629

40 INTERFACE AGE

JANUARY 1978

TYCHON's 8080 Octal and
Hex Code Cards
The code cards are a sliderule-like aid for pro-
gramming and debugging 8080 software. Both
cards contain ad the standard mnemonics and
either their corresponding octal or hex codes.
The pocket size cards are 6.5 by 3 inches (16 by
8 cm) with color coded instructions to provide
a neat, logical format for quick reference. The
back of both cards Is printed with an ASCII
code chart for all 128 characters plus the
8080's status word and register pair codes.

INTERFACE AGE Binders and
Slip Cases

Collecting magazines can bring headaches —
not to mention dust, ripped pages and mis-
placed copies. If you use your back issues
of INTERFACE AGE as reference material,
nothing is more annoying than taking time to
find mislaid copies. Data Dynamics Tech-
nology is now offering deluxe binders and slip
cases which will place each pack issue of
INTERFACE AGE at your fingertips. Each
binder and slip case is constructed of a hand-
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rugged binders and slip cases can hold 12
issues each and will protect your back issues
ol INTERFACE AGE for years.

An Introduction to Microcomputers:
Volume 1, Basic Concepts
By Adam Osborne. 292 pages, $7.50
Order No. QSB2001 , paper.

An introduction to Microcomputers:
Volume II, Some Real Products
By Adam Osborne. 869 pages. SI 5.00
Order No. QSB300L paper.

Gelling Involved with Your Own Computer:

A Guide lor Beginners

By Leslie Solomon and Stanley Veit

216 pages. $5.95

Order No. RIDQ04 -8, paper

Computer Programming Handbook

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The 11 Compute! or" Book

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Modern Electronics Math

By Jerrold R. Clihord & Martin Clifford

684 pages, 59 95

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Numbers: Shortcuts & Faslimes

By Jack Gilbert. 336 pages. $6.95

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By Donald D. Spencer. 108 pages, $5.95
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Microcomputers At A Glance
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CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 13

INTERFACE AGE 41

imcnraLC «Sc magazine presents

Micro Business 78"

CONSUMER

SHOW

MICRO BUSINESS ’78™ will provide a series of marketing
forums and exhibits to introduce the small independent busi-
nessman to the new low-cost, high-power business microcom-
puter that will reduce his company’s costs, place him in a more
flexible marketplace and provide timely data information.

Emphasis will be on the small budget requirements for pur-
chase of an in-house computer. The show will demonstrate the
latest systems, exhibiting complete hardware and software
from small hand-held programmable calculators to full turn-key
computers.

• Latest in Word Processors

• Newly-Released Business Software

• Low-Cost Text Editing Typewriters

• Modularized Computers

THE LOW COST, dependability, simplicity of operation, and
cost savings advantages of microcomputers will be discussed
in a series of lectures to remove the many misconceptions the
average businessman may have about the microcomputer
technology. Lectures by such companies as IBM, Commodore
Business Machines and Radio Shack will present the

businessman with the latest information about application,
service and investment.

Author Adam Osborne will discuss business software.
OTHER LECTURES on the program include:

• Small Business Computing Systems

• Evaluating Your Business Computer Needs

• Software Companies

• The Mainframe Companies & The Small Computer

• The Small Business Computer Company

• Computer Stores and the Small Business System

• Retail Mass Marketing of Microcomputers

Sponsored by: INTERFACE AGE Magazine

EXHIBITORS: PLACE YOUR RESERVATION NOW!

Produced & Managed by:

Show Company International
8687 Melrose Avenue
Los Angeles, California 90069
(213) 659-2050
Ed Tavetian

42 INTERFACE AGE

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 30

JANUARY 1978

best time to see something is the
last day. Reasons for this are: exhi-
bitors run out of both customers and
goods by the last day. Many conven-
tions close at 7:00 Sunday and from
about 3:00 on the convention hall is
very quiet. If you want to miss the
crowds, go on the last day, but be
prepared to place orders rather than
buy things on the spot.

Once you have decided what you
are going to see and what days you
are going, you are ready to make a
checklist and a schedule. To make a
checklist start by grouping your key
exhibitors by what they do, for in-
stance:

A. Magazine Publishers

1. INTERFACE AGE

2. Creative Computing

3. Kilobaud

B. Book Publishers

1. dilithium Press

2. Hayden

3. Osborne & Associates

C. Hardware

1. E&L Instruments

2. MITS

3. Ohio Scientific

D. Software

1. Meca

2. Byte Shop

3. Technical Design Labs

(Please understand that this is
just an example of part of a possible
list, it does not mean I am endorsing
any of these companies.) Put your
checklist, by groups, on 3x5 cards.
When you visit a book, check It off.
Using the checklist in conjunction
with your schedule should keep you
from missing someone you wanted
to see.

Your schedule should be laid out
on both a time-and-place basis. You
will need a floor plan to do It. You
may not get the floor plan until you
arrive, but you can leave space on
your schedule. Here is a sample
schedule:

Friday 6:00-9:00

6:00-6:15

Registration

6:15-7:00

Booths 185-200

Key: 185, 188, 193, 198, 200

7:00

Session-2

7:30

Session-3
8:00-9:00
Booths 160-185
Key: 160, 162, 173
Make a schedule like this for each
day you are going to attend. Once
you have your schedule and check-

list complete, you are ready to at-
tend the convention.

Here are a few things to keep in
mind when you get to the conven-
tion. While you are standing in the
p re registration line, look around the
area and try to figure out where are
the lunch counter, restrooms, etc.
Pick up a floor plan and organize
your checklist and schedule accord-
ing to the floor plan. Also, try to find
out who is giving away bags. Follow
your checklist and schedule and
check things off as you see them. It
is usually a good idea to pick up a
bag immediately, but stick with your
schedule. Don’t start seeing the ex-
hibits at the booth where you pick
up the bag. Try to arrive at sessions
5-10 minutes early so that you can
organize your thoughts. If you are
going to eat lunch, go at 11:00 or
1:00, so you won't get caught in the
crunch.

If you follow the suggestions I
have outlined you should gain a lot
from the convention. However, there
is a better way. Use my method as a
base and develop your own. Regard-
less of what plan you use, it is better
than no plan.

Next month, a look at what courses
are offered around the country.

IF YOU THOUGHT OUR MOTHER WAS GOOD
BEFORE JUST LOOK AT HER NOW

* 12 SLOT S-100 ( ALTAIRj BUS

* KLUGE AREA

* EXTENSIVE GROUND PLANE

>fi PASSIVE TERMINATION FOR ALL LINES
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CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 63

JANUARY 1978

INTERFACE AGE 43

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44 INTERFACE AGE

JANUARY 1978

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JANUARY 1978

INTERFACE AGE 45

. . . FROM THE
FOUNTAINHEAD

. * • By Adam Osborne

f fe

* *

Individual customers and com*
puter stores must immediately stop
paying for hardware or software pro-
ducts in advance of product
delivery. You should only pay with
your order when dealing with com*
panies that have an established rec-
ord of filling the order immediately.
Paying for something months in ad-
vance of receiving it (if you ever
receive it) is not only unfair to the
buyer, it is encouraging manufactur-
ers and stores to dig for themselves
a financial hole out of which they
cannot climb.

I have recently received a large
number of complaints both from in-
dividuals and stores regarding hard*
ware and software that was delivered
many months after payment was
made, or that has never been deliv-
ered. I could name some of the manu-
facturers and stores guilty of these
crimes, but I will not do so, since
merely listing the names of these
outfits in this column could conceiv-
ably drive them into bankruptcy —
which would certainly not benefit
the hundreds or thousands of people
with outstanding orders.

It is very important that everyone
stop paying months in advance for
products. This practice does no one
any good. For manufacturers, this is
how it works: you pay three months
in advance for something you wish
to buy. The manufacturer needs to
buy supplies in order to build your
product; but the manufacturer who
forces you to pay three months in
advance does not pay his bills until
three months after taking delivery.
Thus he gains a six-month cash float
on everything he is building. This is
the money he uses in order to build
the products he is selling. This
policy is extremely dangerous,
because it takes just one slip and
the company can go bankrupt. Sup-
pose, for example, a manufacturer
has been advertising a new floppy
disc-based system that he cannot
make work. By the time he discovers
that he cannot make the floppy disc-
based system work, he has spent ail
of the money that people paid to buy
the system and he has incurred
debts buying the parts needed to
build the system. Now that the
system does not work, all of that
money is lost, and that could be
enough to drive the company into
bankruptcy. There is no need for this
type of financial fly-by-night opera-
tion; it is simply the product of
greedy company owners. Plenty of
investment money is available today
which could be used, instead of cus-
tomers' cash, in order to design and
build new products. The problem is
that no one will give you investment
money without buying a part of your

company. And the present crop of
manufacturers are simply too
greedy and arrogant to give up
anything. We must force them to
operate their businesses legitimate-
ly, or the whole industry is going to
acquire a lousy reputation. And the
way we force them to operate legiti-
mately is by no longer paying in ad-
vance for a product that may never
be shipped.

I was recently in Toronto at the Can-
adian Computer Show. I had a chance
to talk with people running the three
major computer stores in Toronto.
These three stores are the Computer
Place, the First Canadian Computer
Store and the Computer Mart.

The Computer Place is run by Steve
Pumple, Murry Des Noyer and Karen
Klein. There are approximately 18
people working at the Computer
Place, which sells ten to fifteen
computer systems a month. About
half of these systems go to hobby-
ists, while the other half go to in-
dustries and schools. The Computer
Place offers in-house service plus
programming.

The First Canadian Computer
Store is run by John Crawford and
Ian Hutchinson, two gentlemen with
a very substantial computer industry
background. The First Canadian
Computer Store employs eight peo-
ple (and happened to have Miss
Canada at their booth); they sell
three hardware configurations as
packages.

The Competor 1 is a sgnall busi-
ness system. The Competor 2 is a
retail control system for stores, or
other retail outlets. The Competor 3
is a word-processing system. The
First Canadian Computer Store is
shipping 20 to 30 systems a month,
mostly to industrial customers.

The Computer Mart is run by
Spence Howard and Tiio Blanken-
feldt, who also have significant data
processing and computer hardware
backgrounds. The Computer Mart
ships approximately twelve systems
a month with a mix of hobbyists and
businesses as customers. They
have three full-time employees and
five part-time employees.

What is interesting about all three
Toronto computer stores is that by
U.S.A, standards they are doing a
very substantial business. A com-
puter store that ships ten systems a
month in the U.S.A. is considered to
be doing quite well, I believe that the
high volumes achieved by Canadian
computer stores largely result from
the far less sophisticated customer
base that they are serving. Cana-
dians are more likely to take a
chance on a small computer-based
system because they have a smaller
Branched to Page 52

JANUARY 7978

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JANUARY 1978

INTERFACE ASE 47

OSBORNE & ASSOCIATES , INC.

The World Leaders In Microprocessor Books

Many books on microprocessors and their use are now on the market, and most of them have names that sound alike. But
Osborne & Associates' books have dominated this market since 1975, when our first book appeared. With rave reviews from
all over the world, with more than three hundred university text adoptions, our books are all best sellers. In fact, "An In-
troduction To Microcomputers: Volume I — Basic Concepts" now holds the world's record in sales volume for any com-
puter textbook sold for a profit.

If you want information on microprocessors, begin with the Osborne books.

For the microcomputer user, a series of books provide
complete programs, written in BASIC. All these books are
by Lon Poole and Mary Borchers.

"Some Common Basic Programs" 200 pages
Book No: 21002 $7.50

"Payroll With Cost Accounting — In Basic". 400
pages

Book No.: 22002 $12.50

"Accounts Payable and Accounts Receivable"

Book No.: 23002 $12.50 Available early 1978

"General Ledger "

Book No.: 24002 $12.50 Available mid 1978

"An Introduction To Microcom-
puters: Volume 0 — The Beginner's
Book" By Adam Osborne.

This is the book for the absolute beginner.
Assuming that you know nothing about
computers, math or science of any kind, this
book explains what computers are all about
— and it takes you to the point where you
can read Volume I. 300 pages.

Book No: 6001 $7.50

"An Introduction To Microcom-
puters: Volume I — Basic Concepts" By
Adam Osborne.

The world's best selling computer textbook.
This book explains, clearly, concepts common
to all microcomputers, yet specific to none. 350
pages.

Book No.: 2001 $7.50

8080A/8085

ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
PROGRAMMING

Lance Leventhal

"8080A and 8085 Assembly Language
Programming" By Lance Leventhal.

This book is for the assembly language pro-
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8085 microcomputers. The book contains
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Book No.: 31003 $7.50

"An Introduction To Microcom-
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(Revised June 1977) By Adam Osborne,
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^Maniwtwqouction t
Pro MICWOCOMPUTtRsB

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This book describes every common
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Information is new and clearly written. Only
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1200 pages.

Book No.: 3001 $15.00

The "Programming For Logic Design" series of books
show how to use microprocessors in a digital logic en-
vironment.

"8080 Programming For Logic Design** By
Adam Osborne. 300 pages. Book No.: 4001 $7.50

"6800 Programming For Logic Design" By
Adam Osborne. 300 pages. Book No.: 5001 $7.50

"Z80 Programming For Logic Design" By Adam
Osborne, Susanna Jacobson and Jerry Kane.

Book No: 7001 $7.50

OSBORNE & ASSOCIATES, INC. P.O. Box 2036

:

PRICE

QTY

AMT )

Y 6001

Volume 0 — The Beginner s Book

$7.50

2001

Volume 1 — Basic Concepts

7.50

3001A

Volume II — Some Real Products

15.00

4001

8080 Programming For Logic Design

7.50

5001

6800 Programming For Logic Design

7.50

7001

Z80 Programming For Logic Design

7.50

31003

8080A/8085 Assembly Language Programming

7.50

21002

Some Common BASIC Programs

7.50

22002

Payroll With Cost Accounting

12.50

6-1/2%. SF Bay Area residents only

TOTAL

6%. California residents outs.de SF Bay Area Sa)es Tax , California residents only)

books or less.

Shipping Charges

1 have enclosed: □ check □ money order TOTAL AMOUNT OF PURCHASE

V.

Berkeley, California 94702 DEPT. C

NAME

ADDRESS

CITY STATE ZIP PHONE

SHIPPING CHARGES

Q4th class (no charge, allow 3-4 weeks within USA, not applicable to discounted orders)

Os 50 per book, UPS (allow 10 days)

□ $1.50 per book, special rush shipment by air

□ $.50 per book, foreign surface mail

□ $3.00 per book foreign air mail

Shipping charges for bulk orders to be arranged.

Please send information on:

□ consignment □ dealer discounts □ foreign distributors

48 INTERFACE AGE

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 38

JANUARY 1978

Vectored from Page 14

Dear Editor

I am most interested in research
information you have pertaining to
the classroom use of electronic
training modules or systems to
teach solid state electronics.
Research evaluating the teaching
systems and comparing them to one
another would be most desirable.

Any information covering various
types of electronic hardware used in
relation to semiconductor teaching
aids would also be useful. Research
showing a need for teaching solid
state electronics in secondary
schools and junior-senior college
would be beneficial.

This material will be used in a
study for updating school curricu-
lum in relation to new and changing
trends in electronics.

A. Austin
Electronics Instructor
L.A. Unified Schools
17829 Sybrandy Ave.

Cerritos, CA 90701

We are publishing Mr. Austin's ad-
dress to facilitate his quest for infor-
mation. Readers; we would also be
interested in publishing articles on
this theme . Editor

Dear Editor:

Now that you have been officially
appointed publisher of robot stories
(see KILOBAUD, Sept. 1977, page
20, in response to a letter from Bert
Thiel), I hope you will do a complete
article on the Century I robot and I
hope you will provide us with many
more robot articles in future issues.

I like your idea of having each
issue cover one particular topic,
Bionics, Robots, Astronomy, etc.,
and I hope you will repeat all the
subjects in future issues. It is nice
to be able to pick up one magazine
and have a lot of information in it
rather than a little In many magazines.

Lloyd G. Armstrong
Pueblo, CO 81005

We'll be featuring Robotics Special
il in the April issue. Watch for it. A
year shows a growth in this new
technology. —Editor

Dear Editor:

Normally 1 don't write letters to
editors. But as a common sense
engineering type (as opposed to be-
ing a cloistered, ivy tower university

nit-picking engineering type) the
malignment and misinformation be-
ing spread about the ALTAIR/S-100
bus structure needs, i feel, to be
publicly commented upon.

Firstly, granted the ALTAI R/S-1 00
bus may not be the world's best
design (if there really is such a thing)
in that some bus signals should not
have been placed next to others on
the bus. But just like the bumble bee,
which according to aerodynamic
engineering theory just can’t fly, but
in fact does fly quite nicely, the
ALTAIR/S-100 bus also works quite
nicely. I suspect that a lot of the ear-
ly problems experienced on the
ALTAI R 8800 systems were due to
the "speggetfi mess" (sic) of 100
wires running from the system back-
plane to the programmer's front
panel. That is, some of the bus
signals which really shouldn’t be
next to each other were forced into
being close together in the bundle
of wires. I suspect that if MITS had
designed two 50 or one 100 conduc-
tor flat ribbon cable to run between
the backplane and the programmer's
front panel rather than the 100 wire
“speggetti mess most of the prob-
lems traced to the backplane bus
would never have appeared. Of
course there are also better ways to
terminate a bus than just letting it
stop at the end of the backplane.
That is, some sort of bus termination
either active or passive, can do
wonders with a glitchy bus. Indeed,
the technique of properly terminat-
ing a bus is widely used in commer-
cial maxi, midi, mini, and microcom-
puter systems. After all it is just
common sense to terminate a signal
carrying line into a fixed known im-
pedance to prevent ringing, pick up
and radiation of unwanted signals
(cross talk). Therefore, while properly
terminating a bus is not a cure all, it
is good preventive medicine not to
mention a sound engineering prac-
tice, which several companies have
come to reality (i.e. Godbout, Thinker
Toys, etc.).

Secondly, if you decide to go with
a system based on the ALTAIR/S-100
bus, you will have a large multiven-
dor environment for your system’s
components rather than being lock-
ed into a manufacturer's product’s
bus structure which is not ALTAIR /
S-10Q bus compatible (this remark is
aimed specifically at Heathkit and

their remarks made in their article
which appeared in INTERFACE AGE
of August, 1977), Granted the ALTAIR/
S-100 bus is not the only bus struc-
ture possible, but it is a very viable
one for 8-bit microcomputers (gee,
wonder why no one has offered a
board for the 6800 or 6502 MPU for
the ALTAIR/S-100 bus? The market
is potentially there.) And one of the
few bus layouts that allows adding
signals to it (there are sixteen lines
uncommitted on the ALTAIR/S-100
backplane). Which means that if you
want to add a parity bit to a memory
board you have a spare line on the
bus to accommodate it. This is
something that very few other bus
layouts on the market allow.

In closing the ALTAIR/S-100 bus
may not be the best possible design
(if there really is such a thing as
"best design", I personally doubt it),
but it does work, and works well,
allows signals to be added, is com-
mercially viable (i.e. people are buy-
ing it, as evidenced by the large
number of ALTAIR/S-100 bus sys-
tems and components available
from many vendors). The hobby,
small system process control, and
small business end users would be
very very fortunate if the 16-bit
microcomputer chips were to end up
in as widely an accepted bus struc-
ture on the open, freely (not many of
those left) competitive market.

Don Waiters
Ann Arbor, MI

“Welt, has it called the next play yet?”

JANUARY 1978

INTERFACE AGE 49

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50 INTERFACE AGE

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 59

JANUARY 1978

mu

By Sol Libes

President, ACG-NJ

In May, the ACG-NJ (Amateur
Computer Group-New Jersey) will
celebrate its 3rd birthday and begin
its 4th year as a computer hobbyist
club. With over 800 members, it
ranks as the 3rd largest computer
club in the country (the two larger
clubs being the SCCS and Home-
brew Computer Club), in fact, it may
rank as the largest single club in the
country, since the SCCS is reaily an
organization of chapters and the
Homebrew group is not a formal
organization.

Further, the ACG-NJ is the sec-
ond oldest club, being preceeded
only by the Homebrew club. It is in-
teresting to see how a large and suc-
cessful club was born and how it
grew and developed into the leading
and pioneering organization that it
is today.

I really never intended to start a

club. I am a teacher of electronics
and computer programming at a
community college in New Jersey.
My students and I had been involved
in a number of digital and computer
projects in the early 1970ss and I
also developed some friendships
with home experimenters outside of
school. We ran into difficulties try-
ing to get an 8080 system up and
running and sought help from other
experimenters. The 1C manufac-
turers were very unwilling to help us
hobbyists. Therefore, in May of 1975
I decided to hold an informal gather-
ing of computer hobbyists. I sent
out notices to atl the schools in NJ,
to amateur radio clubs and to the
few hobbyists I was aware of.

Much to my surprise, 30 people
showed up for the meeting. We all
introduced ourselves and discussed
what we were into. We all recognized
that mutual help was the key to get-
ting a home computer system run*
ning and that a club would be very
beneficial to formalize this activity.
The attendees therefore decided, at
that first meeting, to hold regular
monthly meetings and to publish a
small newsletter. In this way mem-
bers would know who was doing
what and could get in touch with
other members for mutual help. This
concept has been the guiding prin-
ciple of our club — communications

and mutual help.

The members decided to levy a $2/
year membership fee to cover the
cost of publishing and mailing the
newsletter. I was elected llActing
President”,

The first meetings were informal,
with members showing off their pro-
jects and systems or giving short
talks and hardware and software. By
the end of 1975 the club had grown
to 140 members, with as many as
100 people at a meeting. The meet*
Ings grew more formal, because of
their size. We enlisted the sponsor-
ship of several of the colleges in the
state. As sponsors, they provided
meeting space and liability insur-
ance coverage under their policies.
Generally, the schools did this at no
charge, as a community service.
Naturally, the schools derived con-
siderable publicity from this spon-
sorship.

At the end of 1975 we published a
Membership Directory, It listed the
144 club members and their equip-
ment. In this way any club member
knew who to get in touch with
regarding particular equipment and
applications. We published another
directory in early 1977 (listing 450
members) and expect to publish our
third directory soon (listing about
800 members). As far as I know, we
are the only club that publishes a

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JANUARY 1978

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 3

INTERFACE AGE 51

membership directory. Our mailing
list is not available to commercial in-
terests, Because of one problem we
have encountered, we have decided
to omit street addresses from the
next directory.

In the spring of 1976, we decided
to hold a full-day Computer Festival,
which was the first personal compu-
ter exhibition held in this country.
We held it on the campus of one of
the New Jersey State Colleges. We
had 42 exhibitors, 30 speakers, an
outdoor flea market and about 1500
attendees. Just imagine our sun
prise at the success we met with.
Naturally, we repeated the event in
1977 (for 2 days) with 4,500 in atten-
dance.

We will again hold the festival on
April 22-23. This time we expect
6-10,000 attendance and we wilt
have an outdoor flea market area
covering five acres. We can it the
Trenton Computer Festival, since it
is held on the campus of Trenton
State College.

In late 1975 we decided to form
User Groups (UG). This was neces-
sary because our regular monthly
meetings were too large to meet the
more personal needs of many mem-
bers. We initially formed 8080/280
and 6800/6502 UGs. This has now
been expanded to include an 1802
UG. The UG meetings are held month-

ly and are designed to meet the
needs of users of particular systems.
First of all these meetings are small-
er with typical attendance of 20-60
people. Here, members bring in sys-
tems for hardware or software
troubleshooting. Each meeting has
a UG coordinator. He runs the meet-
ing on an informal basis, but sees to
it that all members who need help
get it, either from himself or from
others at the meeting. So that at a
typical meeting you will see one
room with cliques gathered round
pieces of equipment debugging a
hardware or software problem and in
another room a tutorial seminar.

In addition to the 8080/280, 6800/
6502 and 1802 UGs, which meet
monthly, we also have UGs for SOL,
POLY -88 and CPM disc users. These
groups have coordinators, but at
present do not meet regularly.

We started running tutorial ses-
sions in mld-1976. We are presently
running tutorial sessions on 8080,
6800, 6502 and 1802 systems assem-
bly level programming. Also, from
time to time we hold sessions on
"how to get started in home comput-
ing11* We do not have sessions on
BASIC since several of the schools
offer these courses.

Also, early in 1976 we founded
software libraries, with software
librarians. We presently have four

such libraries; 8080/280, 6800/6502,
1802 and CPM. Software is main-
tained in these libraries on either
paper or cassette tape or disc. A
member may borrow a paper tape
from the library or he can have a
cassette tape or disc recorded.
There is no charge for these services*
In late 1976, with over 300 mem*
bers in the club, we decided that the
time had come to formalize it. We
therefore wrote a constitution and
incorporated, as a non-profit educa-
tional organization. We elected of-
ficers (I was finally elected Presi-
dent) and a board of directors, which
serve for a 2-year term.

Branched to Page 130

FOUNTAINHEAD

Branched from Page 46

awareness of t.B.M, and other big
guns. Many products which will not
sell in the U.S.A* computer stores
because of their poor reputation sell
quite briskly in Canadian computer
stores.

All three Toronto computer stores
complained bitterly about slow
deliveries on hardware and soft-
ware. O.K., guys, it is your own fault.
Stop paying for goods months in ad-
vance of delivery* If a company takes
your money and does not ship at
once, and if you fall for the same
ptay again, you are a slow learner*

OBJECTIVE DESIGN, INC.

ANNOUNCES

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YOUR VIDEO DISPLAY BOARD OR TERMINAL AND OUR

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S-100 CARD WORKS WITH VIDEO DEVICES USING MOTOROLA MCM65XX SERIES 9x7 DOT
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OF SCREEN CHARACTERS. ORIGINAL CHARACTER SET REMAINS INTACT AND USABLE AT
ANY TIME. PCG INCLUDES 2K STATIC PROGRAMMABLE CHARACTER RAM. BATTERY
BACKUP PROVISION. MEMORY PROTECT, 8 BIT PARALLEL KEYBOARD PORT, INTERFAC-
ING FOR TWO 2-D JOYSTICKS.

ALLOWS CREATION OF APL CHARACTERS. ELABORATE ENGINEERING AND CONTROL
DIAGRAMS, GAMES CHARACTERS, ETC, A PERFECT ADD-ON OPTION FOR POLYMORPHIC
VTIt™ SOLID STATE MUSIC™ VIDEO BOARD, AND PROCESSOR TECHNOLOGY ™ VDM.

PCS HKCfUHRT

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$159.95

$209.95

I TIHING DlflSBH * 14 fMRflffE) OflfflCTO

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assembled/tested

PLUS SHIPPING — 5r-f U.S** IS'T FOREIGN*
FLORIDA RESIDENTS ADD V, TAX,

OBJECTIVE DESIGN, INC.

P.O. BOX 20325
TALLAHASSEE, FL. 32304
904*224-5545

UNRETOUCHED PHOTOS FROM
PCG PROC, TECH. VDM
ON TV/MONITOR.

52 INTERFACE AGE

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 36

JANUARY 1978

HOBBY COMPUTER KITS

UART and BAUD RATE
GENERATOR Part No. 101

Converts serial to parallel and
parallel to serial
Low cost on board baud rate
generator

Baud rates: 110, 150, 300, 600.

1200 and 2400
Low power drain +5V and
- 12V required
TTL compatible
All characters contain a start bit, 5 to 8 data bits,

1 or 2 stop bits, and either odd or even parity

All connections go to a 44 pin gold-plated edge connector

Board only $12.00, with parts $35.00

TAPE INTERFACE Part No. Ill

Play and record Kansas City Stan
dard tapes

Converts a low cost tape recorder
to a digital recorder

Works up to 1200 baud

Digital in and out are TTL

Output of board connects to mia In
of recorder

Earphone of recorder connects to
Input on board

Requires + 5 volts, low power drain

No coils

Board only $7.60, with parts $27.50

MODEM Part No. 109

Type 103

Full of half duplex
Works up to 300 baud
Originate or Answer
No coils, only low cost
components
TTL input and output
Connect 8 ohm speaker and crystal
mic. directly to board
Uses XR FSK demodulator
Requires + 5 volts
Board only $7,60, with parts $27,50

D.C, POWER SUPPLY
Part No. 6085

Board supplies a regulated + 5V
at 3 ampsT + 12, - 12, and
- 5 volts at 1 amp
Board has filters, rectifiers and
regulators

Power required is 8V AC at 3 amps,
and 24V AC C J, at 1.5 amps
Board only $12.50

4K/8K STATIC RAM Part No. 300

8K Altair buss memory
Uses 2102 Static memory chips
2-4 K Blocks

Blocks can be addressed to any of 16 4K sections

Vector input option
Tri-state buffered
Board only $22.50, with parts $160.00

TIDMA Part No. 112

Tape interface Direct Memory Access

Record and* play programs without bootstrap loader (no PROM)

Has FSK encoder/decoder for direct connections to low cost recorder
at 625 baud rate, and direct connections for inputs and outputs to a
digital recorder at any baud rate.

S-100 buss compatible

Comes assembled and tested for $160.00

RF MODULATOR Part No. 107

Converts video to AM modulated RF,
Channel 2 or 3
Power required is 12V AC C.T.,
or + 5V DC

Board only $4.50, with parts $13.50

RS-232rTTL INTERFACE Part No. 232

Converts TTL to RS-232, & converts
RS-232 to TTL
Two separate circuits
Requires + 5 and -12 volts
All connections go to a 10-pin gold-
plated edge connector
Board only $4.50, with parts $7.00

APPLE 1 MOTHER BOARD Pari No. 102

10 slots — 44-pin (.156) connectors spaced 34 M apart
Connects to edge connector of computer
Pin 20 and 22 connects to X & Z for power and ground
Board has provisions for by-pass capacitors
Board cost $15.00

TELEVISION TYPEWRITER Part No. 106

Stand alone TVT
32 char/line, 16 fines, modifications for
64 char/line included
Parallel ASCII (TTL) input
Video output
TK on-board memory

mwi

Output for computer controlled curser
Auto scroll

Non-destructive curser

Curser inputs: up, down, left, right, home, EOL, EOS
Scroll up, down

Requires + 5V at 1.5 amps, and - 12V at 30mA
Board only $39.00, with parts $145.00

TO ORDER: Men! ion part number and description. For parts kit add A" to
ViSA* pan number Shipping paid for orders accompanies by check, money order,
or Master Charge. BankAmericard or ViSA number and signature Shipping

charges added loC.O.D. orders. California residents add 6,5% for tax. Parts
kils include sockelS for ail ICs. components, and circuit board Documenta-
tion is included with all products. Dealer inquiries invited.

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS

P.O. Box 212 • Burlingame, CA 94010 • (408) 374-5984

JANUARY 1978

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 22

INTERFACE AGE 53

ENTER THE WORLD-QF HOME AND
• ; ^ JiiMALL BUSINESS:

' / ^ COMPUTING^, ■**?*-•

EXPLORE

INTERFACE AGE

MAGAZINE

+ MONTH AFTER MONTH LOOK TO

INTERFACE AGE MAGAZINE FOR THE LATEST

INFORMATION ON THE DYNAMIC WORLD OF

PERSONAL COMPUTING.

• Use your personal computer for auto repair, work
bench controller, teaching machine, central infor-
mation bank and design test center,

• Control your small business with your own real-
time accounting and inventory control system.

• Set your computer to turn sprinklers on and off,
manage a household security system, feed your
dog.

• Establish a recipe bank to plan daily meals and

generate its own shopping list. _ _

• Evaluate the stock market, set up F”
gambling and probability programs.

Evaluate odds on sporting events and
horse racing.

" THiflOMTRO#

V*X ■

Vr’ V-F

* READ INTERFACE AGE FOR THE LATEST ON NEW
PRODUCT INFORMATION AND TECHNICAL
BREAKTHROUGHS.

• May’s issue included inside the FLOPPY ROM™
— a vinyl record which is played on a conventional
phonograph to enter this month's program In your
computer

* ORDER YOUR SUBSCRIPTION NOW!

12 Monthly issues: $14 U.$.h $16 Canada/Mexico, $24 International
Name

Address

City.

State Zip.

★ ARTICLES RANGE FROM THE

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTERS TO
LANGUAGES AND SYSTEM DESIGN.
APPLICATIONS INCLUDE BOTH PRO-
FESSIONAL AND NON TECHNICAL.

□ Check or M.Q. (US. Funds drawn on U.S. Bank) D Visa Card □ Master Charge i
Acct No. Exp. Date_

I

Signature __________ . 1

Make checks payable to: INTERFACE AGE MAGAZINE, P.O. Box 1234, Cerritos, CA 90701

I I

JANUARY 1978

54 INTERFACE AGE

A. % O'

,s»>®

Volume VI

Yes and it still contains what was previously
advertised. A fully disk interactive business
package with AIR, Inv., A IP, ledgers, tax totals,
payroll records, more.

As a bonus it also contains the Users Manual for
our Firmware Ledger package. These 100 extra
pages contain report formats, file creation rou-
tines and our very powerful program ACBS1 used
to create the powerful fiie structured data base.

$49.95

Volume VII

Here is that Chess program you have been
waiting for as well as a disk interactive Medical
Billing package with patient history file.

Also included is our disk interactive Word
Processing package
(revision 0).

$39.95

Add $1 .50/VoL for Lj.P.S. and handling except to ARC and PO addresses.
Foreign orders add $8fVoi, for air shipment — US dollars only. No purchase
orders over $50.

'■J / / /

□§

VOLUME

VOLUME

VOLUME

VOLUME

VOLUME

I _

II

III

IV

V

—

$24.95

24.95

39.95
9.95
9.95

SCIENTIFIC

RESEARCH

OUR SOFTWARE IS COPY-
RIGHTED AND MAY NOT BE
REPRODUCED OR SOLD.

Due to the numerous copyright violations on
our earlier volumes — until further notice we
are offering a REWARD leading to the arrest
and conviction of anyone reproducing our
software in ANY way without our written
permission. This Includes diskettes, paper and
magnetic tape, cassettes, records, paper
copies, etc.

Ww\ J. — L

220-i Knollwood
Key Biscayne, FL 33149

Phone orders (800) 327-6543
Information 305-361-1153

" i < ■

AVAILABLE AT MOST COMPUTER STORES

honored

JANUARY 1978

CIRCLE INQUIRY MO. 102

INTERFACE AGE 55

The venerable typewriter keyboard has remained vir-
tually unchanged since it was first produced nearly 100
years ago. This was truly an inspired design. Even the in-
troduction of electric typewriters did not allow signifi-
cant improvement on the basic keyboard. Modern elec-
tronics, however, has recently permitted a completely
new design that obsotetes the familiar old keyboard,
colloquially called Qwerty for the first six letters in the
upper row. This article discusses the features and de-
scribes how to build the new keyboard.

Many millions of typewriter, teletype and other key-
boards were built over the years and the standard key-
board became essential to business and communica-
tion. There were, however, several limitations inherent
in its mechanical design. For example: 1) The typewriter
itsel f is a large machine that must sit directly in front of
you, occupying valuable desk space and obstructing
your view. It is heavy and awkward to move when not in
use. 2) To type, you must sit erect with both hands poised
in an unnatural position for long periods of time. 3) Each
printing character and machine control is assigned to a
single key, with very little logic to the key location. Con-
sequently, learning and maintaining typing skill takes
much time apd effort

Now that home computers are becoming a way of life,
many hobbyists are buying keyboards and experiencing
alt of the above problems, frequently for the first time.

There is a better way! A radically new keyboard, called
the Writehander* has been designed which solves all

•Writehander (Pat. Pend.) ,'is a registered trademark of The
NewO Company,246 Walter Hays Dr. Palo Alto, California.

56 INTERFACE AGE

these problems. It was originally conceived and devel-
oped for physically handicapped people, but there is no
reason why all cannot enjoy Its advantages. You can
build it yourself from the information supplied in this ar-
ticle, or you can buy it completely assembled and tested
directly from the NewO Company.

The front cover photo shows a close up of the details
of the Writehander™ and Photo 1 shows if In use. As you
can see, if is used by the right hand only, leaving the left
hand free to hold papers or the phone, etc. The small
hemisphere -may be placed anywhere on your desk or
even in your lap while sitting in an easy chair. You can
relax while using the Writehander™. The weight of the
forearm can rest on your desk and the weight of your
hand will naturally rest on the hemisphere since each
finger never moves from its single key. Only the thumb

nhannpQ nnotitirkn The fi-inr- hhitmJh, ^ ^

^ oouu foticiijj nuiiiucio CHIU aymuuis, anu

Control characters. In each position the thumb is rocked
forward or backward to close one of two switches. By
using various combinations of fingers and thumb, the
Writehander™ generates the entire 128 characters of
the ASCII code.

ir

JANUARY 1978

.

h

*Nt<

®ftainfer'

. - * iJI

% . \ > . v%tt, v ^\v\ vjWTOH

4* v \w^v\\yjT

i \ v

v- r “ ^ « vftgy

k ^Vk

O 1. Typing with the Writehander™ is natural and relax*

t f™. Provision for

dification sometimes re-
visions to regulate higher

Vritehander™ is surprising-
a„s,v the finger keys correspond
• four bits of the very logical ASCII
on the chart of Figure 1, the
□ be typed, while the thumb
■ case, upper case, control
ly, are selected by the
> values of 1 , 2, 4 and 8;

,, ring and little fingers

> in a binary sequence, with
id to A, B, D, and H.
to some musical in-
j several keys to select a
.h easier since the fingers
j key: they simply press or
rticular character, and you

to convert key closures to
, „,e connected to one of two
„ U2. The finger switch signals
utput latch, U3, but the latch will
I until one of the thumb switches is
ib switch signals to the appro-
ASCII code and also corn-
short time delay. At the
tied during a short pulse
_ ocept the finger switch
Iting from the thumb switch

closure. The finger switches
length of time prior to a thum
after learning to type, they ;
the same time. There '4'!M “
times.

The delay of each signal thr _

U1 and U2 is also variable; it depenc
bounce time of the individual switch
vided by U5 is longer than these tv.,
the signals are settled when the latch is
citor Cl sets the frequency fo the intern;,
clock of U1 and U2, thus setting the minin
period.

Termination of the delay pulse t':
pulse, and termination of the enat“
flop U6 to send a Strobe signal
Acknowledge pulse from the interfc
permit selection of positive or neg
of these signals and another jump*
the parity line is fixed at a pos!t,l“

The electronic circuit is nc
your own unit, pick the swiff11
mount key switches are
generally require too mi
fortable typing, many ti .
few have snap action. Me
large for close mounting
sphere, since they converge
essential since one single'fy
more than 3500 characters.

Several baby toys on the market (

the five inch plastic hemisphere. Also, some plastic toy
balls can be cut in half to get this part. Locate the switches
by drawing around your finger tips and arc your thumb
over a wide range to locate the thumb switches. If you
will be the only user, locate the switches under the pads
of your finger tips. The switches can, however, be lo-
cated even below the top finger knuckles if someone
with much smaller hands will also be using the keyboard.
It will still be comfortable and easy to use. Drill holes for
the switch contact pins and bond the switches on with
epoxy cement.

Better yet, order your Writehander™ directly from the
manufacturer. For the price of $98 you will receive a
completely assembled and tested Writehander™, built
with prime quality components, socketed IGs, color coded
keys and interface flat cable, a heavy wall injection
molded ABS plastic hemisphere, a code chart and com-
plete operating and interface instructions. Specify polarity
of your required Strobe and Acknowledge signals and
polarity of the fixed parity signal. These options are de-
termined by PCD jumpers and may be changed at any
time. The sphere is available in two sizes. Spread your
hand on the cover of INTERFACE AGE Magazine. If your
thumb pad is centered on the binding edge and your little
finger pad is centered on the opposite edge, specify
Large Pattern. Otherwise specify Small Pattern.

Now you can build or buy a small, light weight, high
speed keyboard that is operated by one hand in a natural
relaxed position. It is easier to learn and use than a
typewriter keyboard and it eliminates the most common
typing error, namely using the correct finger but the
wrong hand. The printing or video terminal may be per-
manently positioned on a separate stand out of your
way and attended only to change paper.

Qwerty has done a century of fine service, but now,
the Writehander™ does the job better.

Figure 1. Chart of ASCII code vs. finger and thumb posi-
tions. Fingers select character and thumb determines
upper or lower case.

goes twice the distance.

For *695.

■Introducing the Micropoiis Macro Floppy1*1: 1041 and 1042 disk drive sub-
systems. For the S-100/8Q80/Z-80 bus Packing 100% more capacity into a
5K-inch floppy disk than anyone else. 143 K bytes, to be exact. For as little
as £695.

The MacroFioppy:1041 comes with the Micropoiis Mod l floppy packaged
inside a protective enclosure (without power supply). And includes an 5-100
controller Interconnect cable. Micropoiis BASIC Users Manual. A diskette con-
taining Micropoiis BASIC, and a compatible DOS with assembler and editor.
The :1041 is even designed to be used either on your desk top, or to be inte-
grated right into your S-100 chassis.

The MacroFloppy:1042 comes with everything the :1041 has, and more.
Such as d.c. regulators, its own line voltage power supply and, to top it off,
a striking cover Making it look nght at home just about anywhere.

Both MacroFloppy systems are fully assembled, tested, burned-in, and
tested again.. For zero start-up pain, and long term reliability. Thevre also
backed up by our famous Micropoiis factory warranty.

And both systems are priced just right, 5695 for the MacroFloppy:104l
and S795 for the MacroFloppy 1042

You really couldnt ask for anything more.

At Micropoiis, we have more bytes in store for you.

For a descriptive brochure, in the U S. call or write Micropoiis
Corporation, 7959 Peering Avenue,. Canoga Park, California 91304. Phone
(213)703-1121.

Or better yet, see your local dealer

MICROPflLIS"

More bytes in store for you.

58 INTERFACE AGE

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 101

JANUARY 1978

NUL Null

SO H Start of heading

STX Start text

ETX End text

EOT End of transmission

ENQ Enquiry

ACK Acknowledge

BEL Bel!

BS Backspace
HT Horizontal tab
LF Line feed
VT Vertical tab
FF Form feed
CR Carriage return

50 Shift out

51 Shift in
DEL Delete

DLE Data link escape
DC1 Direct control 1
DC2 Direct control 2
DC3 Direct control 3
DC4 Direct control 4
NAK Negative acknowledge
SVN Synchronous idle
ETB End transmission block
CAN Cancel
EM End of medium
SP Space
SUB Substitute
ESC Escape
FS Form separator
GS Group separator
RS Record separator
US Unit separator

ASCII abbreviations used in Figure 1.

Figure 2* Schematic. Simple circuit generates ASCI! code from switch
closures.

MetaFloppy goes

The Micropolis MetaFloppy™ gives you more than four times the capacity of
anyone else's 5%-inch floppy Because it uses 77 tracks instead of the usual 35
The field-proven MetaFloppy with thousands of units delivered, comes
in a complete family of models. And, like our MacroFloppv^ family of disk
drives, MetaFloppy is designed for the S-100/80S0/Z-30 bus,

For maximum capacity choose our new Meta Floppy: 1054 system Which
actually provides you with more than a million bytes of reliable on-line stor-
age For less money than you'd believe possible.

The MetaFloppy: 1054 comes complete with four drives in dual config-
uration. A controller Power supply. Chassis. Enclosure. All cabling. A new BASIC
software package And a DOS with assembler and editor There's even a built-
in Autoload ROM to eliminate tiresome button pushing.

If that's more storage than you need right now, try our
MetaFloppylOSS, with 630,000 bytes on-line. Or our Meta-
Fioppy1043, with 315,000 bytes on-line, Either way you can
expand to over a million bytes on-line in easy stages, when you
need to, Or want to.

In other words, if your application keeps growing, weVe got
you covered. With MetaFloppy.

The system that goes beyond the floppy
For a descriptive brochure, in the U.S. call orwnte Micropolis
Corporation, 7959 Peering Avenue, Canoga Park, California 91304
Phone (213) 703-1121

Or better yet see your local dealer

beyond,

MICROPOLIS'

More bytes in store for you.

JANUARY 1978

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO* 32

INTERFACE AGE 59

When I added a floppy disc to my microcomputer sys-
tem my first big project was to write a word processor. I
got the idea from the “RUNOFF" program on the DEC-20
system I had used. Of course I didn’t need, or plan to im-
plement, all the bells and whistles of this fine program.
At that, it wasn't as easy as I thought it would be.

It never is.

My first idea was to use random files for easy access
to each program line but the fixed length records and
the limit to the number of records on a disc soon changed
my thinking.

I switched to the sequential file design next, and it
worked out admirably.

The original program included the ability to use un-
justified lines, right and left justification, and the ability
to move, add, delete or change entire lines, lower case,
and optional page numbers, titles and subtitles. Also in-
cluded was single or double spacing.

After using the system for a while I added block
moves and deletions, editing within a line, variables, and

optional right justification.

Obviously it wasn’t as easy to write the program as I
had anticipated. Or I should say, it wasn't too hard to
write the program, but getting it to run was another story.

But get it running I did, and I've been using it for let-
ters and magazine article manuscripts for some six
months. As far as I know, I've got all the bugs out of the
program and it wilt run as advertised just so long as the
instructions are followed. These are given in detail and
appear elsewhere in the article.

One ut i l it y p rog ram i s req u i red for t h e u se of vari abl es.
This feature permits a four line name and address block
to be added to each document. It will accept any number
of addresses. If you decide to change the utility program
to use other size address blocks, or add the salutation
of the form letter, or whatever, this program is easily
modified. The program is called “DATASAVE”. It is used
to form a file to hold these address blocks until used.
This program is not on the Floppy ROM but appears else-
where in the article.

60 INTERFACE AGE

JANUARY 1978

Only four format control symbols are used in the pro-
gram. One error symbol is also used to re-enter a line in
the document. If you use these symbols as per the instruc-
tions you should have no problems. Once you understand
how the program works you wifi discover a few tricks;
but be careful, they can backfire and cause problems.

If you read the program listing you will discover a few
of the patches I had to make to the original program to
cover conditions I hadn’t anticipated. I'm sorry to say it
sure isn't top down programming but it doesn't have too
many GOSUB’s and GOTG's to really confuse the reader.

Each document line is automatically given a line num-
ber to reference it for editing. Numbers run from 10 to as
high as you wish to go in increments of 10. 1 have set the
edit array for 100 edits which should be ample. If you are
short on memory, reducing this will help. This is theonly
array in the program. Remember, this is for the number
of edits, it has no effect on the number of document lines.

Three files are used, all sequential (four if variables
are used). One is for the original document, one to hold

added, changed or moved lines, and one to hold a few
flags and the edit array. This last file is so the edited
document can be run again at a later date without hav-
ing to edit it again. All files use the document file name
with an automatically added letter suffix to keep them
separate. Incidentally, if variables are used the address
block file is retained for the future as well. In fact, if you
use the same file name, you can change the document
(or form letter) with its edits and use the old address list.

For those not familiar with the MITS BASIC character
editor here is a description of those I implemented in
this program. (This is the "E” edit Option.) The edit com-
mands are not echoed.

The space bar passes over each character in the line,
printing it as it goes. This permits you to get to any spe-
cific place in the line.

‘T stands for insert. When you space to the point
where you want to insert a character or characters type
“I” or "i" and then type the inserted material. This in-
serted material will print on your terminal. To exit insert

JANUARY 1978

INTERFACE AGE 61

EDITORIAL

TM

Using the Floppy ROM :
How To Load It

The Floppy ROM * as originally conceived , is a low
cost method of placing viable software into the user’s
hands . The Word Processor, presented in this issue t is
another excellent example of a useful user tool and con-
sequently merited being placed on the Floppy ROM .
Therefore in order to insure that all the potential users
can make the most of this program r we are again pre -
sen ting the loading procedure as presented by Bill
Turner in the September issue ,

Before proceeding with attempting to load the floppy
it is important to read this article. The program is de-
signed to run with MITS 3.4 or 4.0 DISC EXTENDED
BASIC. This, as with the other Floppy ROMs, is an ab-
solute requirement. The program is stored on the Floppy
ROM in Altair's™ internal format. Also required is a
Tarbell™ cassette interface strapped for 187 characters
per second operation, an 80 column line printer, and a
CRT terminal. A floppy disc drive, or digital cassette
system, and at least 20K of memory is required.

Users of other BASIC systems will not be able to use
the program without first undertaking some sort of con-
version, most of which has been described by Ken in his
article. However, here are some Important points to

* Floppy ROM is a reg. trademark of INTERFACE AGE Magazine

remember: Most BASICS do not support the LPRINT com-
mand, which directs output to the line printer, and must
be changed to a "PRINT” statement. The other major area
of incompatibility is that the Aitair software does not
allow programs to be saved on tape in a normal ASCII for-
mat. Aitair software compresses the keywords into a
unique one or two byte code and then saves the programs.

The best method of loading the program into your
8080 computer system is to play the Floppy ROM on a
medium grade stereo system and to re-record the data
onto a cassette tape.

The Tarbell interface is sensitive to both tone and
volume setting. You will probably have to make delicate
adjustments either during recording or playback of the
cassette. Once you find the correct setting, there should
be no further trouble. Any errors found while loading the
program will usually show up as strange line numbers
beyond the last valid line in each program. Should this
occur, adjust your volume and/or tone setting a i ittle and
resume. Follow the editing instructions carefully.

We welcome any suggestions any of you may have re-
garding loading methods for the Floppy ROM. We request
that you fill out the survey form below, add any other
comments or suggestions, and send it to us at INTER-
F AGE Magazine, P.O. Box 1234, Cerritos, CA 90701.

SURVEY

QUESTIONS

1. Did your magazine with the Floppy*ROM™ arrive in good condition via the Post Office? D YES □ NO

2. What kind of record player did you use? Approximate cost?_

3. What type of cartridge is on your turntable, □ magnetic or D ceramic? If you know, tell us the brand and model.

4. Whose 8080 system did you use? Tell us the manufacturer's name, not your friend's.

5. What is the memory size of the 8080 system and what peripherals do you have?

6. Did you have trouble loading the record? □ YES □ NO If yes, what?

7. How many times did you have to try loading before you were successful?

8. Did you have any difficulties that prevented it from operating at all? If so, what were they?

9. Did you try loading the computer directly from the record through the interface? □ YES □ NO

10. What kind of tone control settings did you use and were they critical?

11. Was the playback level critical? □ YES □ NO

12. Did you play it back in □ monaural or □ stereo?

13. Do you like the Floppy-ROM™ concept? □ YES □ NO

14. What kinds of programs would you like to see in the future?

62 INTERFACE AGE

JANUARY 1978

hit the escape (ESC) key so you can rejoin the line or
type CR (carriage return) which will print out the rest of
the line and return you to the edit command mode.

“L” or ‘T prints out the rest of the line, retaining any
edits. You are still in the “E” mode so you can make fur-
ther changes in the line.

“Q” or “q” aborts the edit, saves the original line, and
returns to the edit command mode. You can then edit
again, if you wish, by calling the line again.

"H” or “h” deletes the rest of the line, from the point
you have spaced to, and enters the “I” mode.

“X” or "x" moves the print head or curser to the end
of the original line, then enters the “I” mode.

Backspacing, delete, rubout, back-arrow, or whatever
works in the “I” mode only, to delete a just type charac-
ter. It puts the deleted letter(s) between 's.

"D” or “d” deletes the next character, putting it be-
tween *7” ’s.

“nD” or “nd” deletes the next n characters.

“C” or “c” changes the next character to whatever
you type. The new character prints on your terminal.

“nC” or "nc” changes the next n characters to
whatever you type.

The carriage return prints the rest of the line and
returns you to the edit command mode.

Any other characters will get you a bell or a beep from
your terminal and nothing will happen.

Remember, the “P\ "X", “LM, n, or any other command
letter or number will not echo, nor will an invalid charac-
ter. Only the space, carriage return, numbers, and valid
control characters have any effect.

In function, the program is not too complex. A line
number is generated and printed for each document
line. You type the line in after each line number. Lines
are limited to 120 alphanumerics. If you type in more you
get an error indication and the last line number prints
again. Be careful in the “E” edit mode. The T\ “H” and
“X” commands can insert enough characters to go over
the 120 limit, causing problems. The LINE INPUT state-
ment is used so you can use commas, quotes, or any-
thing you wish in the line. The “>” preceding a line
means don’t justify, print as is in the final printout. Keep
such lines to 60 characters or less. A “<” followed by a
few random characters or spaces means insert the next
variable line here. A at the end of a line means this
is the end of a paragraph. A “]” at the end of a line
signals the end of the document. Each line is stored in a
disc file.

Next you are asked if you wish to edit. The added,
moved or replaced lines are stored in a disc file and the
line number is entered in the edit array.

When you are finished editing the flags and edit array
are stored in a disc file.

You are then presented with a number of format op-
tions; page numbers, single or double space, etc.

After that a form feed (control L) is generated to move
the paper to the top of the next page.

The edit array is then sorted into numerical order.
Each line number is stripped off the program line and
compared to the edit array. If a line number between that
and the last line number, or that line number, is in the ar-
ray, appropriate action is taken. If not, the line minus the
line number is concatenated to the last line, unless the
last line began with a “>” or ended with a Then 60
characters are counted off in the line, and a character
count is made back to the last space. The rest of the line
(from the space on) is stored, and spaces are added to
existing spaces until a count of 60 is reached again.
Then the line is printed and we go fetch the next, unless
the leftover line is more than 60 characters long.

Of course it is vastly more complicated than this, details
are given in the line by line program documentation. The

full instructions also appear elsewhere in this article.

If you plan to convert this program from MITS BASIC
to some other flavor here are a few suggestions and
some explanations of some of the commands.

The LINE INPUT statement doesn’t print a prompt (al-
though this wouldn’t matter) and accepts any input up
to a carriage return. If you don’t have this statement
you’ll probably have to enclose each line of input in double
quotes and use the INPUT statement.

I would say a disc system would be necessary, although
you probably could use computer controlled tape drives.
This would make the searches for editing rather slow
though. If you had two tape drives and put the document
file on one tape and the edited lines on the other it
would probably be usable. If you had all sorts of memory
you might put the whole document in an array in mem-
ory, edit and replace the lines directly into the array,
then dump the edited file onto tape if you wished to
reuse it. Obviously this would require a lot of memory,
and would make it difficult to add or move lines as well.

To use the string editing (E) feature you need a WAIT
and INP statement. The WAIT statement just looks at
the input port (in this case the status flags) and resumes
the program when the proper input is read (when an in-
put character from the terminal is flagged). The INP
statement accepts a character directly from the input
port, not through the BASIC’s I/O routines. The reason it
is done this way is to avoid echoing the control charac-
ters. If you don’t mind the echo and prompt you could
just use the INPUT statement. This might also be done
in machine language if you have the USR statement.
This allows you to jump to a machine language program
and later return to the BASIC program. If you could sup-
press echo in your BASIC you could do it that way. This
would probably require patching your interpreter. Note
the control O suppresses printing in some BASIC’s but
usually automatically goes back to echoing when it gets
to an INPUT statement.

All the other statements will probably be in your
BASIC. However, your disc file statements may be differ-
ent. Here’s a quick rundown of the file statements used
in MITS BASIC so you can convert to your equivalents.

OPEN“0”,1,“TEST”. Opens sequential file # for record-
ing (output from CPU) for a file to be named TEST.

OPEN“l”,2,“TEST”. Opens sequential file #2 for play-
back (input to the CPU) from the file named TEST.

CLOSE 1. Closes file #1 for input and output. Also used
with a following OPEN to start reading a file from the
beginning again.

PRINT #1,A$. Record AS in the next position in file #1,
which must be OPENed for recording (output).

INPUT #1,A$. Retrieve next string from file #, which must
be OPENed for playback (input), and put string in A$.

LINE INPUT #1,A$. Retrieve all characters up to a car-
riage return from file number 1 and put in A$. As usual,
file #1 must be OPENed for playback (input).

IF EOF(1) THEN If end of file #1 THEN . . .

Another statement you may not have is SWAP. This is
simple, SWAP A$,B$ means put the contents of variable
A$ in B$, and the contents of variable B$ in AS. Here’s
another way to do it.

10 Z$ = A$:A$= B$:B$ = Z$

assuming Z$ was not being used for something else.

The “:’”s are used to separate BASIC statements in a
single line.

I assume you will be able to convert the RIGHTS,
LEFTS, and MID$ to your version if different.

I hope this will help you.

JANUARY 1978

INTERFACE AGE 63

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INSTRUCTIONS

This program is designed to run with MITS 3.4 or 4.0
DISC EXTENDED BASIC. One disc drive is required. The
character editing feature is designed for the MITS SIOA
Rev.1 I/O board. To use another board make appropriate
changes to lines 6500 and 6510, Note: this only affects
the character editing feature.

The program inputs a document in upper or upper and
lower case, a line or a part of a line at a time. Note: im-
bedded spaces in the input are retained, but some
spaces may be expanded tf the output lines are right
justified.

The output of the program is pages of print, 60 charac-
ters wide, 58 lines in extent. New pages are preceded by
the form feed command (control L) to the printer. If your
printer does not use this command you will have to sub-
stitute PRINT'S to move the paper the required number
of lines whenever the control L (CHR$(12)) command is
given.

Output options include single or double spacing of
lines; variables for names, addresses, salutations, etc.
in form letters; printed page numbers; title and subtitle
on each page; right justification of lines; and use of up-
per case input with lower case output.

Several control inputs are used in the line inputs to
control output format. Rubout, delete, back-arrow (under-
line) work at ail times to delete an input character. If an
input line is incorrect and you wish to re-enter it end the
line with a “v”, then hit CR (carriage return). Don't use
control U or the AT symbol.

To end a paragraph end the last line with a To
end the document use the at the end of the last line.
To input a line you do not wish to be right justified or
changed, precede it with a This line should be 60
characters or less to match the rest of the page. Use on-
ly after another tine begun with a [l>” or or ended
with a "&tT. If you wish the line to be the next line from
the variable file precede the line with a “<" followed by
several other characters. I generally use three or four
spaces. This line will not be used so any alphanumerics
can be used after the “<” except “v!1 or To enter a
blank line use the “>" and several (3 or 4) spaces. This
should only follow a line ended with a or begun with
a “<" or The end of paragraph indicator “&11 will
also be followed by a blank line, or three blank lines if
double spacing. These are the only symbols you need
remember. Don't use the “<"> 4’>", or T on a line by
itself.

To run the program load the program file in memory
and run it. You will be asked for a file name. Use any
legal file name, but use only seven characters or less.
This is important. You will then be asked if it is an old
file. If you are re-running an old document type ,fY’* (up-
per case). Any other response will erase any file of that
name. Then, if a new file, you will get ‘TYPE LINE, THEN
CARRIAGE RETURN”. On the next line will be printed a
line number, starting with 10 in increments of 10. To
each line number type a line or part of a line. Each time
you hit CR you will get the next line number. Lines
should be at least four or five characters long. If the line
is over 120 characters long it will be rejected and the
last line number will print again. You can break
sentences, they will be rejoined in the final copy. The
program will automatically put a space between each
entered line. Remember, all imbedded spaces will be re-
tained in the final copy. Use the symbols mentioned
earlier to determine the format of the document. When
you end the last sentence with the "]” the input phase of
the program will end.

64 INTERFACE AGE

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 2

JANUARY 1978

f iJuicrraLc «oc >

MAGAZINE

Presents

THE FLOPPY ROM"

PROGRAM SHEET

QQ 1/3
OOrpm

MONAURAl

f PLACE 1
COIN HERE IF
iSOUNOSHEETj
V SLIPS i

THE WORD PROCESSOR

Composed by

Ken Knecht

121677

i s m w* n p* a p a si r ™

nuicnr«Lc «uc

MAGAZINE

Presen is

THE FLOPPY ROM™

January 1978, Vol, 3, Issue 1

(•

Publishing offices:

16704 Marquar-dt Ave,. Cerritos, C A 90701
Phone: 213-926 9544
Advertising offices:

61 South Lake Ave., P O. Box 4566
Pasadena, CA 91106
Phone: 213-795-7002

Manufactured to Interface Age
specifications by
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Phone: 312-945 5600

UP AND RUNNING

TDL EQUIPMENT USED BY NEW JERSEY PUBLIC TELEVISION
TO PROCESS NEW JERSEY GUBERNATORIAL PRIMARY ELECTION RETURNS

John Montagna, computer engineer (above left),
lead this successful network team in generating
election results speedily, efficiently and reliably
using predominantly TDL hardware and soft-
ware. Montagna created three programs to get
the job done. The text for a SWAPPER pro-
gram was written and assembled using the TDL
TEXT EDITOR and Z80 RELOCATING MACRO
ASSEMBLER. The SWAPPER text and all
debugging was run through TDL’s ZAPPLE
MONITOR. The relocatable object code was
punched onto paper tape. A MAIN USERS
program updated votes and controlled air dis-
play. An ALTERNATE USERS program got
hard copy out and votes in. The latter two
programs were written in BASIC. Montagna
modified the ZAPPLE BASIC to permit time-
sharing between the two USERS programs.

Four screens were incorporated, two terminals
entered votes as they came in and were used
to call back votes to check accuracy. Mon-
tagna called on the power and flexibility
offered by TDL's ZPU board and three Z-16
Memory boards.

Montagna's setup worked constantly for over
four hours updating and displaying state-wide
and county-wide results without flaw.

“I chose TDL because they have all the soft-
ware to support their hardware, and it's good;
it has the flexibility to do the job.”

John Montagna

We salute John Montagna and NEW JERSEY
PUBLIC BROADCASTING for spearheading
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TDL’s XITAN SYSTEMS have the capacity to do
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JANUARY 1978

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 56

INTERFACE AGE 65

PRAMMER III

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CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 67

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CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 58
66 INTERFACE AGE

Next, whether an old file or a new file, the program
will print “DO YOU WANT TO SEE THE FILE?”. If
answered with “Y” (upper case), the program will print
out the file, with line numbers. Note that an *7” will be
added at the begining of each line. This will be deleted
when the document is printed, as will the line numbers.
The line numbers are only used for reference when edit-
ing. Next you will be asked “DO YOU WANT TO SEE
OLD EDITS?”. This is only applicable for an old file.
Answer “Y” (upper case) to review if desired and if they
are present. Note: old edits can be present if the file
name was used before.

Next you will be asked if you wish to edit. If you do,
answer “Y” (upper case). You will next be asked
“HOW?”. After the initial edit command, edit commands
are prompted by the “?”.

You can use the following edit features:

“R”: This replaces an input line with a new one. Use
the line number as the reference. Note: If the old line
ended with a or “]” retain this in the new one or the
results will be uncertain. Do not add a or “]”.

“A”: This adds a new line to the document. Use a line
number between the lines where you wish it to appear.
Do not end an added line with a Note: you can add
up to nine lines between two original lines.

“S”: This adds a blank line. Use only after a line begin-
ning with “<” or “>” or ending with Use a line
number between existing line numbers, as with “A”.

”D”: This deletes a line.

“M”: This moves a line. Program will ask for original
line number and new line number. Moved line will be
printed on terminal. The search for this may take a while
in a long file.

“BM:“ This moves up to nine lines at a time. Program
will ask for first and last line numbers (inclusive) of lines
to be moved. Then first line number of area to be moved
to. Make sure you do not write over any original lines or
move will be aborted at this line (even if it has been
deleted). You can write over any previously moved or ad-
ded lines. Moved lines will be printed on terminal. Some
search delay is to be expected.

“BD”: This will delete any number of consecutive ori-
ginal lines, even if replaced or deleted. Will not affect any
moved or added lines, or blank lines added with edit.
Program will ask for first and last line number (inclusive).

”E”: This allows use of character editing ala MITS
BASIC. Supports (N)D, (N)C, I, L, Q, X, and H. Edit com-
mands are not echoed and can be in upper or lower
case. Works same as MITS character editor. However,
the will not return the last line edited, you have to
use the line number. As in the line move, the file has to
be searched for the line to be edited and may take a few
seconds or longer. Note previous remarks about I/O
board.

”F”: This exits the edit mode of the program.

Lines can be edited in any order. Only the last edit to
any given line will be used.

You will next be asked “VARIABLES?”. If you are us-
ing variables, more later, answer “Y” (upper case).

Then “DOUBLE SPACE?”. If “Y” (upper case), the
final printout will be double spaced.

Then “LOWER CASE?”. If “Y” (upper case) then con-
verts any upper case letters in document to lower case
unless preceded by a Can be used to input a docu-
ment on an upper case only CRT and output on an upper
and lower case printer.

Then “JUSTIFY RIGHT?”. If “N” (upper case) then
prints out ragged right but keeps lines to 60 characters
or less.

Then “PRINT PAGE NUMBERS?”. If “Y” (upper case)
then prints consecutive page numbers centered at the
top of each of page of printout. This line and the follow*

JANUARY 1978

ing blank lines are incluoea in the 58-line page length.

Then “TITLE". If you want a title type “Y” (upper
case). You will then be asked to input desired title. It will
be started at the left edge of the page unless you
precede it with spaces to center it. If you use the title
you will then be asked “SUBTITLE?". This too will be
printed at the left edge of the page unless spaces are
used. If no subtitle hit CR. Title, subtitle and following
blank line are ihcluded in the 58-line page length.

The formfeed will then move the paper to the top of
the next page and print out the document. Justified
lines take from 5 to 10 seconds of computer time per
line. Other lines print almost immediately.

At the conclusion another formfeed appears, then you
are asked if you wish another copy. If “Y" (upper case)
then the “VARIABLES?”, etc. are asked again and
another copy Is printed. Else BASIC exits program and
types OK.

As to the variables, the variable file program is
"DATASAVE". (See Figure 1) You must use this program
to put names and addresses or whatever in a file before
you run the "AUTHOR" program. It is set up for a four
line address to be inserted in the document file used in
"AUTHOR”. You can change the “DATASAVE" program
to store whatever variables you wish. As set up, each
variable line is stored with an initial “>" to keep it on a
line by itself when printed. When variables are used the
“AUTHOR” program will continuously print copies of
the document using the variables as they appear in the
file until the file is empty. The “VARIABLES?", etc.
routine will only appear once for the original document.
Thus is 20 sets of names and addresses are stored in
“DATASAVE" "AUTHOR" will print out 20 documents
with no operator input required.

Note that if the edit line is changed when re-running a
document all the old edits are lost.

LOAD "DATASAVE
OK

LIST

IB CLEAP I BOB

2G PR I NT- PROGRAM COPYRIGHT 19?? UY KENNETH &♦ KNECHT : PR I NT : PF INT
30 PRINT" THIS PROGRAM STORES VARIAELES TO BE USED"

4t! PRINT" AS HAKES AND ADDRESSEE IN THE WORD PROCESSING"

SO PRINT" PROGRAM . SIMPLY USE FILE NAME OF DOCUMENT*

PRINT" AND TYPE IN A FOUR LINE ADDRESS AS REQUESTED . "

7C PRINT" FILE NAME* : INPUT AS
BO QPEN"G" , 1,A$+"E"

PR I NT1" NAME OR DEPARTMENT’* s LINE INPUT BS : FR I NT * 1 , BS
100 PRINT" COMPANY" : LINE INPUT B? i PR INTI 1 , BS
UC PRINT" ADDRESS" : LINE INPUT BSi PRINT J 1 t BS
120 PRINT* CITY t STATE AND ZIP" :L1NE INPUT B.5 : PRINT 1 1 , SS
130 PRINT" KCRE" : INPUT G5
140 IF LEFTS 1 ) = ■" Y" THEN 9C
150 CLOSE l : END
OK

Figure 1

DOCUMENTATION

Following is a line by line breakdown of the program.

LINE COMMENT

1 Initialize variables. Note CH(100,1) sets
maximum number of edits to 100. Change
if desired.

2 Finds old file or starts new one.

3 Puts 0’s in CH array.

4 Permits re-running old file.

5 Erases old file of the same name if present
and opens new document file.

40-52 Begins accepting document lines. Does not

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CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 66

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CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 21

JANUARY 1978

INTERFACE AGE 67

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print question mark but prints line numbers
of input lines. Increments line number.

55 Allows line to be re-entered if a mistake is

made.

60 If line is over 120 characters long causes it

to be re-entered. There is a 128 character
limit in line input statement. Other eight
characters are saved for line number, space
and flag (see 85).

70 If no line input then re-enters line,

80 Line too long warning.

85 Puts line number, space, and fine in AS.

The ‘T is so program can drop off line
number when printing document.

90 Put AS in disc file.

130 Checks for “]" at end of line. This signals

last line of document. If found jumps to end
of input routine else goes back to line 50.

200 Closes file for input.

202 Asks if file is to be printed.

210-240 Prints file until last line is reached (22),
then closes file.

242 Permits edit file to be read. Only applicable

to old edited file.

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO, 43

243-246 Prints edits. Same as print file routins-

Tfa ^FINALLY, A

AjB-^^SjTELEPHOHE
VWriHBVTE!

6800 AUTOMATIC TELEPHONE DIALER
PROGRAM ........ * . $9.95 postpaid

Have your 6800 system dial your phone * Uses
only 5 external components • Stores 650 variable
length phone numbers • Operates in less than IK
bytes of memory

Indudes: Paper tape in Mikbug* format and ob-
ject code • Circuit diagram and instructions
■ Instructions for adapting to other 6800 systems

6800 TELEPHONE ANSWERING DEVICE
PROGRAM . * • . . $4.95 postpaid

Have your 6800 system answer your phone and
record messages automatically, Compatible with
any 6800 system.

Includes: Assembly listing and object code ■ Cir-
cuit diagram and instructions

Write to: SOFTWARE EXCHANGE
2681 PETER BORO
W. BLOOMFIELD, MICH. 48033

Mikbug* is a registered trademark of Motorola Inc,

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 48

252-265 Permits file to be edited. You cannot change
edit file but must re-edit completely. Once
you type “YM you are committed to re-edit-
ing the whole file as you have erased the
old edits. Note if you do not edit, the old
edit file for that file name will be re-used if
it exists.

270-296 Select method of editing.

300-310 Instructions for editing,

315-320 Replacing line routine. See 3000. Z = edit
number. GH(Z,0) puts line edited into array.
316 accepts replacement line. 318 see 55.
320 stores new line in edit file. See 3100.

325-332 Moves line. See 3000. GH(Zt1) puts flag for
moved line in array (so original line number
will be skipped). See 3120. Also forces fetch
of tine if not requested as line is needed to
be put into edit file (330).

335-350 Add a line routine. Gets new line number

and fine, permits re-entering, then see 3100.

360 Adds a blank line. Should be used only

after a paragraph flag (see program instruc-
tions). GH(Zf1) flags a blank line.

370 Delete a line. See 3000. CH{Z,1) flags

deleted line.

415-430 Used to finish editing routine.

68 INTERFACE AGE

JANUARY 1978

490 Saves number of edits, number of lines,
edit flag and CH array for future edits in
a file.

500-510 Sets variables for printout routine.

515-608 Flags for spacing, variables, lower case,
page #'s and title. Also stores title and
subtitle if used.

610 Advances paper to top of next page to
begin printout.

611 Print page number (if used). Increment page
line count.

612 Prints title and subtitle (if used). Increments
line count.

613 Recovers information stored in 490. Useless
for first run but required if printing is done
at another time.

645 If tine at end of paragraph or document is
saved in B$ (see 850) then it is transferred
to A$ (see 665) and processed. We don't
want to add the next line, if any, to this
line. We then skip getting new line and its
processing.

646 If line saved in B$ (see 850) is over 60
characters long we do not need a new line
so we skip that portion of the program,

647 if there were no added or moved lines
before the next regular line number then
we increment line number to that of next
line expected else we check for additional
lines in 655. Z8 is added line flag. See 655.

648 No edits (ED = 0) so if last line in file we’re
done.

650 if no edits and not last line we get next line

from document file and skip lines checking
for edits.

655-660 We check for an added line before next ex-
pected line. If we find it we fetch it and use
it for our next line in 685. We also set flag
(Z8= 1) in case there are further added or
moved lines before the next regular line
number. See 647. If no further added lines
we set Z8 to 0 and get next line in 655 or
skip to end if last line in file.

665 Get next line from document file.

670-675 Check for blank, deleted or replaced line. If
none is found we go on to process line got-
ten in 665.

680 If moved or deleted we skip line and go

back to 645.

685 If blank line we print CR and go back to 645.

695-698 If not blank or deleted we assume line was
replaced or added or moved from another
line. We open file of edited lines and strip
off each line number (see 4100) and check
against current line number. We go thru the

Fully Static — 250 nsec. TMS 4044-25

Assembled, tested unit — s375

Z-80A 4Mhz. Fast

Our memory board was designed to operate without
wait states in a 4 Mhz, Z-80A system and allows a
generous 100 nsec, for the CPU board buffers. Our
board loafs along" in an 8080 or 8085 system. Even
if you are using a slower CPU today, don't get caught
buying a memory board which may become obsolete
If you decide to switch to a faster, more sophisticated
CPU tomorrow.

Fully Static is Best

Our board uses the state-of-the-art Texas Instru-
ment TMS 4044-25. It needs no clocks and no
refresh It uses a single 8V power supply and won't be
obsoleted when you buy the next generation system
using a single power supply.

Fully S-100 Bus Compatible

Each 4K addressable to any 4K slot, on-board DIP
switch memory protect, RAM disable, DMA capability.
Commercial Quality Components

First quality factory parts, fully socketed, buffered,
masked both sides, silk-screened, gold contacts, bus
bars for lower noise.

Guaranteed

ASSEMBLED UNITS: if unsatisfied for any reason
— return undamaged unit within 10 days for full
refund. Parts and labor guaranteed for one year.

KITS: MOS parts factory tested good — no free
replacements. All other parts guaranteed one year.
Shipping

If we cannot ship within four weeks we will phone
for instructions, returning money if you desire

How to Order

PHONE: Call between noon and 9 p.m*, Mon. thru
Thurs. for VISA or MC orders.

MAIL: Cashier's check. MO speeds shipment. Per-
sonal check OK. VISA and MC orders require all card
numbers, signature. $100 deposit on COD orders.

GENERAL: Shipped prepaid (except COD). Please
include phone number Washington residents add
5.4% sales tax.

Seattle Computer Products, Inc.

16611 111th S,E., Renton, WA 98055
(206) 255-0750

JANUARY 1978

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 46 INTERFACE AGE 69

THE INTELLIGENT
POWER STRIP

THE AC
CONTROLLER

• A UNIVERSAL PERIPHERAL • controls 4 devices up to 10
amperes 115 volts A C. each*

9 TTL LOGIC LEVEL inputs. Simple to interface. All inputs
optically decoupled to protect your hardware.

• Has its own internal power supply.

• FULLY ASSEMBLED and tested, the AC CONTROLLER is
intended for long term use in the home or business.

• APPLICATIONS brochure on request*

Dealer inquiries invited * Prompt service

Texas Residents add 5% sales tax.

PRICE ,.**, ***.,$129*50

RESEARCH COMPUTER SYSTEMS

546 A Bruton Bends, Richardson. Texas 7 5081

Nam e/ Com pany

Address

City/State/Zip - ,

□ Check □ Master Charge

0

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 44

PRAMMER

by XYBEK

An extraordinary 2k memory board
for your Altair-bussed computer

On-board 1702A PROM programmer

★ 256 bytes of RAM plus space for 1792 bytes of read-

only memory (seven 17 02 A EPROMs!

Supplied with one 1702A, pre-programmed with
stand-alone programming software — no sense
switches are used

★ Supplied with programming power supply

★ PRAMMER's own on-board clock makes It compatible

with almost any A Jtair- bussed system.

All read and write sequences are generated via an
board microprogrammed state machine, thus
eliminating all one-shots.

■Ar Complete 1 702A programming in 18 seconds

★ Includes complete listings for PRAMSYS, an eleven-

function development system,

COMPLETE KIT: $209

Assembled and tested: S289

Immediate (off-the-shelf! delivery
California residents please add sales tax.

COD, Master Charge, Bank Amer tcard and Visa accepted,

XYBEK • P.O.Box 4925 • Stanford* CA 94305
Telephone: (408! 206-8188

whole file to be sure we get the last edit to
that line* Then we replace the line from 665
with the last new line of that number.

700-725 Close edit file. We count characters in line
until we get to the *7" inclusive.

730 We delete line number and ’7” from line.

760 If lower case not flagged we go to 790*

765-785 If lower case flagged we scan line for “V’

(flag for next character to be upper case)*
When we find it we delete it and set L2 flag
to 1. This means we do not add 32 to ASCII
value of next character, (leaving it upper
case). All other alphabetic characters are
converted to lower case (by adding 32 to
ASCII value).

790 If first character of line is u>" we delete

the “>” and continue else we jump to 815,

795 Flag A$ as to be unjustified with P7 = 1.

This is in case B$>61*

800 We flag unjustified line (F6= 1) If nothing in
B$ (see 850). Then we go to 835.

803 If there is a line in B$ we check to see if it

the end of a paragraph (&)* If not and it is
less than 61 characters we print it*

805 If B$ is the end of a paragraph and con-

tains less than 62 characters we delete the
and print it*

807 Assumes the length of B$ is over 60 char-
acters so justified it in 1030 but flags it so

the remainder of B$ will go back to 803
after justifying.

810 Skips line 815.

815 Used if AS is not an unjustified line*

820 Adds A$ to B$ making whole thing AS.

830 If A$>60 then goes to justify routine.

835 Checks A$ (less than 60) for end of para-
graph. If so deletes and prints if. PA= 1
is flag to follow with blank line(s}*

840 Check A$ (less than 60) for end of docu-

ment. If so deletes T and prints it* E= 1 is
flag to go to end.

845 If line is not to be justified skips justifica-

tion routine and prints it.

850 Assumes A$ is less than 60 and not a para-

graph ending or end of piece* Stores A$ in
B$ and goes to pick up the next line at 645.
Thus B$ is a line or end of a line that is not
long enough to be justified. See also 1090
for B$ creation.

1030-1040 Counts spaces in A$ up to 60th character
and stores count in S. Goes to 1290 in case
61st character is a "]” or in which case
line is used as is* In this case return is left
unused on stack.

70 INTERFACE AGE

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO* 68

JANUARY 1978

1050-1080 Counts backwards from the 60th character
in AS to the first space. Then X is count of
characters to be deleted from line and
replaced with spaces.

1090 Puts justifiable portion of AS in AS, re-
mainder of line in B$,

1095

1100-1270

1280

1285

1290-1330

1370-1490

1520-1530

3000

3010-3030

3040

3100-3110

3120-3130

3950-3985

4000-4035

4100-4140

If document is not to be right justified goes
to print line.

Determines how to divide extra spaces
evenly in line and then does so to bring
character count back to 60.

Prints line (finally!). If there are still
characters in BS and AS (line presently
stored in A9$) is not to be justified goes
back to 803.

Go to 645 and do it all again.

See 1030-1040.

Prints extra fine if double space, prints
biank lines after paragraphs, prints page
number and title if new page is started, and
counts number of lines to check for the
end of the page. Goes to end if document
is finished. Advances to next page.

End of program routine. If variables are
used (DT= 1) and there are still names in
the variable file then run another copy.

Requests line number for replaced or
moved line edit. Asks if line is to be
printed. This is optional as search routine
to fetch line takes a while in a long file an<
you may not wish to wait.

^etches line to be edited and prints it.
Fetches each line, strips off line number ir
4100 and compares it to line requested.
Prints line when successful.

Note: I tried faster scheme of calculating
the number of lines to skip by the line
number and then using a for loop to go
directly to that line. However, for some
reason that does not always work. Hence
the slower routine.

Return

Prints new line in edit file with line number.
Increments edit number.

Prints moved line (K1$) in edit file removing
old line number and replacing with new one.

Put edit iine numbers in order in CH array.
Deletes duplicate numbers, retaining last
entered. Uses bubble sort.

Counts characters used for line number so
it can be deleted.

Extracts, but does not delete line number
for comparison purposes.

5000-5050 Subroutine for 1370-1490 routine.

5060-5080 Gets information for block move.

The KIM to S-100 bus
Interface/Motherboard

* Combines the power of the 6502 with the flexibility of

the 5-100 bus

* Attaches to any unmodified KIM

* Complete interface logic and fully buffered motherboard

in one unit

* On-board regulation of power for KIM

* Eight slots of S-100 compatibility for additional RAM.

Video and I/O boards. PROM Programmers, Speech
processors . .

* Indudes all parts, sockets for ICs. one 100 pin connector,

and full Assembly /Opera ting documentation

♦ Kit $125. Assembled $165

♦ All units shipped from stock

FORETHOUGHT PRODUCTS

P.O. Box 386- E
Coburg* OR 97401

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 64

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 4

jUDtO

1NG IN BERING

SYSTEMS YOU CAN BUILD ON

MEK 6000 D2 KIT $229.95, FULLY ASSEMBLED S279.95

20 I/O lines, IK monitor, 256 bytes of user RAM, serial I/O. keyboard
display, cassette Interlace. Fully assembled model offered with ex I ms:
keyboard display case, CPU board stand and sockets for all I.C.s.

KEYBOARD DISPLAY CASE FOR REV B BOARDS SI 2.50

CPU BOARD STAND S 4.50

16 KX8 DYNAMIC RAM MMS68104 $389.95

Completely assembled, requires minor modifications on D2 kit, allow
6-0 weeks tor delivery, (not pictured)

D2 CARD CAGE: 5 SLOTS: KIT S69.95, ASSEMBLED $04.95

D2 CARD CAGE: 11 SLOTS: KIT $137.50, ASSEMBLED $157.50

Sturdy aluminum supports with molded plastic card guides. Exerciser
compatible, comes with mother beard, sockets.

HEP EDUCATOR II KIT SI 43.95

512 byte monitor, 256 bytes ol RAM (120 more than offered elsewhere),
parallel I/O, cassette interlace, edge connector, fully expandable.
Designed for the do-it-yourselfer, comes with complete instructions.

HEP POWER SUPPLY KIT $23,95

Suitable for use with EDUCATOR l| or MEK 6B00 D2, 5 volts at 1 amp.

- COMING SOON — 8K STATIC RAM KIT D2 UPGRADE KIT -
02 UPGRADE KIT — Power on reset, dynamic memory interface,
Mikbug® -Mtnibug* conversion, terminal interface.

* Trademark of Motorola

COMPARE OUR PRODUCTS AND PRICES yiuDfO
YOU GET MORE FOR YOUR MONEY FROM NGiNBERtNG

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121 WISCONSIN N.E, ALBUQUERQUE, N.M. 87106 PHONE (505) 255*451

JANUARY 1978

INTERFACE AGE 71

The

, original .
‘hands on’
i people J

Hands on microprocessor short course
with FREE take home microcomputer
included in the $499 tuition.

Feb.

20-24

Tucson, AZ

Mar.

6-10

Huntsville, AL

Apr.

3-7

Washington, DC

Apr.

17-21

Lafayette, IN

May

8-12

Los Angeles, CA

Jun.

5-9

Boston, MA

Jun.

19-23

New York, NY

Learn microprocessors first hand
from the original hands on people.

For more information call Jerilyn Williams,
(317) 742-6802 or write Wintek Corp.,

902 North 9th Street, Lafayette, Indiana 47904.

\yinti:k

6800 Hardware/ Software
Custom Hardware/ Software
(n-house short courses

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 65

16K Static RAM

S-100 Systems

NEW
LOW PRICES

5 330 Kit

*365 Assembled

• Very Low Power— 65 0MA+5V; 90MA+12V;
16MA-5V

m Applications Notes— 6800 and 6502 Sys.

• Low-profile sockets for all chips

• Solder mask; silk screen; plated through holes

• Each 4K addressable to any 4K boundary

• Fully buffered S-100 bus— gold-plated contacts

• NEG ^PD 410 D memories

CODr Master Charge, B of A, Visa Accepted ....
Orders shipped prepaid. California residents
add 6% sales tax.

¥

ANDENBERG DATA PRODUCTS

PO BOX 2607

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805*37-7951

5090-5120 Moves lines (see 325-330). Checks to see if
a moved line number is a multiple of 10. If
so aborts move at previously moved line.

5130-5140 Gets information for block deletion.

5150-5170 Deletes lines.

6000 Inputs line number to be edited and prints it.

6010 Character input routine

6020-6120 Select mode

6130 Line ended, no more printing possible.

6140 LE is character count. D$ is edited string.

6150-6160 Add another digit to (n) or save first digit,

6170 Only one character to change.

6171-6173 Multiple character change. Change

characters one by one, keep character
count up to date,

6174 Change only one character.

6180 Only one character to delete.

6190-6210 Print deleted characters. Keep character
count up to date.

6220 Print one deleted character. Reduce

character count.

6230-6250 Print rest of C$ line, put it in D$ and reset
character count to 1 to re-edit line,

6260 Q command. Abort string changes and
return to program.

6270 ! command. Get first inserted character.

6272 Check for rubout.

6274 Check for escape to end insert.

6275 Check for carriage return (CR) to end insert.

6280 Insert new character, look for more.

6290-6310 X command. Go to end of line and enter in-
sert mode. Print characters and put in D$.

6320 Make H command point end of C$. Go to
insert.

6330 If input is CR and we are at the end of C$
then add CR to D$. Put D$ on disc. Return
to program.

6340-6360 If CR and not at end of C$ print remaining
characters. Put in D$. Put D$ in edit file.
Return to program.

6370 Rubout routine. Print initial "1”.

6380 Print last entered character. Delete last
entered character from D$.

6390 Get next character. If another rubout GOTO
6380.

72 INTERFACE AGE

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 61

JANUARY 1978

6400 Rubout ended. Print final and send
character to 6020 to be evaluated.

6500 Wait for an input character from TTY input
port.

6510 Character inputted and masked for seven

bits. Change input to a one character string
and evaluate in 6020.

SAMPLE RUN

run

CtJPmCII’I 1*71 EY KCIfNCTK 3 » KNECNT
FILE KAK£f{? LtTtCBS KAKIUUH) ? J A/lHT
IE THIS AN CLP FJLC?

7 \l

JYPC U(sE, llltK C Alt E(I ACE HETUPHi

When t .idaded a floppy disk to my si t crotomput or syatcm
20 ay second big project was ta write j word proccssoi .

JL j got the iOOO from the " RUNOFF41 program an tnc EEC -20 system i Sid

u£oO .

** It uatn‘t as easy as I thought it would be,t
5« I E usually ian' t . b

C(! my fust Idea was to use random records lor easy access to eaco pro
giasi lino but the fii r-d length records and the Unit to the number of ic
cores On -i Jisc\c\k anon changed my thinkings
LINE TOO LOliG* PLEASE RE-CNTEfi,

6C icy first idea was to use random records fot oasy access to each ore
^raar line

7P but the Cmcd lcnt\t\gth records and the linn it to the number of ree
ores on .n disk

BC soon changed my thinking . s
Si) So 1 thought I would'
fl E - £ NT E R I hC LINE.

So 1 sat uown and thought flomd mota.
lEfl I switched to the sequential I tiff oo*t(
lie and it worked nut admirably. |

DO YOU WISH TC SEE THE FILE?

? Y

Ju /hflen. 1 ad dried S floppy OlRk to my mitfrocOiriputer syntem
ID /my second big prajqct wot to write a. word pence tuor.

QP /l got the Idea Ft am the "FUNCFF* program on the DE02R system I hud
us on-

4ii /it wasn't as easy r s 1 thougnr it would be.t
5C /it uguj l iy unH.I

frG /My drat idea was to use random records lor easy access to oath pro
grain line

m /but the fined iengttt records end the limit to the number of records
On a disk

fit? /soon cnangao ny thinking,*

7* /So 1 SOt down and thought sbme mote,
ihO /I switeboo to the sequential Erie nent(

110 /and it worked out admirably.)

DO YOU WISH TO ELE OLD EDITS?

7 Y\Y\V

FILE NOT FOUND Ilf 743

CK

mi

COPYRIGHT 1517 fit KfctJMETU B. KNECHT
FILE NAME * ( 7 LETTEEE KAK1KUK}? IAAPT
IS THIS AN OLC FILE?

7 Y

OC you wish to see the filet
7 H

DO YOU KISH TO SEC OLE EDITE7
? N

DO YOU WIEN TO EE IT?

7 Y

ENTER NUMBER OF LINES
1 11
HGH 7
? E

WHAT IE the line NlMBEF?

7 U

it. /when i aadagd t t loppy disk to my miecooofsputoi system
Id /Wien I a\d\ddeo a Floppy dick to try miefocamputer system
7 E

WHAT IS THE HUE NUHEEH?

7 2t

111 /my second oig project was to write a word processor,

2(f /ray \seconu\FiR5T big project was to write a word processor*

3 E

hllAT IS THE LINE SUM LEU?

7 2B

IC /my stconu big project w*a to write a word processor*

IC /my SsecondVf irst big project was to write a word processor*

7 A

HEW LINE HUttCEP?

7 15

NEW LINE?

EE course I didn't need, or plan to implement, ail the belli and whistle
a of this fine program.

1 c

UHA7 f£ THE LINE UUKBCR7

7 4F

49 ftt wasn't at easy as r thought it would be.lt
4(? /At that, it wasn't as easy os t thought it would be.i
7 li

1 1 HAT IS THE LINE NUMBER?

7 5U

DL YCU WANT TO SEE THE LINE?

1 N

REPLACEMENT LINE?

] t neve r i s . t
J E

WHAT IS THE LINE NUMBER?

7 6C

£B /tty first id?3 wes to uao raindon! records far easy access to caen pro
grep line

6E /My first idea wpo to use random SrecorcJeVt lies Eor easy access to e
ach pi oq tarn line
7 D

MEAT IE THE LINE NUM0EP7
1 9A

E& YuL Want tc see the line?

1 Y

9£ /So 1 aar down ano thought some more,

DEL1TEC LiNC 90
7 E

REAL TIME CLOCK
FOR S-100 BUS

* 1 MHZ CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR

* TWO INDEPENDENT INTERRUPTS

* ONE INTERRUPT USES 16 BIT COUNTER
IN 10 USEC STEPS

* OTHER INTERRUPT IS IN DECADE
STEPS FROM 100 USEC TO 10 SEC

* BOTH SOFTWARE PROGRAMMABLE

* BOARD CAN BE SELECTED BY 128 DEVICE CODE PAIRS

* COMPLETE DOCUMENTATION INCLUDES SOFTWARE
TO DISPLAY TIME OF DAY

* DOUBLE SIDED SOLDER MASK

* SILK SCREEN PARTS LAYOUT

$30. BARE $199. KIT
$229. ASSEMBLED AND TESTED

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED UNIVERSITY DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE

wmr - ™ WAMEC0,*C

rr ****- tnc . 3107 LANEVtEW DRIVE SAN JOSE CA. 95132

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 24

“Good Lord! The vote's a tie - we7/ have to cast the
deciding vote.

JANUARY 197$

INTERFACE AGE 73

16K STATIC RAM

THE WAY YOU LIKE IT

Assembled and tested $595

Guaranteed tor one full year

16K kit $525

8K kit : $295

Kit with all but 21 14 memories $88

BIANK BOARD $35

COMPARE THESE FEATURES:

• S-100 BUS COMPATABLE

• COMPLETELY STATIC WITH NO CLOCKED CHIP-SELECT OR REFRESH

• WILL RUN ON Z-80 SYSTEMS AT 4 Mhz WITH NO WAIT STATES

• WILL RUN ON ALPHA MICROSYSTEMS AM- 100 AND ON DMA SYSTEMS

• USES 2114 MEMORIES— AN INDUSTRY STANDARD

• HAS INDIVIDUALLY ADDRESSABLE 4K BLOCKS OF MEMORY

• SOFTWARE WRITE PROTECTION IN 4K BLOCKS

• PACING OR BANK SELECT FEATURE FOR MEMORY EXPANSION AND LOW
SOFTWARE OVERHEAD TIMESHARING SYSTEMS

• COMPLETELY BUFFERED ADDRESS AND DATA LINES

• SINGLE 8 VOL1 POWER SUPPLY

• HIGH QUALITY. LOW PROFILE SOCKETS FOR ALL IC'S

• SOLDER MASKED P.C. BOARD AND SCREENED PARTS PLACEMENT LEGEND
FOR EASE OF CONSTRUCTION AND DEPENDABILITY

s-100 BUS TERMINATING BOARD $25

Absorbs noise, overshoot, ringing, reflection.

S-100 EXTENDER BOARD $16

With lumpers in power supply lines tor current measurements. Low protile
so card c an remain in the machine with cover on. Wide edge connector.

PRICES SHOWN INCLUDE U S SHIPPING WE ACCEPT VISA. MASTER CHARGE.

C ASHIERS C HECK. M.O. AILOW TIME FOR PERSONAL CHECKS TO CLEAR l .O l)
ORDERS ADD $1 UTAH RESIDENTS ADD 4 W TAX

Digital Micro Systems

V.

BOX 1212, OREM, UTAH 84057
(801) 224-2102

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 16

Need Hard Copy?

TRY OUR SOFT PRICES

$425

Complete standalone 40 column impact dot matrix printer with a 64
character ASCII set Includes power supply, casework and interface
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Serial interface versions for RS232 current loop applications start at
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SEND FOR FREE LITERATURE

Box 22101

Salt Lake City, Utah 84122
(801) 364-2411

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 5

WIIAT IS THE LINE NUMBER?

? 100

100 /I switched to the sequential file next,

100 /I switched to the sequential file design next,
? F

CHECK COPY AGAIN BEFORE ANSKCFII1C 'YES' TC NEXT QUESTION.
FINISHED
? Y

VARIABLES
? N

DOUBLE SPACE
? Y

LOWER CASE
? N

JUSTIFY RIGHT
? Y

PRINT PAGE NUMB EPS
? N

TITLE ON EACH PACE
? Y

TITLE?

? Tnc Word Processor
SUBTITLE?

? knecht

(See Figure 2.)

The Word Processor
knecht

When I added a floppy disk to my microcomputer system my
first big project was to write a word processor. I got the

idea from the "RUNOFF" program on the DEC-20 system I had

used. Of course I didn't need, or plan to implement, all

the bells and whistles of this fine program. At that, it

wasn't as easy as I thought it would be.

It never is.

My first idea was to use random files for easy access to
each program line but the fixed length records and the
limit to the number of records on a disk soon changed my
thinking .

I switched to the sequential file design next, and it
worked out admirably.

Figure 2.

“I programmed my computer to do my work for me
and BAM! The rest is history.”

74 INTERFACE AGE

JANUARY 1978

LIST ' AUTHOR

SOURCE LISTING OF PROGRAM

„ : E_3 : CIM CH (10& r 1) : J=0 : ED=f) : D$=" " :B=fi j Z=[j : F5 = 0 : PRINT" CGPYR IG

HT 1977 BY KENNETH Q. KNECHT

2 INPUT "FTLE NAME, (7 LETTERS MAXIMUM) " ;A2$ : IF LCN(A2?)>7 THEN 2

3 FOR X%-1 TG 100 : POP Y% = 0 TO 1 : CH (X? , Y%) =0 : NEXT Y¥,X%

4 PRINT" IS THIS AM OLD FILE?" : INPUT A1?:IF LEFT? (Al? , 1 ) ="Y" THEN F5=l:
GOTO 2H2

5 OPEN "0“ , 1 , A2$

40 PRINT "TYPE LINE, THEN CARRIAGE RETURN.”
50 C=E+1 3

52 PRINT B ; " ”;:LINE INPUT A?

55 IF RIGHTS (A$ , 1 )="* " THEN PRINT" RE-ENTERING LIHE.":COTC 52
6G IF LEN(A$)>12B THEN FP

70 IF LEN { A $ ) =0 THEN 5 2 ELSE 8 5

EC PRINT" LINE TOO LONG. PLEASE PE-ENTEK. " : GOTO 52
85 AS*STRS < E) +" /" +A$

90 PRINT *1,A?

130 IF R I C H T S ( A? , 1 ) = " ) "THEN 230 ELSE 50
20G CLOSE 1

2G2 PRINT" DO YOU WISH TO SEE THE FILE? INPUT A1S:IF LEFTS ( A 1 ?, 1 )<> "Y "
THEN 242

210 OPEN" I" , 1 , A 2?

220 IF EOF { 1 ) THEN 242

230 LINE INPUT fll , A? : PP1NSA? : GOTO 220

240 CLOSE 1

242 PRINT" DO YOU WISH TO SEE OLD EDITS? INPUT A1?:IF LEFTS (Al? , 1 )<> "Y"
THEN 252

243 OPEN " 1" , 2 , A2$+ " E"

244 IF EOF ( 2 ) THEN 246

245 LINE INPUT #2, AS: PRINT AS: GOTO 244

246 CLOSE 2

252 PRINT "DO YOU WISH TO EDIT?"

255 INPUT Al?

26D IF LEFTS (Al? , 1 ) <>"Y" AND F5=l THEN 500

261 IF LEFT? (Al?, 1) 0"Y" AND FSOl THEN 490

262 IF F5=l THEN PRINT" ENTER NUMBER OF LINES": INPUT B1:B=B1*1G

263 PRINT" HOW?"

265 OPEN"G" ,2,A2S+"E" :ED=1
270 INPUT Al?

272 IF LEFTS (A1S, 2)="BM" THEN 5060

273 IF LEFT? (Al?, 2)=,,E.D" THEN 5130
275 IF LEFT'S (Al?, 1) = "M"THEN 325
280 IF LEFTS (Al$, 1)="R"THEN 315
285 IF LEFTS (Al$, 1)=’’S" THEN 36C
287 IF LEFT? (A1S, 1)="D"THEN 370
290 IF LEFTS (Al$, 1) =" A" THEN 335

295 IF LEFTS (Al$, 1 )="F"THEN 415

296 IF LEFTS { Al$ , 1) = " E" THEN 6000

303 PRINT" US E A (ADD A LINE), D (DELETE A LINE), E (EDIT WITHIN A LINE),

305 PRINT" N (MOVE A LINE), R (REPLACE A LINE), S (NULL LINE},"

307 PRINT" EM (CLOCK MOVE), ED (BLOCK DELETION),"

310 PRINT" OR F (FINISHED) : PRINT: GOTO 270

315 GOSUB 30B C : PRINT" REPLACEMENT LINE? " : Z=Z +1 : CH ( Z , 0 ) =C

316 LINE INPUT C$

318 IF RIGHTS (D$, 1 ) = """ THEN PRINT" RE-ENTERING LINE" :COTC 316
320 D=C: GOSUB 3100: GOTO 270

3 25 GOSUB 3 000 : PRINT" NEW LINE NUMBER?" : INPUT D : Z = Z +1 : CH { Z , 0 ) = C : CK ( 2 , 1 ) * 1
: Z = Z + 1 :CH (Z,G)-D

333 IF LEFTS (A1S, 1) <>"Y" THEN PRINT" MOVED LINE" : GOSUB 3010
332 GOSUB 3120 :GOTO 270

335 PRINT" NEW LINE NUMBER?" : INPUT D : Z =2+1 : CH ( Z , 0 ) =D
34 C PRINT" NEW JUNE?" : LINE INPUT ES:IF RIGHTS (D S . 1 ) = "" "

THEN PRINT" RE-ENTERING LINE": GOTO 348
350 GOSUB 3103 : GOTO 270

JANUARY 1978

INTERFACE AGE 75

360 PRINT" LINE NUMBER? INPUT C : 2 =Z+I : CH ( Z , 6 ) =C : CH { Z , 1 ) =3 : GOTO 270
37C GOSUB 3000:2=2 + 1 :CH ( Z r 0 ) =C : CH ( Z , 1 ) =2 : PRINT" DELETED LINE" ; C : GOTO 270
415 PRINT" CHECK COPY AGAIN BEFORE ANSWERING 'YES' TO NEXT QUESTION.”

420 PRINT" FINISHED" : INPUT Al$

43C IF LEFTS ( Al$ , 1 ) = ”Y"THEN 493 ELSE 27P

49G CLOSE 2 : OPEN 11 0" , 2 , A2$+"N" ; PRINT # 2 , E , Z , FD : FOR X¥=l TO Z : FOF. Y* = 0 TO
1:

PRINT S2,CH (X%,Y%) :NEXT Y%,X%:CLOSE 2

500 L1=0:L=0:D=0 :03 : PI =0 :T=0 : B?=" “ : P=0 : E=0 : L2=0

51G P2=l : C$ = " " :B1=0:Z6=0 :F6=0:F7=0 : P7=0 :NJ=1

515 PRINT" VARIABLES" : INPUT Al$

516 IF LEFTS (A1S, 1)="Y" THEN OPEN" I" , 4 , A2?+"D" : DT=1
520 PRINT" DOUBLE SPACE" : INPU7 Al$

53E IF LlfFT? ( A1S , 1 ) ="Y" THEN D=1 ELSE E = 3
540 CLOSE 1: OPEN" I" ,lfA2$

55C PRINT" LOWER CASE": INPUT Al$

560 IF LEFTS (Al$ , 1 ) ="Y"THEN L=1 ELSE L=0
562 PRINT" JUSTIFY RICI1T" : INPUT Al$

564 IF LEFT?(A15,I}="N" THEN NJ=0
576 PRINT" PRINT PACE NUMBERS" : INPUT A1S
580 IF LEFT? (Al? , 1 ) ="Y"THEN Pl=l ELSE P1=0
59E PRINT"TITLE ON EACH PACE":INPUT Al?

600 IF LEFT? (Al$, 1)="Y" THEM T=1 ELSE COTO 61 G
605 PRINT" TITLE?" : INPUT T?

60S PRINT" SUBTITLE?" : INPUT Tl$

610 PRINT C HR ? (12)

611 B 1=0 : IF PI=1 THEN PRINT TAE ( 39 );"("; P2 P2=P2+1 : PRINT : Ll=Ll+2

612 IF T=1 THEN PRINT TAB (8 ) ; T? : PRINT TAE (8) ;T1$ :Ll=Ll+3 : PRINT

613 OPEN" I" ,2,A2$ + "N" : INPUT if 2 , B , Z , ED: FOR X¥=l TO Z:FOR Y% = 0 TO 1:

INPUT *2,CH (X? , Y%) :NEXT Y%,X%:CLOSE 2:GOSUB 3950

645 IF B $ < > " " AND ( RIGHT? (B$ , 1 ) ="&" OR RIGHT? (B? , 1 ) = "]" ) THEN A$=B$:E$="
" :J9=LEN(A?) :COTC 830

646 IF LEN (E? ) >60 THEN A$=D$ : E?= : J9 = LEN ( A? ) : GOTO 830

647 IF ZE=Z THEN E1=B1+10

643 IF ED=0 THEM IF EOF(l) THEN 1520

653 IF ED=0 THEN LINE INPUT #lrA$:COTC 700

655 J 9 = 0 : FOR X% = 1 TO Z:IF CH(X*,0)<B1 AND CH(X%,0}<>0 THEN B2=CH(X%,0):
CH(X%,0)=O:ZO=1 : GOTO 685
666 NEXT : Z 8=0 : IF EOF(l) THEN 1520
665 LINE INPUT SI, A?

670 FOR X% = 1 TO Z : IF CH(X¥,0)=Bl THEN CH (X* , 0) =0 ; E2=B1 : GOTO 680
675 NEXT : GOTO 700

689 IF CH (X¥ , 1 ) =1 OR CH(X%,1)=2 THEN CH (X% , 0 ) =C : A$=" " :COTO 645

685 IF CH (X¥ , 1 ) =3 THEN PRINT CHR? (13) :CH (X¥ , fl) =0 :G05UB 137G:COTO 645

695 OPEN" 1" , 2,A2?+"E"

696 IF EOF ( 2 ) THEN 70S

697 LINE INPUT *2,C?:G0SUE 41GK:IF VAL(N3?)=E2 THEN A?=C$:C?=n"

698 GOTO 696

700 C?="1' :CLOSE 2:L5=0:FOR X¥, = l TO 8 ! F?=HID? ( A? , X% , 1 )

7G5 IF F$="/"THEN L5=L5+l:COTO 730
715 L5=L5+1
725 NEXT

736 A$=KIGHT$ (A$,IEN (A$)-L5) : JS=LEN (A$)

740 IF LEFT? (A$, 1)="<" THEN LINE INPUT #4, A? ELSE COTO 769
753 A?="> "+A$: J9=LEN (A?)

766 IF L=0 THEM 790

765 L2=0 : FOR X%=1 TO J9 : F?=MID? ( AS , X¥ , 1 )

776 IF L2=0 THEN IF F?=>"A" ANT FS<="Z"THEN Zl=ASC ( F$ ) +3 2 : F?=CHF? ( Z 1 ) : GO
TO 780

775 IF F$=“ THEN L2=1:G0T0 785

789 C 5=C$+F? : L2=0

785 NEXT : A$=CS :C?='M1 :J9=LEN (A?)

793 IF LEFT? (AS , 1 ) = ”> "THEN A?=RIGHT? ( AS , J9-1 ) ELSE 815
795 IF B$<> " "THEN P7=l

803 IF B?=" " THEN Ff =1 : J9=LEN (A$ ) :GOTO 835

863 IF RIGHTS (CS, I) <>"£," AND LDN(E?><61 THEN PRINT TAD ( 8 ) ; B? : B?=" " : COSUB
1370 : P7=R

805 IF RIGHT? (E$, 1 ) = " & " AND LEN(ES)>61 THEN B$=LCFT$ (G$,LEN (E?)-l ) : P7=P :

76 INTERFACE AGE

JANUARY 197S

PRINT TAB (0 ) } B? :

PA=1 : GDSUS 1370 :D$="”

607 IF P7=] THEN AS?=A $ : A$=P $ : CCTO 1030

CIO GOTO 82 0

215 IF B$<> " " THEN 805

8 2C IF E?<> " " THEN A?=B?+" "+A$ : J9 = LEK < AS ) : D$=" “

830 IF J9> 6 0 THEN 1030

S35 IF RIGHTS (A$,l ) = "£. " THEN PA = ] : A$=LEFT$ { A? , J9-1 } : F6=C : J9=LEN ( A$ ) : GOTO

1280

840 IF RIGHT? (A$, 1)="1 "THEN E=1 : A$=LEFT? (A? f J9-1 ) : F6=0 : J9=LEN ( A? ) : GOTO 1
230

845 IF F6=l THEN F6=0:GOTO 1280
850 B$=A$ : GOTO 645

1030 S=0 : FOR* X%=1 TO 60 :F$=MID? (A?,X% , 1) : IF FS = " "THEN S=S+1

1040 C$=C$+F? :NEXT : GOSUB 1290

1050 D$=" " : X=0 : S=S-1

1060 FOR X%=60 TO 30 STEP -1

1070 F$=MID$ (C$rX% r 1 ) : X=X + 1

1080 IF F?= " " THEN 1090 ELSE NEXT

1090 B$=RIGHT$ (A? , LEN (A$)-61+X) :A$=LEFT$ (C$ , LEM ( C$ ) -X )

1095 IF NJ = 0 THEN C$=A$:GOTO 1270

1100 J9 = LEN (AS ) : Q=60-J9 : S2=0 : C?= " " :TI=0

1135 IF Q<=S THEN Sl=l:GOTO 1180

1150 IF Q>S*3 THEN SI ~4 : GOTO 1186

1160 IF Q>S*2 THEN Sl=3:GOTC 11G0

1170 IF Q>S THEN Sl=2

1180 FOR X%*1 TO J9:F$=MID$ (A$,XS, 1)

1190 IF F$<>" "THEN 1260

1210 IP Sl = l AND Q-S 2=0 THEM F$=" " :GOTO 1250

1215 IF Sl=l THEN F$=" " : S2=S2+1 : GOTO 1250

1220 IF Sl=2 AND Q-S2=S-TI THEN F5=" " :S2=S 2+1 : GOTO 1250

1225 IF Sl®2 THEN F?=" " :S2=S 2+2 : GOTO 1250

1230 IF Sl = 3 AND Q-S2= (S-TI ) *2 THEN F? = " " :S 2=S 2+2 : GOTO 1250

1235 IF Sl=3 THEN F$=" " : S2=S 2+3 :GOTO 1250

1240 IF Sl=4 AND Q-S 2= (S-TI ) *3 THEN F$ = " " : S2=S 2 + 3 2 GOTO 1250

1245 IF Sl=4 THEN F?=" M2S2=S2+4

1250 TI=TI+1

1260 C?=C?+F?2NEXT

1270 A$=C$ : CS = " "

1280 PRINT TAB ( 8 ) ; A? : D?=" " :C$=" " : GOSUB 1370: IF P7=l THEN P7=f) ; A$=A9$ :
AgS^"" :GOTC 803
1285 GOTO 645
1290 F$=MID$ (A?, 61, 1)

1295 IF F? = “ & " THEN PA = 1 : A$=LEFT$ {AS , J9-1 ) 2 GOTOl 280
1320 IF F$=" ] "THEN E = 1 : A?=LEFT$ (A? , J9- 1 ) 2 GOTO 1280
1330 RETURN

1370 IF PA=1 AND D=1 THEN 1440
1380 IF PA=1 AND D=0 THEN 1450
1390 IF D=1 THEN 1455
1400 IF E=1 THEN 1520
1405 L1=L1+1

1410 IF Pl=l THEN IF Ll>58 THEN 1460

1420 IF T=1 THEN IF Ll>58 THEN 1470 ELSE 1490
] 4 30 IF Ll>58 THEN PRINT CHR? (1 2) : L1=0 :GOTO 1490
1435 RETURN

1440 PRINT: PRINT: PRINT: Ll=Ll+3 : PA=0 :HS="" :GOTO14O0
14 5G PRINT:L1=L1+1:PA=0 :!!$ = " " :COTO1400
1455 PRINT : L1=L1+1 : GOTO1400

1460 PRINT CHR$ (12) : Ll-0 : GOSUB 5000:GOTO 1490
1470 PRINT CHR? (12) :L1=0 :GOSUB 5010:GOTO 1490
1480 IF Ll>58 THEN PRINTCHR? (12) : L1=0
1490 RETURN

1520 E=0 : PRINTCHR? (12)

1525 IF DT=1 THEN IF EOF (4) THEN 1530

1527 IF DT=1 THEN CLOSE 1 : L1=0 :OPEN“ I" , 1 , A2$ : GOTO 611

1530 INPUT" ANOTHER COPY";Al$:IF LEFT? (Al? , 1 ) ="Y "THEN 500 ELSE END

3000 ED = 1 : PRINT"V5HAT IS THE LINE NUMBER?" : INPUT C:PRINT"DO YOU WANT TO S

JANUARY 197S

INTERFACE AGE 77

EE THE LINE?" : INPUT A1?:IF LEFT$ ( A 1$ , 1 ) < > "Y " THEN 3040
3010 CLOSE 1 : OPEN" I " , 1 , A 2$

3020 FOR X% = 10 TC B STEP 10: LING INPUT# 1 , C ?: GOSUB 4100
3022 IF VAL (N 3$ ) = C THEN 3030
3025 NEXT
3030 PRINTC?

3040 RETURN

3100 ED«1:E$*STR$ (D)+" /"+D$ : D$=" " :C$= " "

3110 PRINT ff2,E$:Z**Z + l:E$="" : D=0 : C=0 : RETURN

3120 K1$=C$ : GOSL'E 4000 i C$=RIGHTS (K 1 $ , LEN (K1 $ ) -L5) : E$=STR$ (D) +" /"+C?:C$=

» M

3 ] 3 PRINT #2 , E$ : E?="" :C=3:D=0 : RETURN

39 50 FOR Z %=1 TO Z-l

3555 FOR Y%=1 TO Z-Zt

3960 IF CH (Y%,0) <CH (Y% + 1 , 0} THEN 3975

3962 IF CH (Y% , 0) =CH (Y%+1 , 0) AMD CH(Y%,0)<>0 THEN C H ( Y % , 0 ) =0 : CH ( Y % , 1 } =0 : G
OTO 3950

3965 SWAP CH(Y%,0> ,CH(Y%+1,0)

3966 SWAP CH (Y%, 1) ,CH (Y%+1 , 1 >

3975 NEXT Y%

3976 NEXT Z%

3985 RETURN

4030 L5=0 : FOR Y%=1 TO 8
4005 F$=MID5 ( K 1 5 , Y% , 1 )

4010 IF F$= 11 /" THEN L5=L5+l:GOTO 4035
4015 L5=L5+1
4030 NEXT
4035 RETURN

4100 N3$=" " : FOR Y%=1 TO 10

4110 IF MID$ (C$(Y%,1)=>"0" AND MID$ (C$ , Y% , 1 ) <="9 " THEN N3$=N 3$+M IDS (C$ , Y
%,1) : GOTO 4140

4120 IF MID$ (C$ , Y%, 1)=CHR$ (32) THEN 4140
4130 RETURN
4140 NEXT : RETURN

5000 IF Pl=l THEN PRINT TAB ( 39 P2 L1=L1+1 : P2=P2+1

5010 IP T=1 THEN PRINT TAB ( 8 ) ; T$ : L1=L1 + 1

5020 IF T1 $ <> " " THEN PRINT TAB ( 8 ) ; T 1 $ : LI =L 1+1

5030 IF D=0 THEN PRINT: Ll=Ll4l

5040 IF D=1 THEN PRINT : PRINT : Ll=Ll+2

5050 RETURN

5060 PRINT" FIRST LINE?" : INPUT C1:ED=1
5070 PRINT" LAST LINE? INPUT C2

5080 PRINT" FIRST NEW LINE? (BETWEEN ALREADY USED LINES) ": INPUT DL : DL=DL-
1

5090 FOR X%=C1 TO C2 STEP 10

5100 DL=DL+1 : I F DL/1 0 =INT (DL/1 0 } THEN PRINT"HOVE ABORTED DUE TO LACK OF

ROOK TO RECEIVE LINE AT" ; DL ; " MOVE HALTED AT LINE" ; XI : GOTO 270

5110 Z=Z+1 :CH ( Z , 0 ) =X% : CH ( Z , 1 ) = 1 : Z = Z+1 : CH ( Z , 0 ) =DL

5115 PRINT" MOVED LINE D=DL: C=X% : GOSUB 3010:COSUB 3120

5120 NEXT : PRINT" COMPLETED HOVE" : GOTO 270

5130 PRINT" FIRST LINE?":INPUT Cl : ED=1

5140 PRINT" LAST LINE?”:INPUT C2

5150 FOR X%=C1 TO C2 STEP 10

5160 Z = Z + 1 :CH ( Z , 0 } =X% : CH (Z, 1) = 2: PRINT" DELETED LINE";X%

5170 NEXT: PRINT" COMPLETED DELETIONS" :COTO 270

6000 ED=1 : PRINT"WHAT IS THE LINE NUMBER?" : INPUT C ; D=C : Z=Z+1 : CH ( Z , 0 ) =C :
GOSUB 3010 : Z 4 = LEN <C?) :LE=1 :D$ = "" :Z1$=""

6310 GOSUB 6500

6020 IF Z$=" "THEN 6130

6030 IF Z $=> " 1 "AND Z $ <= " 9 "TH EN 6150

6040 TF Z$="C" OR Z?="c" THEN 6170
6050 IF Z $ = "D" OR Z $ = "d" THEN 6180
6060 IF 7S = "r," OR z $ = " 1 " THEN 6230

78 INTERFACE AGE

JANUARY 1978

6070 IF Z $ = " Q " OR Z$="q"THEN 6260
6080 IF Z$ = "I" OR Z$=l'i" THEN 6270
6096 IF 2$="X" OR Z$="x" THEN 6290

6100 IF 2$ = " H" OR Z S="h" THEN 6320
6110 IF Z $=CHR$ (13 ) THEN 6330
6120 PRINT CHR$ ( 7 ) : : GOTO 6010

6130 IF LE>Z 4 THEN 6120

6140 PRINT HID${C$fLE,l) ; :D$=D$+MID$ (C§ , LE , 1 ) : LE=LE+1 : GGTO 6010

6150 IP Zl$<> "" THEN Zl$=Zl$ + Z$ ELSE Z1$=Z$

6160 GOTO 6010

6170 IF Zl$=" 11 THEN 6174

6171 FOR Z 2%=LE TO LE+VAL ( Z 1 $ ) -1

6172 CCSUB 6500 : PRINT Z$;:D$=D$+Z$

6173 NEXT : LE=Z 2% : Z 1$= "" :GOTO 6010

6174 GOSUB 6500 : PRINT 2 $ ; : LE=LE+1 : D$=D$+Z $ :GCTC 6910
6180 IF Z 1$= "" THEN 6220

6190 PRINT"\" j : FOR Z2%*LE TO LE+VAL { 21$ )- 1
6200 PRINT MID$ (C$,Z2%, 1) ; :NEXT

6210 PRINT" V ; : LE = Z 2% : Zl$ = “" :GOTO 6010

6220 PRINT" \"; : PRINT M ID S (C$ , LE, 1 ) j : PRINT" \" LE=LE+1 : GOTO 6010
6230 FOR Z 2%=LE TO Z4

6240 PRINT MIDS (C$, Z2%,1) ; :D$=D$+NID$ (C$,Z2%, 1)

6240 PRINT MID$ <CS, Z2%, 1) ; :D$=DS+NID$ (C$,Z2%, 1)

6250 NEXT :C$=D$ : P$=" " : PRINT : Z4=LEN (C$) : LE=1 :GOTC 6010

6260 PRINT : D$=" GOTO 270

6270 GOSUB 6500

6272 IF 2$=CHP.$ (127) THEN 6370

6274 IF Z$=CHR$ ( 27 ) THEN 6910

6275 IF Z$=CHR$ (13)THEN 6330
6280 PRINT Z$; : D$=D$+Z $ : GOTO 6270
6290 FOR Z 2%=LE TO Z4

6300 PRINT MID$ (C$, Z2%, 1) ; :C$=D$+MID$ (C$, Z 2% , 1 )

6310 NEXT : LE=Z 4 :GOTC 6270

6323 Z 4=LE : GOTO 6270

6330 IF LE = >Z 4 THEN PRINT CKR$ ( 13 ) : C$=D$+CHR$ (1 3 ) s C$=D$ : GOSUB 2120:COTC
270

6340 FOF Z 2%=LE TO Z4

6350 PRINT KID$ <C$,Z2%,1) ; : D$=D$+NID$ (C$ , Z2% , 1 )

6360 NEXT : PRINT CHR$ (1 3 ) : D$=D$+CHR$ ( 1 3 ) : C$=D$ : GOSUB 3120:GOTO 270
6 370 PRINT" V;

€380 PRINT MID$ (D$ , LEN (D$) ,1) ; :D$=LEFT$ (D$,LEN (D$)-l)

6390 GOSUB 6500 : IF Z$=CHR$ ( 127 ) THEN 63C0
6400 PRINT" \" j : GOTO €274
6500 WAIT 0,&O1,&O1

6 510 Z 2=INP (1 ) AND&C177 : Z?=CiiR$ (22) : RETURN
OK

JANUARY 1978

INTERFACE AGE 79

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to«£Mrri‘5 COMKriUltiM

X

NAME AND UXEIU O* LMnGPfir

CThpi ■NSyajMCl

X

W t« FT MlteCUt UkE (efilUJM*;

kh&ilf nutp fajitf uahuit

iUHTiSffirtU Of ROFOHWU tfXTt NJUCfM HI* WDII

AOGHNf

NJUU AND AMWH OF AUTDMWU KW*

ITATOMINT Of If RVKES

S

07/11/97

EH

INITIAL CARE - INTERMEDIATE
90215

drier examination

90240

ERYSIP0LAS

I HUWE am& Qf HfmCMH fM SlfHIt {ll.iLhi. nJ Ertri, 6*,, 4m*. ti* *±4.)

REFERRED DY DR S SMITH ME AND REPORT SENT

ANTHONY COCKER
222 MILWAUKEE* SUITE 102
PEN PER* COLORADO B0204

13. UBHATlftf Of PrfnK ■ AH Di HjHufr

C*rttficot*oii Ww Skb)

(SfibjKl "o

•ZZZ12Z

nunArt «.
322-4555

Vlf.

7/15/77

"5

□ » Dm

£5 * 00

77*00

HEALTH INSURANCE CLAIM — GROUP OR INOJVIPUAL
PART A

TO BE COMPLETED BY PATIENT (INSURED*
Spread tot Typ+wriiWf — fJtf* I to r Tabulator Appatt on Sf\! 1 Uf>*

55 S +

MAIN

pat i ** ■!!"«

BAKER tLI dry

AURORA

f CO

03/19/ fi5

BAKER f ROBERT K .

»WT H^UifeB

■ h-BUSlO- i B.OC1AL ptCUAIfT NUHUI

FT *H*yp IM.-UHAkCt HA Ui OJ Ml Li t ■ kCLLH n It A tm-plgflf, [Mfp tf Au*iJrilWI If’rt-.'frJl **«■ Ml

“'N4TJ

I FAT KHPin T9 I

MJTmubTKH TO REllUt l»ftiO±U0IH.

Hfllflh If IriHW
■ ain.FU-l-.^l tt tlri jLffrtli.

ATTENDING PHYSICIAN S STATEMENT

I, J1IACNQBIS «Hp CDHCUnnCKr CflH EM TIOHB
i IF DPAO-lfPPII COK OTHEIT THAN ICDA* Uifl>. *E41

5510 MEASLES

* ■■ CBNfi-rtlfiH DUE Tfl INJURY DPI E I C KM ( □ S API* I Hfl- PUT DP MTlttfTl *Npl,U YMENTi PP1 CON ANC.YT

V. □ ™ □ *» □ PD □

», BTPQBT OP BEBVICM HU ATTA*f| JTfNprae hm

H fUPU|TT*0 TD Frilf

MUDWIJTICfl OK jMPPmCJ.4 *+ MtpMEAl. timet* OFT- ^ N

07/05/7 7 0

BRIEF EXAMINATION

15,00

lO—Ooetor** Offlcfl IH— (npEdPrt HrtpKal NK— Hunfng HOim

H— PbHbuTb Mom* OH--Cnnp.Ucm Hospital Ol—COwf Locn Ilona

•ICO*, — Int* rn«Qofl*i CltuJ HuUoa al DIhum
“CPT— CupnWTl PfooaOifrtJ Tunnlfflaagy (fvmnl Bflton)

4 «Tt ITVnOHf P44IT APriAIUDJJH KCIDCNT

9. PATIENT tW fit HAD BAMC On B1HILAPI COHDITIONI

T.f C ri9 p * *«*' *"« «Pf W»U

I. FATIIHT Y/Al CD N T I h-ODOm-T T9TAL1.Y bliADLED

m lPr CF'IU. 01**91. BO. pate PATIENT *MO-Jlb BE AiH TO BETuAH

H B

-lazm. "MIS HftCKE&ftL-

TBLJaP-HDHR

-JS22-4556

TOTAL GHAA*E. P*

AnnyrtT fUS

6 ALAh.Li eiTK |F * 5 ■ 00

10,00

■ ■ BATE PATIENT pipiT coNnyLTSB YOU FOB TH1E COMDI ri o N

?. PATIENT ETILE. UNQtfc TOUH CAB* rtW ThTIE CDNOITIOri!
T“ □ hS □

9, PATIENT VfAl PAnTlAvWt pilAILID

. PATIENT WAI HDU4( CSMPINIC,

ta, i do hot accift AitPMHUiT. Q

■NEIVIPUMi PPIACTITPONEB I‘IU

ALt, DfiHinn-EMPLOTEB 1 .0.0 F

~r~r

All H |fr UIISII iUlhOB,T# DP LAN

-222,MLUaUKEE i SU LIE. 102_

DENOERf COLORADO BO20A

Fw Kwat Aoprt1 Um- Q*V

?l • • T*t fr^-1

TOJM

CltAKW

OH

G. C

Ili_

Figures la and ib. INSURANCE FORMS
This is one of the Insurance forms pro-
duced by the INSURance Program, This
program keeps track of, and outputs all
the demographic and service information
for, an insurance-type patient such as
name, address, employee ID number, doc-
tor assigned to the case, doctor's degree
and physician code, referring physician,
diagnosis, procedure description, place of
service, charges, etc. This program is
made up of several subroutines, enabling
easy modification for different forms.

82 INTERFACE AGE

JANUARY 1978

An overview of the main programs which a user nor-
mally confronts are:

CODE Add, change, delete, list program for all codes

EDIT General add, change, delete, list program for

all account data

UPDATE Links transaction data; accumulates month-
to-date and year-to-date figures; sorts ac-
counts alphabeticaly. by zip code, or by pay-
ment type; ages accounts; clears files at end
of month or end of year; closes accounts to
balance forward

YTD Creates a year-to-date copy of all account
transactions, to be used for analytical pur-
poses

DAILY Lists all new accounts, new cases, and new
transactions following the last run of UP-
DATE. Also gives the physician a payment
type analysis.

LEDGER Generate all or partial account data for one
or all accounts

ACCT# Lists all accounts, giving the account num-
ber and name

NUMBER Finds the account number for a given name
QUERY Generates a user-defined report, selecting
specific data and listing specific data
TOTAL Generates total numbers and amounts for
user-selected accounts

LABEL Generates mailing labels for selected ac-
counts

AGING Gives the aging analysis by payment type
SERVICE Gives the service analysis by physician and
transaction code

COLLEC Gives the collection analysis for each month
and year-to-date

DELINQ Gives a report of all delinquent accounts
BILLS Generates statements for all appropriate ac-
counts

INSUR Generates insurance forms for a given pay-
ment type

INPUT PROGRAMS

Of the above programs, data entry is accomplished
through EDIT and CODE. The remaining programs pro-
duce output or are utility functions.

EDIT and CODE execute as follows:

1. The computer requests a response to the item
prompt.

2. If the user enters a valid response, the computer
will proceed to the next prompt.

*i rjLtin ICA L CDNSU l* A N 1
*54$ b IT F H AVE SUrTteSn

OFWifT. CO LAN ADD fiOKfl

STATEMENT

5/1/77

4R21B

HAROLD 5 JENNJS0N
BOX 5A

REALYp KS 47850

03/30/77
03/31/77
04/01/77
04/02/7?
O 4 Z03/77
04/04/7?
04/05/77
04/04/77
04/07/77
04/08/77
04 /OV/77

HQSF' ADMISSION TRTHT
H0SF

ADMISSION TRTflT 4
HOSP A MU I SRI ON TRTMT 1
HDSP ADMISSION TRTMT A
HOSP ADMISSION TRTMT 1
HOSP ADMISSION TRTHT I
HOSP ADMISSION TRTHT I
HOSP ADMISSION TRTHT I
HOSP ADMISSION TRTHT S
HCSF ADMISSION TRTHT S
HOSP ADMISSION TRTHT 1
HOSF ADMISSION TRTHT 1

CONTfNUEM

ADDITIONAL STATEMENT

N£uflfli.UG'£AtCdNatj|tANT5 A* C

Figure 2 , STATEMENTS

Typical bill or statement produced by BILLS Program.
This is usually a multi-part form providing a top sheet for
internal use, an envelope for mailing to the patient and a
pre printed return envelope allowing the patient to mail
in his check with the minimum of effort.

3. If the user enters an invalid response, the computer
will inform the user of the mistake and request the
item again,

4. If the user enters a carriage return to the prompt,
the computer will return to the previous item prompt,
if there was no previous item, the program wilt be
terminated (The computer returns to '‘PROGRAM?”).

A data entry program will normally request the follow-
ing information:

1- The name of the file that is to be changed.

2. The option, i.e., that which is to be done to the file.
The possibilities are as follows:

ADD: New information is to be entered to the
file. For every piece of information (called an attri-
bute), there will be a default value, which wilt be
entered into the file if the user simply hits the
return key in response to the attribute prompt. It is
possible that some attributes absolutely require
user input, in which case a default value is not
allowed,

CHANGE: Data previously entered is to be
changed. The program will always print out the
current value of the attribute and then request the

CHARGES * litUkr-lKTB MEl'QHT PAGE I

Mil I&t 10 7/

NO

iJATH

FFfl" NAME

CAbU iJA \

1 THE

UR

UlAG

TRAN

CHARGE

RECEIPT

EUR RAL

t

07/01/77

3 0014

AMFStANDREW

1 AR

i

3

3210

[2,5

12.00

0.00

40,00

2

07/0//77

loom

NC UH ANN fS I L 0 JA

1 3N

a

2

36 LO

70170

50.00

0.00

70.60

3

0//0//77

10041

PA r TER50N t PAT ft I C I A

1 JF-

JL

2

34 10

70230

244,00

O.0O

30,00

6

07/10/77

10014

AMES . ANDREW

1 A A

t

3

S210

i

0 . OO

20.00

40,00

7

07/10/77

1O014

AMES f ANDREW

1 Aft

1

3

45210

70170

30.00

0,00

40,00

9

07/10/77

1OO0I

ANDERSON p SAMUEL

1 5ft

2

2

i to

70030

10,00

0,00

0,00

U

07/10/77

10008

BACON. FRANK

1 ED

3

3

3310

700*0

25,00

0,00

49,00

Figure 3. CHARGES AND RECEIPTS

Shows in entry order, the date of service, patient treated (PAT), the party financially responsible (FRP) and (heir
assigned account number case number, payment type (type 2 is Cash, type 3 is Slue Cross, etc.), who provided the
treatment (DR), the doctor's diagnosis, the type ot Treatment provided (TRAN), the amount to be billed (CHARGE),
amount paid (RECEIPT), and the current balance of the total account.

JANUARY 1978

INTERFACE AGE S3

NEU ACCOUNTS

JUL 15. 1977

NO

ACCOUNT

NAME

ADDRESS

TELEPHONE

ACCT CTRL

TYPE

37

10070

pi GUY (DORIS £

5*7 S. HAMPSHIRE HOAD
NORTHGLENN t CO 00033

303 422-45U

0

*

40

10071

TREMOR, DANIEL U

245 MILWAUKEE
DENVER, CO EI0206

303 321-6690

0

3

Figure 4. NEW ACCOUNTS

Lists ell new accounts that were entered into the system since UPDATE program was last run. Here the account
number, name, address and phone number of the financially responsible party (F HP) is printed together with an ac*
count control code and payment type code applied to this account. The control code allows such action as “DO
NOT BimM “HOLD BILL FOR PICK UP AT OFFICE/' etc. Payment type is tire method by which the FRP agrees to
pay. i.e., cash, contract, insurance, etc.

NEW CASES
JUL 15, 1977

NO

ACCT t

FRP NAME

CASE 4

PAT

TYPE

DR

in au

HOLD

0

10001

AN PERSON i SAMUEL

i

SA

2

2

no

N

30

10070

DIGBYt DORIS E

t

5 LI

*

3

5210

N

41

10071

TREMOR t DANIEL U

1

DT

3

2

3410

N

Figure 5, NEW CASES

Lists all new cases which were set up since UPDATE was last run (a case is a file of transactions which have all of
the following things in common: doctor, patient, payment type, and diagnosis). HOLD (yes or no) operates as a flag
to the I NSU Fiance program so that all cases which are tagged with Y (yes) are NOT printed on insurance forms.

DOCTOR

DOCTORS'

DAY

CHARGES r RECEIPTS/ ADJ REPORT
JUL ISr 1977

MONTH

f

YEAR

CHARGES

RECEIPTS 7 NET ADJ

CHARGES

RECEIPTS/NET ADJ

CHARGES

RECEIPTS/NET ADJ

1

13* . 00

168.00

695 , 00

-392.70

695.00

-392.70

2

SIS. 00

0,00

664.00

-360.60

664.00

-360*60

3

234.50

S00 ■ 00

530.50

-1275.45

530*50

-1275.45

TOTALS

909.50

968 . 00

1897,50

-2028.75

1S97.50

-2028,75

Figure 6. DOCTORS' CHARGES, RECEiPTSJADJ REPORT

Breaks down, by doctor, the charges and receipts transacted since UPDATE was rum This is a revealing report since
it shows vividly which doctors in the organization are generating income for the group.

METHOD OF PAYMENT REPORT

JUL 15 »

1977

TYPE

DAY

MONTH

YEAR

CHARGES

RECEIPTS/NET ADJ

CHARGES

RECEIPT S/NET ADJ

CHARGES

RECEIPTS/NET ADJ

1

142.50

130,00

269 . 50

14,22

269-50

14.22

2

07.00

750.00

253.00

-1185,00

253.00

-1185,00

3

40.00

13.00

163.00

-177,00

163. 00

-177,00

4

59.00

75,00

179.00

-559 , 37

179,00

-559,37

5

409.00

0.00

601,00

-100,60

601 ,00

-108,60

6

172.00

0,00

4 32 . 00

-13,00

432.00

-13.00

OTALS

909*50

960.00

1897.50

-2028.75

1097.50

-2028.75

Figure 7, METHOD OF PAYMENT REPORT

Takes the same data as in 4 and sorts it by payment type; e.g., shows which portions of their income are coming
from cash and which from insurance companies.

84 INTERFACE AGE

JANUARY 1978

TYPE

ACCT I

NAME

LAST RAYMT

ACCOUNTS RECEIUADLE
JUL 15. 1977
LAST PAY PAY YTD

AGING

BALANCE

CURRENT

30 DAY

60 DAY 90

DAY

120/0UER

1

10014

AMES » ANDREW

07/10/77

20.00

20 . 00

58.00

58,00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

l

10001

ANDERSON, SAMUEL

/ /

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

%

10050

DRAKE t TERRENCE C

07/12/77

100.00

100.00

66.33

66.33

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

1

10040

GADSBYtMARY j

/ /

0.00

0.00

0.00

0,00

0.00

0.00

0,00

0.00

1

10017

HADE RST ON » KATHERINE L

07/12/77

10,00

10.00

18.45

18.45

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

1

10007

L INST ROM. LINDA

/ /

0.00

0,00

65.00

65.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

1

10011

OPPENHE I MER t SAM

/ /

0.00

0.00

25.00

25.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

1

10005

RIDDLE JR. » JAMES S.

/ /

0.00

0.00

10.00

10.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

SUBTOTAL 130,00 242.70 242.78 0.00 0.00

100.0% 100.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Figure 8. ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE AGING

This output report from the AGING program lists by type of payment (1 is Cash, 5 is Medicare, etc.) the status of
each account, showing such things as when and how much was last paid, total paid year-to-date (YTD), the balance
of the account, and whether that balance is current or past due 30, 60, 90 or 120 days. Report 7 shows accounts
which have been sorted for a different payment type than report 6.

0.00

0.0%

0.00

0.0%

corrected value. The user should type either in this
value or just hit the return key if no change is to be
made after all. Some attributes may not be changed
if their current value affects other files.

DELETE: Data previously entered is to be de-
leted from the file. As in the change restriction,
some file records may not be deleted if other files
depend on the contents of this record.

LIST: Lists all attribute values in a record. This
may be used to determine what is in the record.

3. The record. A record may be requested either by
entering the record identification number if one
exists, or by the computer scanning the current
records in the file and asking the user if each
record is the desired one. In the latter case, the
user must respond with a “YM (YES) or “N1’ (NO).
The default value (carriage return) is assumed to
be “N.“

4. The attributes. For each record, there will be one
or more attributes that are to be edited.

CODE

This program is used to add, change, or list all codes.
Codes must be assigned to various attributes pertaining
to account data. These codes are initially entered in this
program to inform the computer exactly what the valid
codes are. Descriptions and other information may be
requested to be used in output reports. In the account
entry program (EDIT) the user must use these codes to
specify the correct attribute value.

The following codes are typically required: transac-
tion category codes, transaction codes (service, pay-
ment, and adjustment), diagnostic codes, doctor codes,
payment type codes, special message codes, and mass
message codes.

Codes may not be deleted because they are in con-
stant use by the accounts. If a code becomes obsolete,
either the description may be changed or the code may
be ignored altogether.

EDIT

This data entry program will be used to enter, change,
delete, and list all data pertaining to an account. This in-
cludes financially responsible party, payment type, pa-
tient, case, service, payment and adjustment information.

'Financially Responsible Party’ (FRP) is the name of the
file containing all the information concerning the princi-
pal of the account; ‘Payment type’ (T) is a file containing
the type of payment an FRP normally makes, i.e., cash,
Blue Cross/Blue Shield, Medicare, etc. ‘Patient’ (P) is a
file containing basic information about a patient, primar-
ily used for insurance forms. ‘Case’ (C) is a file contain-
ing transactions which have all of the following attributes
in common: same patient, same FRP, same diagnosis,
and same physician. (This allows a separate insurance
form to be printed for each separate case.) ‘Service’ (S)
is a file containing the service rendered, the amount
charged, the place of service, and the date. 'Payment/
Adjustment’ (A) is a file which holds all received payments

plus records any charge adjustments for each account.

OUTPUT PROGRAMS

After the data entry programs are used to enter all the
pertinent information into the files, the user may call for
a DAILY report summarizing new accounts, cases, or
transactions entered, plus reports concerning charges/
receipts by doctor or by payment type (insurance, cash,
etc.). Insurance claims may be prepared at this time
also. We recommend that a copy be made of the daily
discs for back-up purposes; then the UPDATE program
should be run. UPDATE takes the temporary daily file in-
formation and enters this into the permanent files, cal-
culates monthly and year-to-date quantities, and sorts
the files alphabetically and/or by payment type. Once
this is accomplished the user may obtain any of the
many management reports which utilize this up-to-date
information, such as: Aging Analysis, Collections Analy-
sis, Delinquency Report, Service Analysis, ledger
reports, TOTAL or QUERY. At the end of the accounting
period all patient statements (bills) may be prepared. An
option in the UPDATE program allows all accounts to be
sorted by zip code if desired, facilitating bulk mailing.
Finally, an archival copy of the current month-end data
is transferred to the year-to-date discs, providing long-
term record retention.

In addition to standard preformatted output reports,
we provide a powerful data base sorter and report
generator named QUERY. This program allows the user
to define his own selection criteria in a logical manner
and, furthermore, lets him format his output report to
his choosing. With this program the overall package
may be customized by the user himself with very simple
and straightforward procedures. If the user finds
himself selecting the same information through QUERY,
over and over again, the TEMPOS Operating System pro-
vides a simple method of letting him enter the input
selection criteria and output formatting instructions in-
to a 'Command Macro’. Once this Macro is named and
saved, it may be reused at will by simply calling it. After
entering the QUERY program with this technique, we
allow the user actually to program the system without
ever having to learn anything about computer program-
ming. This ensures that the system will grow as the
user’s business environment and needs grow, and
allows the user to derive the maximum benefits of an
electronic data base.

In conclusion, I trust that I have supplied sufficient in-
formation to demonstrate that a microprocessor does
indeed provide a low-cost, simple, yet powerful, solution
to the ever present accounting problems faced by all
small professional organizations. I hope it is now ob-
vious that with this new tool, it is possible today for a
small businessman to gain immediate access to the
same accounting information as the “Big-Boy”, and
with this new tool, many controls and much planning,
the small businessman may even grow to be a “Big-
Boy.” At least he will have available to him all the tools
necessary to effect this growth.

JANUARY 1978

INTERFACE AGE 85

INTERFACE AGE

BACK ISSUES

Available in Limited Quantities

Vol. 1, Issue 5, APRIL, 1976

Introduction to Microprocessor Technology; Rubble Memories Are Coming; Calculatin' Engines; Teleprinter Maintenance; Ail am Alterations.

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War of the Microprocessors; Simplify Your Digital Design; No Such Thing as dheap Timesharing?; The 1MSAI 6080; Polymorphic Systems

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Color Graphics; A Beginning; A New Pony-The Allair 88Q0B; BASIC-An Easy Programming Language; Biorhythms in Praclice

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National's New Portable Terminal; SA-400 Mini floppy; CSC— Experimenter 300/600; Software Power for Your 6BOO; ESP 1 Software Package

Vol. 1, Issue 12, NOVEMBER, 1976

Build a Simple A to D; Super Chip FD1 771; RCA ASCII Keyboard Modifications; Protecting Stored Programs; New Product Guide; SWT PC 6800 RO BIT-1

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A CRT Terminal Using the M6BOO Chip Family; AMI's EVK Series Microcomputer; Build a 3 Digit A/D; Microcomputer Design Aides; Cromemco Bytesaver M

Vol. 2, Issue 3, FEBRUARY, 1977

8080 Octal Monitor Program; Legion; An Experiment In Artificial Intelligence; Microcomputer Stock Options; Building a 12-Bit A to D Converter

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Menace of the Micro World; New Product Guide; The Qube; Card ol the Mo nth “Cromemco TV. Dazzler™; Z-80 MITS 12K Extended BASIC Patches.

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Vol. 2, Issue 6, MAY, 1977

Compel ran 2000; The Floppy- ROM™ Experiment; Robert Ulterwyk's 4K BASIC Interpreter Program; Help Your Computer Understand Your Voice

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Diablo Output Driver Routine; Some Further Notes on Robert Uiterwyk's Floppy ROM 4K BASIC; Microcomputerized Combination Lock; PlA Test-IOTST

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Vol. 2, Issue 10, SEPTEMBER, 1977

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INTERFACE AGE Magazine Dept. Bl - P.O. Box 1234, Cerritos, CA 90701

10*77

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..

86 INTERFACE AGE

JANUARY 1978

COLLECTION ANALYSIS
-JUL 15 t 1977

MO ACCNTS RECEIVABLE VALUE NO OF STATEMENT CURRENT MONTH CURRENT PAYMENTS BY ACCOUNT AGE

TOTAL DEL NON T X

NO DELQ

X

CHARGES

PAYMENTS

%

NET AD J

CURRENT

30 PAYS

40 PAYS

90 DAYS

120/QVER

7

3449,75 0,00 0.02

0 0

O.0Z

1441.00

978 ■ 00

59,52

2984.75

978,00

0.00

0,00

0.00

0.00

100,02

0.02

0,02

0.02

0.02

YEAR

TD DATE TOTALS

0 0

0*02

1M1 , 00

978,00

59,52

2904 . 75

978,00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0,00

100.02

0 . 02

0.0X

0.02

0.02

Figure S. COLLECTION ANALYSIS

This report identifies how welt the organization collects its Receivables. It shows the total outstanding receivables
due, Ihe amount number and percent of total which is delinquent, number of statements sent this month, the
charges generated this month, the payments received, and ihe percentage these payments represent of the
charges, plus the net adjustments applied to the receivable this month. Also, the status of the collected monies is
shown, i.e,s current or 30, 60, 90, or 120 days old. Yeaptodate percentages and amounts are totaled at the bottom of
the report.

DELINQUENCY REPORT

JUL iSf 1977

TYPE

ACCTf

NAME £ ADDRESS

telephone

BALANCE

DELINQUENT

LAST PAYMT

LAST PAY t

comments

1

10050

DRAKE » TERRENCE C
777 5. MAPLE AVE.
DENVER* CD 80010

303 333-4467

91 ,33

25 . 00

07/12/77

100,00

1

10007

LINSTROMi LINDA
7222 N. DR Q A DMA Y
DENVER r CO 80020

303 323-4433

115,00

SO, 00

00/00/00

0,00

Figure 10. DELINQUENCY REPORT

This report lists all accounts by payment type which are determined to be delinquent. All the Information enabling
the coflection function to be performed Is provided, including phone number, when they last paid on the account,
and the amount due.

ANALYSIS OF SERVICES ! TOTALS
JUL IS. 1977

SVC DP DESCRIPTION CURRENT MONTH TRANSACTIONS YEAR-TO-DATE TRAN SAC! I DNS

NUMBER

2 TTLI

AVE AMT

TOTAL AMT

% rTLt

NUMBER

X TIL!

AVE AMT TOTAL AMT

X ttl*

OFFICE VISITS

90030

MINIMAL SERVICE

4

14.28

22,00

08 , 00

12.07

4

14,28

22,00

88.00

12,07

90040

BRIEF EXAMINATION

11

39.28

15,00

165 . 00

22.63

11

39,28

15.00

165,00

22.63

90050

LIMITED EXAMINATION

3

10.71

30.00

90.00

12.34

3

10,71

30.00

90.00

12.34

90060

INTERMEDIATE EXAMINATION

6

21.42

33,16

199.00

27.29

&

21.42

33.16

199.00

27,29

90070

EXTENDED RE-EXAMINATION

2

7.14

20.50

57.00

7.81

2

7,14

28 , 50

57.00

7,81

90090

COMPREHENSIVE RE-EXAM

2

7.14

65.00

130.00

17,83

2

7,14

65.00

130.00

17.83

total

28

100.00

26.03

729 . 00

100.00

20

100,00

26 - 03

729 , 00

1O0.0O

HQME VISITS

90130

MINIMAL SERVICE

1

12.50

56.00

56 . 00

16,51

1

12.50

56.00

56.00

14.51

90140

BRIEF EXAMINATION

1

12,50

25,00

25,00

7,37

1

12.50

25,00

25,00

7,37

90150

LIMITED EXAMINATION

2

23,00

40,00

80,00

23.59

2

25.00

40,00

80.00

23.59

90160

INTERMEDIATE EXAMINATION

1

12.50

48,00

48.00

14,15

1

12,50

48,00

48,00

14,15

90170

EXTENDED RE-EXAM

3

37.50

43.33

130,00

38,34

3

37.50

43,33

130,00

38.34

TOTAL

B

100.00

42.37

339,00

100,00

B

100,00

42.37

339.00

100.00

HOSPITAL

VISITS

90200

INITIAL HOSFITn, CARE

2

20.00

31,00

62 . 00

10.82

2

20,00

31.00

62.00

10.B2

90215

INITIAL CARE - INTERMEDIATE

2

20,00

65,00

130.00

22.68

2

20,00

65,00

130.00

22 ■ 68

90220

INITIAL CARE - COMPREHENSIVE

1

10.00

245.00

245.00

42.75

l

10,00

245,00

245.00

42 . 75

90240

BRIEF EXAMINATION

1

10,00

12.00

12.00

2.09

1

10,00

12,00

12.00

2.09

90250

LIMITED EXAMINATION

2

20,00

25.00

SO . 00

8. 72

2

20,00

25,00

SO , 00

0,72

90260

INTERMEDIA if examination

2

20,00

37 , 00

74. 00

12.91

2

20.00

37,00

74,00

12,91

TOTAL

10

100.00

57.30

573,00

100.00

10

100 .00

57.30

573.00

100.00

PAYMENTS

1

PAYMENT

7

70,00

22.85

140.00

16.35

7

70.00

22.85

1 60 . 00

16.35

2

PAYMENT DY CHECK

2

20,00

34.00

48.00

6,95

2

2O.O0

34,00

68.00

4.95

3

INSURANCE P PAYMENT

1

10,00

750.00

750.00

76.68

1

10,00

750,00

750,00

76.68

total

10

100.00

97.80

978.00

100,00

10

100.00

97.630

97B.O0

100.00

Figure 11. ANALYSIS OF SERVICES

This report is sorted by type of service rendered and by payment type. It shows the number, percent of total, average
amount and total amount for each service rendered this month and year-to-date. This report is basically a sales
analysis of the practice showing where the money is coming from.

JANUARY 1978

INTERFACE AGE 87

By Jon R. Prescott

In many businesses today, and particularly small
ones, problems are frequently encountered or become
quite complex in attempting to use computer simulation
techniques. First, there is the issue of credibility, and
secondly, in the past, simulation tools have tended to be
expensive, especially for smaller firms. Many of these
companies simply cannot afford a full-time (or perhaps
even part-time) specialist/expert in the simulation of
engineering or manufacturing problems. Another source
of significant expense to these companies is, or at least
has been the substantial use of expensive processing
time of a large computer system, such as an IBM 360/
370, a CDC 6600, or UNIVAC 1108.

A very exciting and fairly recent advance in the state
of the art in computer technology, the microcomputer, is
now available for business problem solving. The micro-
computer has virtually become the center of a major revo-
lution in the computer industry both here and abroad. In
computer simulation, which is the subject of this article,
the necessary computer program is written in BASIC, re-
quires approximately 5K bytes of memory, and is run on
a microprocessor (I MSA 1 8080) with floppy disc. The run-
ning time for a program with 5,000 simulations (a ran-
dom number generator or computer routine which is
utilized by another program 5,000 times) is nearly 35
minutes, and costs about $22-25. To critics of computer

risk models who typically refer to costly computer time,
I advocate serious consideration of the use of a micro-
computer system, such as the one described here.

The following is a case in point of solving a specific
problem utilizing this approach. A company manage-
ment wants to predict its risk related to a proposed pro-
duct line diversification, hence certain factors must be
weighed and data made available in its marketing stra-
tegy. Examples of such parameters include: the com-
pany’s knowledge of the number of competitors, the
contemplated level of investment, the desired return on
this investment, the planned timing of the product intro-
duction, and the expected response of the competitors.
If it appears that the desired variable of business risk
can be estimated with a certain level of confidence, can
a computer program be written to implement such a
methodology — and cost-effectively? Lastly, what
would be the credibility and usefulness of such a pro-
gram and its output to management?

In essence, we are interested in the application of a
microcomputer and quantitative methods (i.e., Monte
Carlo simulation) to analyze the business decision-mak-
ing process in a company, under conditions of uncer-
tainty. This information in this article is based on a con-
sulting assignment performed by the author.

88 INTERFACE AQE

JANUARY 1978

Table I. Probability distribution of time necessary for
two competitors to enter the market.

TIME (MONTHS)

FLYBYNTE (%)

FAST (%)

6

50

20

12

75

60

18

100

80

24

too

100

Table II. Distribution of Sales Probabilities.

PROBABILITY THAT VOLUME (S NOT EXCEEDED (%)

MONTHLY SALES VOLUME

LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO NO

ONE

TWO

(UNITS)

COMPETITOR

COMPETITOR

COMPETITORS

1,000

0

0

0

2,000

0

4

7

3,000

5

11

15

4,000

13

20

40

6,000

25

35

60

6,000

50

62

85

7,000

70

85

95

8,000

85

95

100

9,000

95

100

100

10,000

100

100

100

<d

YES (GIVEN PROBABILITY!

\ -

SIMULATE TIME TO
ENTER (X MQS.)

SIMU LATE TIME TO
ENTER (Y MOST

REARRANGE X & Y
WITH EARLIER FIRST

the algorithm in this Monte Carlo approach to business
risk analysis.

Running the model based on the above data yielded a
predicted risk of about 0.65, or a NO GO decision on the
product diversification option before management (see
the flow chart on this point). Analyses conducted on the
variables and data seemed consistently to portray the
variable, predicted risk, as rather sensitive, i.e., it de-
creases for moderate increases in Variable II, but gen-
erally marginal or insignificant increases for medium
variation in Variable I. This finding appeared to be parti-
cularly true in the case of larger investment levels, say,
$20,000 and more. This level happened to be the one of
definite interest to the company. Not surprisingly, the
estimated risk would increase with time until the pro-
duct is unveiled. For example, experimentation here
reflected that after some increase in the time period, the
estimated risk gradually decreased. One might interpret
this finding as a measure of improved planning within
the company, of the new product development, financ-
ing, and product evaluation.

Though not all model development here is complete,
the results to date have tended to imply that the new
product innovations are, in a general sense, a somewhat
risky undertaking which some may contend is an under-
statement of the problem. In fact, both experts in mar-
keting and business marketing texts usually support this
view. Also, discussion of this computer simulation model
and its results with a staff member of the nearby SRI In-
ternational has revealed that very similar research and
findings had been reported there as well. Further, an

Figure 1. Flow Chart

90 INTERFACE AGE

JANUARY 1978

agricultural feed corporation had chosen to pursue such
an analysis on an IBM 370/168 using FORTRAN IV code.

In conclusion, it is believed that this microcomputer*
based business model does allow for a better under-
standing, from a scientific perspective, of the complexi-
ties of decisionmaking in product marketing problems.
As of this writing, current software development has in-
creased the number of competitors to 10r and the vari-
able of market share is being considered as a possible
addition to the current structure of the model.

With the ever-decreasing cost of mini and microcom-
puter hardware, and more applicable software which is
available, the small business that does not decide to
employ such a tool for modern planning could find itself
at a distinct disadvantage. One other relevant point
about some of the more recently available software
published in books is the emphasis on proper interpreta-
tion of the computer program printout.

REFERENCES

1. Knuth, D.E., The Art of Computer Programming. //. Semi-
numerical Algorithms. Addison Wesley, Reading, MA 1972.

2. INTEL Corporation, INTEL 8080 Microcomputer System
Manual, January 1075,

OK

Ll st

U T$="MS*02 MONTE CARLO SIMULATION OF BUSINESS
DECISION'*

12 V*="06/0S/77"

2d REM =

Ad C$=" i 4*="0W"

42 40=96

St* DIM At4,2>* 4,2 1

55 Tl=4: 12 = 4: 01=10
5b J=LENrT5)+5
60 DIM 5U0,2>

62 HftiNTJPHlNTsHRlNT T5JTABCJMV*

68 HRlNTlHftiNT FREUJJ" 9YTE5 FREE STORAGE4'

Id W=1 : REM = pIANDOM GENERATOR SEED

73 HR I NT

74 R=0

7 5 GOSUB 8350: GOSUB 83 40! REM * START TIME
7 b 1NHUT"WANT DISTRIBUTION TABLES" H?

79 T E'LEFTT ( T$ j \ >

00 Ml =H5 iH2*MI :H3=SE
82 IF Tto'T' THEN 90

85 HR i NT : HR I NT"A '3 ENTRY-TIME DISTRIBUTION"

V0 FOR 1=1 TO II : A = 5
] m FOR J=1 TO 2

U1 READ A f I j J J : IF THEN 103

102 HR 1 NT TAB t A ) ] A (1 , J ) J

103 A = x + I 0 ; NEXT JslF T*="Y" THEN HR I NT

104 NEaT 1 SRrtiNT

105 IF Tfo"^ THEN 108

106 HR 1 NT

107 HRINT "S'S ENTRY-TIME Dl STftIBUTI ON"

1 08 FOR 1 = 1 TO T2* A = 5
1 10 FOR J= I TO 2

in read wtnjniF T^^r1 then m

1 1 2 HRiNTTABt ; Wt 1 *J)J

M3 A = A+ l 0 ! NEAT JilF T 9==^ T THEN MRI NT
1 | A NEAT I IHHINT
1 I 5 IF TS«*"Y" THEN I \ 8
1 I 6 HR I NT

117 HR 1 NT "SALES DISTRIBUTION"

I 1 6 FOR 1*1 TO Dl l A = 5
120 FOR J=0 TO 2

| 2 1 READ SU#J)*1F T5<>"Y" THEN 123

122 RR1NTTA3 (A) i SC I , J> i

123 A=X+10iNEAT JilF T$="Y" THEN HR 1 NT

1 24 NEAT 1 iHRl NT

125 GOSUB 8500! REM = LAHSE TIME
130 HR 1 NT

1 50 7 =0
160 H l = . 50

1 70 H2=.30
180 H3=1000
200 A=RNDC0)

220 INHUT "HOW MANY SIMULATIONS"*^

230 N8 = i NT C Ny /5 ) ? REM = O/H FREu
240 INHUT "HOW MANY YEARS" MR
250 M0=YR#12

2 60 INHUT "EAHECTATLON OF HR OF 1 T ftf«E<l>";E

265 INHUT "MAXIMUM RISK t 0=NQNE, |=CANfT WlNJ"iHlSK
270 inhut "Initial Invesiment"; V0

275 INHUT "HHGOUCTION wTt FOR RATE-BREAK" J V

2bil HR I NT"RRQF 1 T HFrt UNIT BELOW" V" UNITS" J : J NH UT A1
285 Hk1NT"HkOFLT HER UNIT ABOVE" V" UN 1 IS" • : J NH UT A2
2b& HrINT
290 K8=|

295 GOSUB 8500; REM = LAHSE TIME

299 REM BEGIN SIMULATION LOQH

300 Fl)p< 1 = 1 TO N9
320 IF K8<NR ThF.N 350

330 HhINT M" SIMULATIONS"

340 Kb=0
350 KK=KH+1
Add C=D
4 1.1 M1=M0
420 M2=M0
540 A=:iND tui
60U W=RND<u>

?<J0 IF A >Hl ThEN 1 400

70 1 REM- HOW LONG DOES A TARE

742 REM. TO GET INTO THE MARKET?

8W0 e=c+i

9 J 0 A = K ND l U >

1000 FOR J=l TO 3
1100 IF x<AtJ.2> THEN 1300
1200 NEAT J
\ 300 Ml =A t J j I )

1400 IF k>H2 Then 2010

1401 REM- HOW LONG DDES 6 TAKE

1402 REM TO GET INTO MARKET?

150U C*OL

1600 A=RND<W>

1 700 FOR J*t TO T2
1800 IF A<Wt J,2 J THEN 2000
1900 NEAT J
2000 M2=W(J>1 >

200V REM. LOWEST IN Ml, HIGHEST IN M2
2010 IF Ml <M2 THEN 2100
2020 A=Ml
20 30 Ml=M2

2040 M2 = A

2 100 IF C=0 THEN 2400
2200 IF C=) THEN 3000
2300 IF C =2 THEN 4100
2396 REM . MONTHLY SALES

2399 REM WHEN NO COMPETITORS

2400 St=RMOC0>

2500 FOK J=1 TO Dl

2600 IF 5L*5(J,0> THEN 2800
2700 NEAT J
2800 S=< J'l )+K3*M0
2900 GOTO 5600

2998 REM. MONTHLY SALES WHEN

2999 HEM AERO l ONE COMHET I T OR

3000 SI = RND(u >

3 1 00 FOR J=1 TO Dl

3200 IF S1*SCJ,0> THEN 3400
3300 NEXT J
3400 5=< J-i )*K3*M1
3500 Sl=KNDtu)

3600 FOR J= 1 TO Dl

3700 IF SKStJ,l> THEN 3900

3H00 NEaT J

3900 S=S + t J-U*K3*<M0-M1 )

4000 GOTO 5600

4097 REM - MONTHLY SALES WHEN

4098 REM 4ERG, ONE i TWO COMHET 1 TORS
4100 51 =RNDCU>

4200 FOR J=1 TO Dl

4300 IF 51<SCJ,0> THEN 4500

4400 NEXT J

4500 S=< J-l J*K3*ML

4600 5l=RNDY0)

4700 FOR J=t TO Dl

4000 IF SI<S(JjI> THEN 5000

4900 NEXT J

5000 S=S+< J-U*K3 + (M2-M1 )

5100 5 l ’ H NO tO)

5200 FOR J=! TO 01

5300 IF SI<SCJj2> THEN 550O

5400 NEAT J

5500 S=S+t J-l >^H3^tM0-M2>

5599 REM. DETERMINE H ft OF 1 T

5600 iF S>V THEN 5900
5700 H=A1+S

5800 GOTO 6000

5900 H=A 1 +V+A2*< S-V 1

5W9 REM. SUCCESSFUL SCENARIO?

6000 IF H<V0*U+E7 THEN 6200
6100 Y=Y+1 : REM = SUCCESS
6200 NEAT I

6210 REM END OF SIMULATION LOOH

6220 H til NT

6250 j=t/N9

63*i J Hh1NT"ThE HRUBABILJTt OF ACHIEVING "F,+ l-M"? h^DFIT"

JANUARY 1978

INTERFACE AGE 91

6*04

LF ThF.N f 1*30

836b

MI^FS T=t0+KJ HEM s 10-MINUTES

*644

H * I I

"DON'T uj into the

BUSINESS'*

8370

CDS Util 83VD

a rvjvt

O

6*33

S3 72

m*4Wl'M0*TJ T=9+ri: KEM= 1-HGUH

6800

HhINT

MGQ AHEAD INTO ThE

BUS i NESS'*

8374

G0SUS 8390

ft 900

ri3 = Hi

:MI~m2 :SE~h3

8376

HS=T : T=8+K: HEM - 10-hQUKS

69 U)

*54)

8378

G05UB 8390

6 990

ST Jr1

8380

H5=H5+I0*Tl IF THEN HETUHN

6*98

\V.rt

8382

T = 1 2 : GOSUfl 8390

A9V9

a's EiuT.'t t t i we distribution

8384

IF SI >1 THEN 8350

104 )

04 T A

6 , - 5v)

8386

OUT 40 jH

744)

DATA

12a *75

8388

KETUKN

7002

CAT A

1 b i 1 * kj 4

8390

HEM INTEHHQGATE TIME CABO *CLGCK>

7443

DA r A

24,1 *44

83*2

OUT 40, T

74 10

HEM -

CNTHt

TIME DISTRIBUTION

8394

T s 1NH t 40 ) -240

10) 1

data

6 j * 2D

8396

IF 1=15 THEN T =T j-T

70 I 2

DA I A

1 2 $ - 63

8398

KETUHN

7413

DATA

|8, * tied

8400

HEM FOHMAT CLOCK TIME

70 1 4

DATA

2 A , l *44

84 1 0

1£=STH$<TJ

7 020

«EM *

SALES DISTRIBUTION

8420

T =LEN< T £ > - 1

742)

DATA

4 , Or 3

8430

T 5 = K I G8T5< T£ , T T i HEM = GET RID OF LEADING

7 422

DATA

A * -4 4 a *4 7

8440

T5-AS+T F: HEM = ADD LEADING 4EH0

7423

DATA

*05, .Hi *15

8450

TB-KIGHTS(T£,23 : HEM = KEEP LAST 2-DIGITS

142 4

DATA

*13, *24 * * 44

6460

HETUHN

7025

DATA

-25$ *35, *60

850U

HEM LAHSE TIME

7026

DATA

* S3 , *62, *65

8501

IF rl5+Ml+SE<>0 THEN 6510

7427

DATA

* 74 $ * ij 5 , * 9 5

8502

hh=0 im=o :ss=0

742*

DATA

.85, *95, 1 *40

8504

GOTO 6590

742*

DATA

»*5, 1 -44$ 1 *30

8510

HL=HS:ML-MI !SL=SE

7030

DATA

1 *44 , 1 *04 $ 1 -44

8515

GOSUB 8350: HEM = HEAD THE CLOCK

a 3 40

HEM

I NT CLOCK

TIME

8518

GQSUB 8340: HEM = HHl NT TIME

8341

T = h 3 :

GD5UB *404: H$ = TT

8520

Hh^hS-HL

*342

T = MI t

COSUB 84vJti J: M$=TS

8522

MMsMI -ML

8343

T = SE t

GOSUB 64yJ0: Sf-T*

8524

5S=SE-5L

6345

HHiNT

' MS+Cf +Mf +C*+SE

8530

IF 55 = =!0 THEN 8540

*34*

KETUhN

8535

55=55+60: MM=rtM-I

8350

HEM

GET CLOCK T 1 ME

8540

IF MM=>0 THEN 8550

83 52

T=12+H: rtEM * 1 -SECOND

8545

MM‘MM+60: HH=HH-|

*354

G05UB 8390

8550

IF HH<0- Then hh=mh+i8

*356

SE=T:

5 1 =T

8560

HHINTTARU0) }

8356

T=I3+K: HEM = 1 3-SEC JND5

8590

HHIN1 MM": "5 S'* LAHSE TIME*'

*364

G05UB *3*0

8595

KETUKN

*362

5E = SE + 1 J *T

* 99V

END

8364

T=l4+K* ti EM = 1 -M 1 (MUTE

OK

-\

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Interface Age

92 INTERFACE AGE

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 53

JANUARY 1978

f

4

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PROGRAMMED COURSES

ON CASSETTES (per course)

SI -INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSORS. This
seminar Is intended for all non-specialists who wish to
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and advantages of microprocessors. It explains how
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S2 - PROGRAMMING MICROPROCESSORS. This
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JANUARY 1978

CfRCLE INQUIRY NO. 55

INTERFACE AGE 93

By Richard E. Michels

INTRODUCTION

From time to time, many of us have probably consid-
ered buying a piece of income property, because of the
well-known tax savings potential, as well as employing
that method to build an estate for ourselves, as well as
for future generations. Many of us have hesitated to
"jump in” not knowing how to analyze the property to
tell whether or not we are getting a fair deal.

The advent of the microcomputer has made it possible
to automate many of the complex sounding calculations
involved in the purchase of an apartment building, When
such a program is put together with an explanation of
some of the terminology, personal ownership of such a
property can become a reality. Although a computer pro-
gram cannot actually make the decision, it can vastly
simplify the decision-making process.

Following a discussion of the terminology and a de-
scription of the BASIC program, an example is given of
an actual analysis of an apartment building.

BASIC program listings are provided for the SWTPC
6800 and a 6502 FOCAL based system. A timing com-
parison was also performed.

TERMINOLOGY

When negotiating on a building there can be a lot of
emotion and “heat" involved, leaving open the possibil-
ity of making a last minute mistake leading to disaster.
Imagine yourself sitting in your living room with a broker
who is presenting a counter-offer on a building you think
you want very much. The counter-offer is due to expire
shortly. You have offered the seller a second mortgage
at 9% interest, and the broker says: “The seller wants
10V2% over 20 years and t can show you where this will
bring you 10% cash flow. This is the seller’s last offer
and you have to decide tonight whether you want the
building or not.” The broker proceeds to whip out his
handy Money Manager calculator and demonstrates the
truth of his statement. Un-noticed by either you (or your
wife) he calculates a 30-year amortization by mistake,
rather than 20 years. You may end up signing on the dot-
ted line and living with negative rather than positive
cash flow for years. However, with this program, you
could have out drawn the broker.

Apartment houses are one form of income-producing
property. Of the several approaches used to determine
fair market value of a building, the income approach is
probably used most extensively.

This article describes the income approach to apprais-
ing a property, and lays out a program written in BASIC,
which will perform all the calculations necessary to pro-
duce the income components.

There are six forms of income associated with apart-
ment houses. They are:

SGI — Scheduled Gross Income

GOI — Gross Operating Income

NOI — Net Operating Income

El — Equity Income

CF — Cash Flow (and Spendable Income)

Tl — Taxable Income

scheduled gross income is the maximum available
cash which can be produced from the property, assum-
ing 100% occupancy. It includes all rents from the ren-

tal units, laundry, parking, vending machines, and any
other miscellaneous sources of income, such as air con-
ditioner rentals, etc.

gross operating income represents the amount of
cash actually collected by the owner or his agents. It is
the amount of money available to pay all expenses, in-
cluding utilities, mortgages, replacement items, etc.
The GOI is the Scheduled Gross Income discounted for
a vacancy factor. The vacancy factor includes income
lost due to vacant units, and therefore less income from
laundry, parking, etc. The relationship between SGI,
GOI, and vacancy can be expressed as:

GOI = (1-VAC) x SGI

where VAC is the vacancy factor expressed as a decimal
percent.

The NOI, or net operating income, represents the
amount of cash left after paying for expenses, such as
utilities, advertising and management. There are basic-
ally two types of expenses — capitalized and non-capi-
talized expenses. Non-capitalized expenses are those
costs which are fully deductible at tax time. Capitalized
expenses are those items which must be depreciated or
amortized over a period of time longer than one year,
such as a new boiler, cost of the building itself, or an at-
torney’s fee resulting from the purchase of the building.

Expenses written off against the Gross Operating In-
come to produce the NOI represent the non-capitalized
expenses. It is not necessary to know each non-capital-
ized expense item to analyze an apartment building.
Like the vacancy factor, an expense factor may be
employed in the analysis. The expense factor is a func-
tion of age of the building, size, type of construction,
area of the country in which the building is located, and
quality of the management. Ball park figures may be ob-
tained from the local Apartment Owners Association,
Commercial Real Estate Brokers, or a publication entitled
Income/Expense Analysis; Apartments, Condominiums,
and Cooperatives available from Institute of Real Estate
Management, 430 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Il-
linois 60611. The important thing is that the expense
factor be treated as a variable or parameter, so that the
"sensitivity” of the income stream may be quickly ex-
amined to see the effects of changes in expense factor
of a few percentage points one way or the other. If E is
the expense factor, then

NOI = (1-E) x GOI

NOI * (1-E) x (1-VAC) x SGI

CF, cash flow, or Spendable Income is the arfiount of
"in pocket" cash left after paying for any mortgages or
financing costs. Payments for financing represent
money which must come out of the NOI. If financing
costs are represented by M, then

CF ($) = NOI ($) • M ($)

= (1-E) (%) X (1-VAC) x SGI ($) ■ M ($)

Cash Flow is important, since it represents the amount
of money left over for beer at the end of the month.

equity income, or El, is cash flow plus accrued princi-
pal payments against property financing. It represents

94 INTERFACE AGE

JANUARY 1978

the amount of mortgage reduction on the property plus
cash income , and can be presumably fully retrieved at
some future time of sale. Ah other factors being equal,
the amount of equity will increase over time by virtue of
these principal payments. Therefore,

El ($) = NOI ($) + P{$)

where P {$} is the total amount of principal paid.

Tl or taxable income represents what Uncle Sam will
apply his own weighting factor to in April* Depending on
our individual objectives, most of us would like to see Tl
be a negative number, so that "negative income” may be
written off against other sources of cash to minimize
our tax bite. Taxable Income is cash flow discounted for
all depreciated expenses, such as depreciation against
the building itself, three-year depreciation against a new
water heater, etc. If D ($) is the depreciation, then

Tl ($) = El {$) - D {$) (hopefully negative)

= (1-E) (%} x (1-VAC) (%) x SGI ($) + P ($) - D ($)

One other expense item should be mentioned: the
''Sinking Fund,” Sinking fund dollars represent money
set aside, like in a separate account, for future replace-
ment expenses, such as inventory items (sofa, lighting
fixtures, carpet) or a new boiler, etc. Although these
items may be costly, these expenditures are to some ex*
tent dependent on management philosophy and are
therefore not normaly in the analysis; i.e., the broker’s
sheets describing the property for sale do not normally
contain this item.

In order to tie all of the above together, let’s examine
a sample apartment property. The following is a descrip-
tion of the Turkey Apartments located at 1469 Podunk,
Information represents data provided us on the
"Broker's Sheet” or Income Statement:

INCOME AND EXPENSES

Name of Property Turkey Apartments

Address 1469 Podunk

Size of Building 14,000 Sq. Ft, Zoning R-4

Number of Units 27 Age 1950

ASSESSED VALUATION

Land

26% Improvements

70%

Personal

I- 4%

LOAN INFORMATION

Encumbrances S Clear

Rate

%

Payable

Due

$

Rate

%

Payable

Due

INCOME DETAIL

Unit

Type

Rant

Unit

Type

Rent

Unit

Type

Rent

101

1-Bdrm

$135

201

1’Bdrm

£135

301

1-Bdrm

$135

102

2-Bdrm

146

202

2-Bdrm

135

302

2-Bdrm

13Q

103

1-Bdrm

145

203

1-Bdrm

135

303

1-Bdrm

135

104

i Bdrm

120

204

1-Bdrm

110

304

1-Bdrm

135

IQS

Buffet

120

205

Buffet

90

305

Buffet

90

106

1-Bdrm

135

206

1-Bdrm

130

306

1-Bdrm'

135

107

IBdrnn

125

207

1-Bdrm

135

307

1-Bdrm

135

108

2*Bdrm-Mgr

150

206

2-Bdrm

155

306

2-Bdrm

135

203

1-Bdrm

130

309

1-Bdrm

135

Laundry Income

50

B*1

1-Bdrm

125

Grass Monthly Income

$3,570.00

Gross Annual Income

$42,840.00

Est. Vacancy 3%

$ 1.285,00

Adjusted Annual Income

$41,555.00

OPERATING EXPENSES (ANNUAL)

Real Estate Taxes, 1977

S 5.426.60

Personal Property Tax, 1977

$ 233.36

Hazard Insurance

$ 925,00

Gas $3,719 Electricity $540

$ 4,259,00

Water and Sewer

$ 2,075.00

Resident Manager $150 Apt .

$ 1.980.00

Maintenance, Repal r and Supplies
Estimate 7% of Ad], Ann. Inc.

S 2,908,85

Trash Removal

S 240.00

Advertising

$ 86.00

Annual Total Expenses

$16,133.83

Net Income Before Debt Service

$23,421,17

PRICE $295,000

Note that the Gross Annual Income is $42,840, which
is what we're calling the SGI, and includes $50/month or
$600 per year for laundry. The vacancy allowance is 3%
resulting in a Gross Operating Income of $41,555 (GOI).

Furthermore, the building shows $18,133.83 of annual
non-capital ized or operating expenses. This represents
an expense ratio of $18,1 33.83/S41 ,555 = 43.64%,
resulting in a Net Operating Income (NOI), or Net In-

96 INTERFACE AGE

JANUARY 1978

BASE VALUES

SCHEDULED GROSS INCOME
VACANCY FACTOR
EXPENSE FACTOR
NUMBER OF UNITS
SQUARE FOOTAGE
PURCHASE PRICE
MORTGAGE INFORMATION
DEPRECIATION ANALYSIS

CHANGE OPTIONS

1 - SCHEDULED GROSS INCOME

2 - VACANCY ALLOWANCE

3 * EXPENSE RATIO

4 - PURCHASE PRICE

5 - MORTGAGE INFORMATION

6 - DEPRECIATION INFORMATION

Figure 2. These tables help explain the flowchart.

come Before Debt Service of $23,421.17.

The effects of debt service are not shown, since the
building is free of encumbrances and probably requires
new financing. The asking price is $295,000 — how do
we know whether or not this is a good deal? How much
cash flow will this building produce? What happens if
there is a recession resulting in a 10% vacancy rate, and
expenses actually run closer to 48% than 44%? How
much financing car this building support and yet pro-
duce an income equal to 10% of our cash downpayment?

To find the answers to these questions, and many more,
we found it highly usefuf to write this BASIC program.

PROGRAM DESCRIPTION

The program is designed and is being used to provide
a fast analysis of the parameters which define the price
of an apartment building.

It will run in 5700 bytes of user RAM on the SWTPC
6800. If the user is running 8K BASIC, the program will
then require 14K of RAM to execute. For run time com-
parison purposes, the program was also written to run
under FOCAL software utilizing the 6502 chip. In this
case, the computational code required 3K of user RAM
without the front end comments.

For the 6800 system, DIGITS = 2 in statement 5
allows for two digits to the right of the decimal point in
subsequent output. LINE = 0 in statement 6 allows the
user to override the 64-column constraint peculiar to the
SWTPC system. The somewhat unusual format specifi-
cation (Line 1 620 for example) was the method employed
to make sure that the output numbers would print out
right justified in the final results.

For evaluation purposes, we were particularly inter-
ested in comparing the execution time for the two sys-
tems. Based on previous discussion we expected the
6502 chip to win out. To perform the test, notice that state-
ment 1140 of the SWTPC program is concerned with inte-
ger exponentiation. For the case of working with a balloon
note, 1 + Q (I) is raised to the 1000 power, and it was ex-
pected that both systems would think about that one for
a while. What we didn't expect was for the 6800 system
to respond roughly twice as fast as the FOCAL. The 6800
required about 5 seconds to begin printout, whereas
FOCAL on the 6502 required about 10 seconds. Our ver-
sion of FOCAL dates to about November 1976, and it is
expected that more recent versions would have exe-
cuted faster. However, this isolated timing experience
pointed out, once again that performance depends not
only on chip speed, nor clock cycie time, but also on the
associated supporting software and the user program
involved. We intend to perform other additional timing
studies for our applications, so as not to become
mesmerized by "cycle times/'

The BASIC program is interactive and will provide as

many analyses as desired until you are finished. It pro-
vides a "First Year-On Purchase" analysis, which is to
say it will give your position in the building assuming you
bought effective January 1 and held the property through
December 31st. It is more accurate than the broker's state-
ment since the exact principal paid on the mortgages is
computed. Normally, the broker will multiply the monthly
interest rate times the mortgage amount the first month
of ownership and then multiply the result times 12 to ob-
tain the total interest paid. This is obviously incorrect,
since the principal balance declines month by month. In
the BASIC program, the exact calculation is made. The
program can handle two types of mortgages; straight
amortization or the “balloon" case. In the case of a bal-
loon type mortgage, payments are usually interest only,
over some period of time, and then a final "balloon" pay-
ment is made, usually some years downstream. A straight
amortization payment is like a house payment, where
principal and interest amounts are paid each month. To
help minimize the degree of conversation with the user,
an interest-only mortgage is handled subject to the
same algorithms as straight amortization, except that
the number of months representing the term of the loan
is set to 1,000 or 83.3 years. In this way, the amount of
principal contribution each month is so small as to in-
troduce negligible error into the computations, while eli-
minating an additional I/O step.

Various depreciation options are available for the
building as well as Personal Property, In those cases
where a more complete depreciation analysis is desired,
the reader is referred to the excellent article entitled
"Depreciation Schedule Analysis Program — JHDSAP,"
by Jim Huffman in the September issue of INTERFACE
AGE. This program treats all items as having $0 salvage
value; that amount can be added to the price allocated
to the land, since land cannot be depreciated, assuming
it is purchased as part of the building.

The following quantities must be available to the pro-
gram on input:

ITEM ^QUANTITY

UNITS PGM

VAFUAE

1

Scheduled Gross Income

$

G1

2

Expense Ratio

%

El

3

Vacancy Factor

%

VI

A

Number of Apartments

N

N 1

5

Square Feet In Building

N

FI

6

Price

3

PI

t

Mortgage Information;
Amount. Yearly Interest
Rale, Term

$,%,N

S

Price AMocated to Bulfding

%

A1

9

Price Allocated (o
Personal Property

%

A2

10

Depreciation Method (BtdgJ

ALPHA

DS

11

Depreciation Method
(Persona! Properly)

ALPHA

HS

12

Depreciation Period {Bldg}

YEARS (N)

Y1

13

Depreciation Period

YEARS <N)

Y2

(Persona! Properly}

Once the above information has been inputted, the
program performs the first analysis and then provides
the following options:

1. Display Current Values

2. Change a value

3. Re-run the program

4. Done,

Execution of the program is relatively straightforward,
whose flowchart is shown in Figure 1. Program listing is
given in Figure 2, and Figure 3 gives a demonstration
employing each of the input options. Note that when a
value is changed, the changes are cumulative. That is,
the last change to, say, the expense ratio, will be applied
against the last change to the vacancy factor.

Formatting was designed around a 24x64 character
display. Width of the display can easily be shortened by
reducing the number of displayed mortgages from four
to three. No subroutines are employed and no implicit or

JANUARY 1978

INTERFACE AGE 97

explicit functions are used. The maximum dimensioned
array is five.

ADDITIONAL CALCULATIONS

Besides the aforementioned income stream measure,
note that the program also calculates Cap Rate, Price
per Square Foot, Price per Unit, and Gross Multiplier.
These quantities are additional check points on the
price of a building. By comparing these numbers
against similar quantities for other buildings, a relative
standing for your "buy” may be obtained.

The meaning of price per square foot and price per
unit are obvious, whereas capitalization requires a little
explanation. Cap rate is defined mathematically as
follows:

Cap Rate (%) = NOI/Price

In order for an apartment building to produce a given
return on cash invested, it must yield a given "capitaliza-
tion” rate. Since this is tied in with cash invested, or
cash downpayment, the cap rate a building is required
to produce is a function of vacancy, non-capitalized ex-
penses and financing terms. A building with a higher
cap rate will produce better income, but the degree of in-
come required depends on the individual requirements.
Here again, beginning guidelines can be obtained from
the aforementioned sources.

TRIAL RUN

Now that the buzz words and program are understood,
let's employ them to help analyze the Turkey Apartments.
The broker tells us that "the building is owned free and
clear, and new financing will be required to consum-
mate the sale. Banks are loaning 70% of the contract
price over 25 years at 10% interest on a building of this
age.” Our CPA tells us that we can probably depreciate
the building over 20 years using the Straight Line
method, with Personal Property taken on a Double De-
clining Balance over five years. The vacancy rate is 3%
and a calculation of the expenses shows that it runs
43.6%. After inputting these data into the program, we
find the building will produce 1 % cash flow, 3.2% equi-
ty return, with a first year tax shelter of -$7,466.64. Al-
though the tax shelter is appealing, there is not enough
cash flow to suit our purposes, so see what happens if
the price is dropped to $260,000, and maybe, just maybe,
we can talk the seller into giving us a second mortgage
of $39,000, interest only, and finance a first of only
$143,000 @ 10% over 25 years. As we can see, the cash
flow increases to 6%, equity return goes to 7.8%, but
the tax shelter falls to $3,038.71. On further examina-
tion, we find the building has been poorly run, with high
utility and maintenance costs. We feel the actual ex-
penses will run closer to 38% than 43.64%. Putting in
this new figure for expenses results in an increase in
cash flow to 9.0% and first year equity return of 10.8%.
However, this increase in cash flow has been at the ex-
pense of decreasing the tax shelter benefits. Neverthe-
less, finding that this represents a good compromise for
our purposes, we present our offer to the seller. Although
the seller is not particularly fond of financing a second
mortgage, he agrees to allow us to use his building to
begin our personal fortune (and hence finance that addi-
tional 16K RAM we didn't get last Christmas!)

Figure 3. Sample Run

RUN

DD^YDU NEE D HELP WITH THIS PROGRAM < 'Y'^YES » 'N^Nq)

This FROGRAH COMPUTES THE COMPONENTS OF PROFIT
!F.bflIED TQ TH£ OF AN APR* T ME NT BUILDING,

THE COMPONENTS OF PROFIT ARE GO 1 -GROSS OPERATING
INCOME. HD I -NET OPERATING INCLINE » CASH FLOW UP
SPENDABLE INCOME. EQUITY INCOME i AND TRIABLE INCOME.
IN ADDITION. CAP RATE IS CONFUTED . AS WELL AS PRICE
PER SQ FT, PARAMETERS. SUCH At MORTGAGE INTEREST
RATES CAN BE VARIED TD SEE THEIR EFFECT ON THE
PROFIT COMPONENTS.

UHRT IS THE YEARLY SCHEDULED GROSS INCOME?

?

WHflT IS THE VACANCY ALLOWANCE IN PERCENT?

? 3

hiHflT IS THE EXPENSE RATIO > RELATIVE TO THE GO I?

* 43.64

HOW MANY UNIT; DOE I THIS BUILDING HAVE?

? 27

HOU MANY SQUARE FEET DOES THIS BUILDING HAVE?

7 14000

iJHAT IS THE PROPOSED PURCHASE PRICE?

? £*5000

HOU MANY MORTGAGES MILL THERE EE AGAINST THE PROPERTY'?

r i

FOR BALLOON OR INTEREST ONLY MORTGAGES SET MDNTH5=1QOOQ
WHAT IS THE AMOUNT * TERM f MONTHS > -
AND INTEREST PATE < * 3 OF MORTAGE HUMBER 1 . 00
? £065 00 * 3QD » I Q

FOP DEPRECIATION PURPOSES IJHAT IS THE PERCENTAGE
ALLOCATION TO the building?

7 70

PERCENTAGE ALLOCATION TD PERSONAL PROPERTY?

? 4

IJHAT 1 7 THE DEPRECIATION METHOD TO BE USED ON THE BLDG
•DBE-. -SL*. 125 V n

'■ £L

BUILDING DEPRECIATION PERIOD IN YEARS ?

* £0

PERSONAL PROPERTY DEFR - DDE" . ■ ZL ,125^', 1 50V?

7 DDE

FP PERIOD IN YEARS?

7 5

SC HE DULEB GPOS S 4234 1> . fl 0

VACANCY <3,00 I £85.20

60S 4I554.3D

EXPENSE PATIO <4 3 .34 181 34 .51

NO I 2*420. £3

MORTGAGE

1

financing

2

3

HUE

4

INTEREST

20561 .97

0.00

0.00

0.00

PRINCIPAL

1*55, *2

0.00

0*00

0,00

TOTAL

22517.30

0*00

0*00

0.00

CASH FLOW U .01 -i)
PRINCIPAL

EOUITY RTNL3.22 X'i
DEPRECIATION
TAXABLE

*02.37

1355.62

2350.30

T0325.O0

-7466,3*

PURCHASE PRICE *£*500 O.0Q LOAN AMOUNT *206500 .00 EQU I TY” 98500 . 00
CAP PATE BASED ON PRtCE= 7. 93 \ GROSS MULTIPLIER* 7.09
PRICE -UNIT* I 0*25.92 PRICE PER 20 FT* 21.07

DO rOU WISH TO 1 -DISPLAY CURRENT VALUES » 2-CHG A VALUE »
3-RERUN PROGRAM, a -DONE

? 2

DO YOU WISH TO CHANGE:

1- SCHEDULED GROSS INC ONE

2- VACANCY ALLOWANCE

3- EXPENSE PATIO

4- PURCHASE PRICE

5- mortgage information

3- DEPRECIATION INFORMATION
* 4

UHA T I I THE PROPO SE b pi JPC HASE PRICE"
7 230000

scheduled gpd:

: 42340*00

VACANCY '3.P0

V 1265,20

601

41554,30

EXREN'.E PATIO

i 4 3.64 \ ■ 191 34 ,51

HOI

23420,2*

FINANC ING

HOI

23420.23

MORTGAGE

1 2

3 4

INTEREST

2P56I *37 0,00

0,00 0.00

PRINCIPAL

1*55.62 0.00

0.00 0.00

TOTAL

22517*60 0.OO

0.00 0,00

CASH FLOW ' i .6* V'

*02.67

PR INC IPRL

1955*62

EQUITY RTnl5*34 V

£353,20

DEPRECIATION

*100*00

TAXABLE

-6241.69

PURCHASE PRICE »23 00(i0. 00 LOAN AMOUNT* ?^5P0. 00 E Mm J TV* 5 31 n ft 0ft
CAP PATE BAIEB ON PRICE* 9.0 0 \ GPOIS MULTIPLIER* 3. *5
PRICE -UN IT" *325.32 PRICE PEP SO FT* 13 57

VQ YOU WISH TD I -DISPLAY
3-RERDN PROGRAM, 4-DOHE
? 2

CURRENT VALUES. 2-CH& A VALUE

DD YOU WISH TO CHANGE;

I- SCHEDULED GROSS INCOME
8" VACANCY ALLOWANCE

3- EXPENSE RATIO

4- PURCHASE PRICE

5- MORTGAGE INFORMATION

3- DEPRECIATION INFORMATION
* 5

HOW MANY MORTGAGES WILL THERE BE AGAINST THE PROPERTY*

WHAT IS THE AMOUNT TERN t MONTHS > ■

AND INTEREST RATE OF MORTAGE NUMBER 1.00
7 143000,300.10

WHAT is the AMOUNT r J . TERM t MONTH? V,

AND INTEREST PATE <’:> OF MOP T AGE NUMPER 2 00
? 3*000 .1000, 0

SCHEDULED GPDSS 4284Q.0O

VACANCY (.3,00 &T 1295.20

GO I 41554 .30

EXPENSE RATIO <43,34 V)l8J34.5l

NO I

MORTGAGE

INTEREST

PRINCIPAL

TOTAL

23420.23
FINANCING
1 2

1423*. 04 3119.34

1354* £3 0.O0

1 55*3,30 3124.06

3

0.00

0.00

0.00

CASH FLOW

MO I
4

0.00
0.00
0.00
<6.02 ■-:>

23420.23

4702.9I

PURCHASE PR 1 C£ a 26 00 0 0 , 0 0
CAP rate BASED ON PRICE-
PRICE^Omr* 962**62

PRINCIPAL 1354.26

EQUITY RTN< 7 * 7b Xi 6057.17
DEPRECIATION *100.00

TAXABLE -3042.32

LOAN ANOUNT=l3£OO0.00 EQUl TY=7800g . 00
9.0 0 >. GROSS MULTIPLIER* 3.25
PRICE PER SO FT* 13,57

DO YOU WISH TO 1 -DISPLAY
3- RERUN PROGRAM. 4 -DUNE

? 2

CURRENT VALUES f S-CH& A VALUE ■

98 INTERFACE AGE

JANUARY 1978

DC VDU DISH TQ CHANGE:
l- SCHEDULES GROSS INCOME
£- VACANCY HLLOMflilCE

3- EXPENSE RATIO

4- PURCHASE PRICE

3- MORTGAGE I NFORMAT IQM
6- DEPRECIATION IMFDRHAT IdN
7 3

WHAT IS THE EXPEhSE RATIO r\t relative to THE SOI*

? 39

SCHEDULED GROSS -I £340*0#

vncnncv (3-00 2> 1205. ft#

GOI 41354,3#

EXPENSE RATIO £ 3ft *00 Til 1579 D.«£

HOI

MORTGAGE

INTEREST

PRINCIPAL

TOTAL

1433?. 04
1354 .2$
153-93*5#

£5763.3?

FINANCING

2

31 19.34
#,00
31 £4, 06

3

0*00

0.00

0.0#

CASH FLOW 0.03 \J
PPINl IPAL

EQUITY RTIN 10*77 '*■
DEPRECIATION
TAXABLE

HD I £5763. 37
4

□ ,0#

#,##

0*00

7046.6#
1354,36
84 0O.S6
3100*00
-&?? . 1 3

PURCHASE PRICED####,## LOAN AnOUH T = i 0£ 00 0 * 00 EPUl T W3##0 , 0W
CAP PATE BASED ON PRICE* 9. 90 % GPOf? MULTIPLIER* 6 .£5
PRICE^UNlT* 9629 ,6£ PRICE PEP M Ff* 13.57

DO YOU WISH TO I -DISPLAY CURRENT VALUE I . £-CH£ A VALUE -
3- RERUN PROGRAM. 4- DOME

? 1

BUILDING ha: £7.00 UNITS AND HOOO.OD SO FEET
BUILDING ALLOCATION* 70.0# \ PERSONAL PROPERTY* 4.00 +.
BLDG TAKEN UNDER ’L DEPRECIATION OVER 20. D 0 YEARS
PERSONAL PROPERTY f A* EN UNDER DOB DEAR OVER 5.00 .'EARS
MORTGAGE 1.C0 “1 4300# *00 OVER 30#. 00 H£K AT 10.00
MORTGAGE £.00 *3900#, 00 OVER 1000. 0# MQt At £,## ".

DO YOU WISH TQ 1 -DISPLAY CURRENT ’VALUE; - £~CHii A VALUE ,
3 -RERUN PROGRAM, 4-BQNE
7 4

THANK VDU

Figure 4, Program Listing

VU #5 digit:- £

0 0 #G LI PS* 0
DDIG PEA

Q0£O DIM Hi 5 1 .Mi 5 ■ "O' 5 .

!>#2Q DIM Ci., 5 ' .P' Vif^i .1J. 5 - W- 5 .

0#4-> PEM t S»Hfl 7 T EF 1 0 r.ODE
##50 REn i -matter ini-ex

DOS# PRtrtT "BO YOU MEED HELP WITH TMJ PROGRAM * ' Y ' * YE I ■ N =MO‘i “

0070 INPUT Cl

0OSO IP Ct'TT THEN ISO

0040 PRINT -THIS; PPOijPHA COMPUTE! THE COMPONENT " QF PROFIT’

0100 PRINT 'RELATED TO THF PURCHASE QF AM APARTMENT BUILDING."

0110 PRINT 'THE COMPONENT? Of PPOFtT APE GQI-0POSC OPERATING"

DlftO PRINT ^INCOME- HOI-NET OPERATING INC ONE * CASH FLOL OR"

O130 PRINT "SPENDABLE INCOME. EQUITY INCOME* AMP TAXABLE INCOME.'
0140 PRINT "IN ADDITION, CAP RATE IT COMPUTED . MI WELL A; PRICE"

D15D PRINT ■PER SO FT. PARAMETERS ■ SUCH AS MORTGAGE INTEREST"

016# PRINT ■PATES CAM EE VARIED TO SEE THEIR EFFECT OH THE "

OI 7 0 PR I NT "PROFIT COMPONENT 5 * "

0130 PRINT "UHAT IS THE YEARLY ICAEDULED GROSS INCOME?’'

0130 INPUT (jj

Oft 00 IF Y«a THEM 710

#210 PRINT 'UHAT I; THE VACANCY ALLOWANCE IN PERCENT?"

0220 INPUT VI

0230 IF V=ft THEM 710

#£4 0 PRINT "UHAT IS THE EXPENSE PATIO -V RELATIVE TO THE GO 17“

ftft5# IMPUT El

#ft£G IF Y-£ THEM 710

#£?# PRINT "HOW MANY UNITS DOES THIS BUILDING HAVE'- "

#£S# INPUT Ml

PRINT -HOW MANV SQUARE FEET DOES THIS BUILDING HAVE»“

#300 INPUT FI

0310 FRINT 'UHAT IS THE PROPOSED PURCHASE PRICE?”

03£# INPUT A1

033# IF V=ft THEN 710

0340 PRINT "HQLI MANY MORTGAGES LULL THERE BE AGAINST THE PROPERTY?”
#35# Z=5
#36# INPUT i
#37# L*D

#350 PRINT TOP BALLOON OP INTEREST ONLY MORTGAGES SET MONTHS- 10000"
#3?# FQF I* I TD 4
#a00 n« I *«0

#41# N* I »-#

04ft# O-'l >*0
043# TCI 1*0
D440 OLU-P
#450 Vtll“D
O460 NEXT |

Q47& FDR 1=1 TO J

04 0 0 PRINT "WHAT IS THE AMOUNT , tU TERM 1 MONTH; > -

049& PRINT “AMD INTEREST PATE t%> DF MPPTBgE NUMBER “IT

051# INPUT rtf I ' iN' 1 ■ 1

#520 L*L*M- 1 i

#530 NEXT I

0540 IF Y*£ THEM 71#

05*0 RPInT ‘FOP DEPRECIATION PURPOSES UhAT IS THE PERCENTAGE
#5*0 PRINT "ALLOCATION TO THE BUILDING7 '

0570 INPUT HI

0500 PRINT "PERCENTAGE ALLOCATION TO PERSONAL PROPERTY?"

05^# INPUT A£

#600 PRINT -UHAT II THE DEPRECIATION METHOD TO &E USED OH THE BUJG*
OCli] PRINT - - DDB * 3L i 1Z5'*]

(fcft# INPUT 0%

#630 PRINT 'BUILDING DEPRECIATION PERIOD IN YEARS?"

0650 PRINT 'PERSONAL PROPERTY DERR - ' DDt ' ■ ' CL ■ , l£5>. ,

#600 INPUT H*

0670 PRINT "PR PERIOD IN VEARS7T

0630 INPUT Yft

0690 IF THEN 7|0

07 #0 PGM C DILUTE VACANCY % AND GO I

0710 V£»i Yi^-J 00 ■‘■Hj I

07 £# G£ *G 1 - V£

0730 PEN COMPUTE SFDZt MULTI PL I ER
0740 P6=Pl^G£

0750 P EM COMPUTE EXPENSE t AND NO I
#76# E8=<E1 ■ l 0# .+Gc
077# G3=Q£'E£

073# C=G3

#790 PEM COMPUTE PRICE RATIO: AMD EuUlTf
0300 pe*iG3*i#Q'-*Pi
og] o P 3-Pt ^ni
#3£0 P4*P1 -FI

U£3# P5=PI “L fc. , , ^

034 0 PEM COMPUTE 1 ALLOCATION. ID EL DU HMD PF
0850 A3=* A I 1O0‘*P1

DSbO A4=. Aft I#0.*P!

037# IF E't :l ' THEN ?D-.i
0360 H5*A3 Yl
0390 GOTO I CT?#

0300 IF PI Dll h ' THEM 33#

041 & A5=-A3 -Yl i*ft
03ftO GOTO ICr3&

03 20 IF Dt "l£5L"' THEN aM#

#940 A5^ifl3 .1 i*l .£5

0?5Q GOTO 1 D3D

036Q IF H*. ‘ iL ’ THEN 99#

0370 Afi=A4- vft
0990 GOTO I 090
0 99D |F HV-’-ppt- THEM 1 Up 0
1 0#0 A6=<A4 f£ ■*£

1010 GOTO I030

IDftO IF H»- -t£5’. ‘ TURN l#£0

10 30 A6 = «A4 .'ft i*T .£5
1040 GOTO 1030

1050 R€rt PUT in PrtMGE tE;r FQP DCFP NETmDD '

1#60 IF U*s ’'15&LU THEN £16#

1070 HG=ffl4yY£T*l +£?

1080 fl7=A5+A6

1#90 REM COMPUTE INTEREST PRINCIPAL AMOUNT: FCP HORTG!

HOD PEM MONTHLY PAYMENT
II 10 IF £: 5 THEN IftBO
1120 FDR I=| Tfl J

1I30 oa>-aa> s £ 0#

1140 T=f 1+qn i hum | >

1 15# pf I I V*Oi' I .*T I ■ * T-| .

116# NEXT I

117# PEM TOTAL FIRST YEAR IHTEFEIT
1100 FOP I^l TO )

1 190 Tl=o

l£#0 T3-NTI1

l£l # fUR. K*l TO 1ft

l££0 T2=T3*Q-, I i

I£3# T- T i=T' l> + Tft
1£4# T3» T 3~ i P l' I > - T£ -
I £50 NEXT X
I £60 NEXT I

l£?0 REM COMPUTE FI PIT YEAR PRINCIPAL $ CAIH FLOH
1ft 00 FOR 1=1 TO J
l£9# VII^R'T '*1 £

130# Ua,'*VLl?-T> I ■

1310 C*C-Vf I .

13£D IF THEN 134M

133# Uf n*o

1340 NEXT I

135# P7*i'C.-P5i*l00

1360 REM COMPUTE EQUITY PE TURN

1370 P8*0

1360 P9=-0

139# T|^0

140# FOR 1=1 TO J

1410 P8-P8-HJ. I i

I4£0 NEXT I

143# TI-F3+C

1440 P9*f TL P5P*I#0

1450 REM COMPUTE TAXABLE INCOME

I46D T =T 1 -A 7

I 47D PRINT

I 4ftD PRINT

J49D PRINT " SCHEDULED iSBfl I V HAg. 3£-LEN. CTPiiGl " - Id
1510 PRINT ■ VACANCY ’ tY H ", 1 " JTAE- 32-LEM- C TP5^ Yft ■ - ■ TVft
153# PRINT 1 eQIHtT*ll- 33-LEMtS TFt '«!>■> fG£

155# PRINT "EXPENSE PATIO ■ i£ U 1 V i TAJu 3£-LEf*£ 7 TR*f Eft J ■ J *E£

1570 PRINT ■ NDI" TTAfc^ 35-LETU ITPt- i -G3

159# PRINT '■ FINANCING NCI"*

16## PRINT TAR(64-LEM', CTFti G3:> ■ . 5GJ

161# PRINT -MORTGAGE 1 £ 3 A1'

16£0 PRINT "INTEREST rTABf£4-LENf 3TR*lTC I? 7i>lTf 13 I

1 6ft t PRINT TABf 34-LEMf STPt< Hft> 'i ? 1 * T r ft ^ lTAH44-LErlf CTPi fTL3> > 1 1 S T C 3 1 I
Jfiftft PRINT TABf54-LEMLSTRltT(4T >>> ITM '

164# PRINT “PRINCIPAL " ITAB<£4-LEN< STRStUM 1 > > > TUU > t

1641 PRINT TflB<34-LEHCSTRSfUCft^9>rUf£>TTABi44^LENLSTfttfU( 3 J ■ * > t U V S > (

164ft PRINT TflB<54-LEN(S;TPlYUt4S>TnUi4i

I 660 Pft I MT "TQTHL ' t TABf ft4-LErt' : TP*- VC I > ’ 3 > IV- I ’» !

1661 PRINT Tfl B f 34-LEN 3 TR* f V ( ft > > J ? ! V (. ft 7 1 TAB f 4 4 ~L E N C £ T FIfVi3>?>lIVfSTf
166ft PRINT rflBC54“LENiiTR*{Vt4.iJ>>IVC4 1

1 69# PRINT TABf 36 > fnCRSH FLOU C “ JP7 1 " STABt 64-LENf Z THUC i* > SC

17 0# PRINT TflSC36>? PRINCIPAL ‘ ITfl*<64-LENv3TRKP£Y7 MPS

S 7E0
1740
1 76#

1 700
100#
seftti
1040
1650
166#
1670
109#
1690
1900
1910
19ft#
193#
194 0
1930
1960
1970
1900
1990
3000
ft oio
ft oft □
203#
£040
£03#
ft #60
2 #70
2 #00
£090
£100
£11#
ft] ft#
£13#
2140
21 30
£160
ft 170
ftlOO
£190
£20#
£££#
£S40
£260
£200
££9Q
2310
2320
2330
334 D
2350

PRINT TABL&# 1 'EQUITY RfN' IP# I ^ ~ ITAB- 64-LEN- S TP*( TlJJMTl
PRI NT I ABC 36 > I " DEPPEC IflT I ON" J TAB I 64-LEN- tTR* Cfi7> 1 - JR?

PRINT T AB L 36 >1“ TAXABLE" -THB<64-LENa iTP*' T>'-> =T

PRINT "PURCHASE PRICE*” I R 1 ! " L DAN AMOUNT =" !L I "EQYl TY- " -P5

PRINT -CAP RATE 1H;E# ON PRICE= " SP 2I"+< T'GROSC MLILTIPLIEP* " tP4

PRINT "PRICE 'UNIT* "' TF3 ! " PRICE PER SO FT* * Jfl4

PRINT

PRINT

PRINT

PRINT “DO YOU WISH TO I -DISPLAY CURRENT VALUES- ft-CHG A VALUE
PRINT "3 -RE PUN PROGRAM. 4 -DONE"

INPUT K
Y*K

IF K*4 TH£K- £340
IF k«3 THEN 60
IF K*3 THEN 1?7&

IF K=1 THEN £100

PRINT “PLEASE INPUT 1. ft, 3, OP 4'

GDTO 1090
PRINT

PRINT "DO YOU UJJH TO CHANGE j"

PRINT "I- SCHEDULED GRDS2 INCOME"

PRINT "2- VACANCY ALLOWANCE"4
PRINT "3- EXPENSE RATIO"

PRINT "4- PURCHASE PRICE "

PRINT “5- MORTGAGE INFORMATION"

PRINT 6- DEPRECIATION INFORMATION
INPUT 2

IF £=■! THEN 180
IF ft=ft THEN £1 0
IF Z°3 THEN £40
IF Z=4 THEN 31#

IF 7*3 THEN 340
IF Z“6 THEN 550

PRINT "PLEASE INPUT n NUMBER BETWEEN 1 AMO th

"L . I £3'. iDP 13#S "

GOTO ft#5#

PRINT "PLEASE INPUT
GOTO 600

PRINT "PLEASE INPUT
GOTO 630
PRINT

PRINT "BUILDING HAS "INI?" UNITS AND "IFH" 5Q FEET"

PRINT 'BUILDING ALLOCATION* PERSONAL PROPERTY- ■:

PRINT “BLDG TAKEN UNDER "!DHL EERPECIATION QVEP ,fl.

PRINT "PERSONAL PROPEPtV TAKEN LINDER "iM*!" 0EPR OVER J 4 YE I "VfflRS"

PRINT "MORTGAGE - U I THf H J “OVER NOS AT " IQ( I S

NEXT I

PRINT

GOTO 1370

PRINT ” THNNh VOU"

END

READY

JANUARY 1978

INTERFACE AGE 99

Card of

Canada Systems, Inc. —

Or — How To Tell Time

By Roger Edelson, Hardware Editor

Canada Systems CL2400 Rea! Time Clock is an S-1 00
bus compatible time of day clock. The CL2400 is a self-
contained time keeping unit that once set continually
updates the time without requiring any processor time.
The CL2400 uses line frequency as its time standard.
The board also provides the generation of periodic inter-
rupts which can be enabled at any of six different rates,
all under software control. Before we get Into the kit, its
functions, and construction there is one major short-
coming of the CL2400 — power must be “ON” to the
computer for the ctock to function. If you turn off your
computer you lose the time of day. This could be easily
rectified by a battery backup and the inclusion of a
CMOS oscillator. There is plenty of room available on
the board to provide this feature and as an option it
would not greatly increase the board cost. Be that as it
may, let’s take a look at what the CL2400 does do — and
does well at a reasonable price ($135.00 assembled;
$98.00 as a kit).

Time of day is continually provided to the computer
without requiring any processor overhead. The time of
day is provided in 24 hour mode as six BCD digits, one
each of six I/O ports. The digits are arranged as
H,Hu:M,Mu;StSu. That’s tens of hours, hours; tens of
minutes, minutes; etc. As mentioned, six different inter-
rupt rates (once per second, 10 sec, 1 minute, 10 min-
utes, 1 hour, or once very 12 hours) are provided and can
be selected by software control.

The CL2400 is initialized under program control, with
commands for HOLD, SET HOURS, SET MINUTES, En-
able/Disable Interrupts, Acknowledge/Reset Interrupt,
and Interrupt Rate Select all available. The CL2400 uses
eight sequential I/O ports which are user selectable to
any of ten base addresses. The Real Time Clock card is
S-100 bus compatible and uses bus line 64 as the input
for the 60 Hz signal. The card requires only 300ma (max.)
from the + 8V line and less than 50 ma from the + 16V
supply. The reference manual provided is extremely
comprehensive and software examples are included to
indicate the ease with which the device may be initial-
ized and used. Set and Read routines are supplied that
will operate with any BASIC system with I/O capability
(INP and OUT statements).

Before covering the theory of operation of the Real
Time Clock, let's see what the kit itself is like. As repre-
sentative of the Canada Systems, Inc. kits that I have
seen, the assembly manual is well written and suffi-
ciently detailed. The board is well made with tinned
printed circuit traces and gold-plated edge connectors
for reliability. There is no solder masking, which caused
me to make one trace-to-trace short. The short was easy
to find before power was applied so no harm was done.
The component identification by silk screening is al-
most non-existent, however the assembly diagram is

more than adequate. The assembly layout drawing pro-
vides complete layout information and the part values
are provided at the top of the drawing rather than on
another parts-list page. This makes assembly easy despite
the fact that the layout drawing is found in the reference
manual. Alright, l agree that is where it should be after
construction, and it is nice not to have to flip pages, but
how about two assembly drawings, (picky, picky).

Figure 1. Real Time Clock

Assembly is very easy, the board is fully socketed,
and a heat sink is provided for the regulator. I think I
spent about VS> hour from start to finish. A picture of the
CL2400 assembled is shown in Figure 1. Adequate in-
structions are provided for selecting the ten possible
starting addresses for the CL2400. 1 would prefer a DIP
switch to the hardwire selection, but the peculiar selec-
tion logic mitigates against this. The CL2400 address
selection is associated with Bus address lines All
through A15, and requires that any two of the selection
jumpers be set to a low state, while the remaining three
jumpers are set to a high state. Figure 2 illustrates the
standard CL2400 addressing which uses I/O ports A8
through AF. The following table illustrates the address
jumper selection for each of the ten possible starting
addresses.

WO INTERFACE AGE

JANUARY 1978

the Month

CL2400 Real Time Clock

With Your Computer

ADDRESSES USED

OciaJ He* ADDRESS LINES HIGH fl) ADDRESS LINES LOW (0)

070*077 383F 11, 12, 13 14,15

130*137 58*5 F 11,12,14 13f 15

150*157 6S-6F 11,13,14 12,15

160-167 70-77 12,13,14 11,15

230*237 98*9 F 11,12,15 13,14

250*257 ASFAF 11,13,15 12,14

260*267 00*87 12( I3t 15 11,14

310-317 C8-CF 11, 14, 15 12, 13

320-327 D0-D7 12,14,15 11,13

340*347 E0-E7 13, 14, 15 11, 12

( ) Address Jumper

The checkout procedure is relatively simple but exten-
sive enough to locate most of the faults. The first portion
of the checkout is performed prior to the insertion of the
MOS dock chip in order to prevent damage to the chip if
the board is not correct. This portion of the checkout veri-
fies correct operation of the address decoding and buf-
fer circuitry* If this portion of the board operates correct-
ly the MOS clock chip is then plugged in. Extensive
safety precautions are detailed to minimize possible
damage to the MOS chip by improper installation. After
the clock chip has been installed the next set of
checkout instructions check the dock for proper opera-
tion* The trouble shooting portion of the manual is quite
good and should help locate almost any possible fault.

Figure 3 provides a look at the schematic of the
CL2400. Basically there are four sections of the CL2400:
1) the address decoding circuitry and the control
register (A15 and V2 A10); 2) the time keeping circuitry
(mainly the MM5318 and the 6QHz input circuitry: 3) the
data input circuitry; and 4) the interrupt circuitry.

Bus address lines All through A15 are presented to
ICs A12 and A13 through the five address jumpers,
CL2400 ADDR (A13 pin) goes high whenever address
lines A15 through AS contain an address that satisfies
the three high and two low requirements of the jumpers
and A12 and A13, Gate A7 "ANDS” the SINP bus signal
to create a READ (A7 pin 3) signal. READ enables the
A16 and All input data drivers whenever the computer
inputs from a peripheral address within the block of 8
CL2400 addresses. Additional sections of A12 and A13
"AND” SOUT and PWR signals to establish a WRITE (A8
pin 6) signal. If the computer outputs data to GL240G
base address + , +2, +3, + 5, 4* 6, or + 7 ( + 0 and + 4
are eliminated by gate A7 pin 1 1), a 7-bit register consist-
ing of A15 (data out bits DO0-D05) and one half of A10
(D06) Is strobed by A7 pin 8* Latched data bits 0-2 from
A15 are presented to the mode control inputs of A1. Bits
3-5 determine the interrupt rate, and bit 6 (stored in A10)
serves as the interrupt enable signal*

Bus address tines A8T A9 and A10 are presented to the
digit select inputs of A1 through sections of A14 and
All tCs whenever the computer reads the clock* Tran-
sistors contained in A6 convert TTL signal levels to the
12 volts required by A1.

The MM5318 IG, A1, contains all counters required to
take a 60Hz input and keep the present time in six digit
hours, minutes, seconds, (BCD) format as follows.

Tens of Hours— i
Tens of Hours

Tens of Minutes —

H H : M M : S S

Leconds

I — Tens of Seconds

» — Minutes

This requires digit select logic for selection of the digit
to be read. The MMSSIQ’s digit select codes (pins 28, 27,
and 28) are as follows;

z

Y

Z

Pin 28

Pin 27

Pin 26

Digit

12 v

12 v

12 v

Tens of hours

12 v

12 V

GND

Hours

12 v

GNO

12 v

Tens ol minutes

12 v

GND

GNO

GND

12 v

12 v

Seconds

GND

12 v

GND

Tens of seconds

GNO

GND

12 v

Minutes

GNO

GND

GND

Control over the MM5318 counters is obtained with
the HOLD (pin 16), SET MINUTES (pin 17), and SET
HOURS (pin 18) signals from the control register, HOLD
inhibits advancing of the counters, SET MINUTES ad-
vances the seconds counter at a 60Hz rate, and SET
HOURS advances the minutes counter at a 60 Hz rate.
The 60Hz input to the MM5318 is derived from the com*
puter’s + 16 volt supply transformer, A 60Hz signal from
the transformer is routed from bus pin 64 to a half-wave
rectifier consisting of D2t D3, and R1. R3, R4, 03, and G4
then filter tine transients from the signal before it is
presented to A1 pin 19. D4 ensures that the input 60Hz
signal does not exceed the 12 volt supply created by R2t
D1, and G2*

The BCD digit selected by address lines A8, A9 and
A1G is available on pins 2-5 of A1, after a delay required
for internal decoding. To allow for this delay, one-shot
A4 is triggered each time a clock digit Is read. Pin 13 of
A4 causes a 3-4 microsecond pulse that enables a sec-
tion of All to pull down the processor XRDY line. The
XRDY signal is synchronized with the 02 clock external-
ly (on the processor board).

The BCD digit is inverted by A2 and enabled onto bits
DIG-DI3 when the READ signal is active. Bits DI4 and DI5
are always forced to 0, and bits DI6 and DI7 are forced to
0 by A8 pin 2 and A7 pin 11, respectively, unless address
310 or 314 is being used. Since CL2400 base address
and base address + 4 do not return a BCD digit from the
MM5318, they are used to return interrupt enable status
in bit DI6 and interrupt pending status in bit DI7.

When the clock is not being read, 1C AS gates the in-
terrupt rate code from the control register <A15 pins 12,

JANUARY 1978

INTERFACE AGE 101

7, and 10} to the digit select inputs of A1. This selects
one of the six time digits to appear at the MM5318 BCD
output. The least significant bit {LSB) of this digit is
clocked by the PSYNC signal into 1C A9. A3 then makes
a comparison between the present state of the LSB, and
the previous state stored in A9 pin 12. If a change oc-
curs, A3 pin 3 makes a low to high transition, which
clocks pin 3 of A10 to set the interrupt flip-flop, 1C 10 pin
5. If INTERRUPT ENABLE (A10 pin 9) is active, A17 pin
11 pulls down the selected but interrupt line. To guard
against erroneous setting of the interrupt flip-flop, the
Interrupt circuitry is disabled each time the clock is
read. The READ signal from A8 pin 4 fires one-shot A4,
causing pin 12 to go low for sixteen microseconds. This
disables the PSYNC signal from changing the stored
LSB, and disables the change signal from setting the in-
terrupt flip-flop.

Once the interrupt flip-flop is set, it must be cleared
by a program statement. Any output to CL2400 base ad-
dress or base address + 4 is decoded by A8 pin 2, which
is ANDED with the WRITE signal by A17. Pin 3 of A17
clears the interrupt flip-flop.

Programming of the CL2400 is quite easy. The card
uses relative addressing of the inputs and outputs with
respect to the base address which is established by
hardwires on the board. The following table gives the
relative addressing of the CL2400 inputs and outputs.

OUTPUT INPUT

Base Address Interrupt Acknowledge Interrupt Status

Base Address + 1 Control Register Minutes (0*9)

Base Address + 2
Base Address + 3
Base Address + 4
Base Address + 5
Base Address + 6
Base Address + 7

Tens of Seconds (0-5J
Seconds (0*9)

Tens of Minutes (0-5)
Hours (0*9)

Tens of Hours (0-5)

At the base address + 1 the control register is loaded
by outputting an 8-bit word* In bit position 0 of this word
a “1” will cause the clock to hold its last reading. The
clock will resume operation when a “0” is placed in this
bit position* A “1" in the bit position 1 will cause the
clock to count at a rate 60 times faster than normal
operation. At this speed the minute counter will change
every second. A *l0JT in this bit position causes the clock
to resume normal speed. Likewise, a 'T1 in position 2
causes the hour counter to change once per second to
facilitate setting of the hour digits. An “0” placed in this
bit position causes the clock to resume normal speed.
Bit positions 3 through 5 are used to set the interrupt
rate. Two faster rates than normal ones (16*7ms and 167
ms) may be obtained by placing the clock in the SET
MINUTES mode. Of course the clock will not keep the
correct time when used in this mode. If a “Gff is output-
ted in bit position 6, the clock is inhibited from generat-
ing any interrupts* A “1” enables theCL2400 internal in-
terrupt signal. Once the CL2400 interrupt flip-flop has
been set, it must be acknowledged by the processor
before it will reset. The processor resets the interrupt
flip-flop by placing any output on the base address. Bits
6 and 7 of the base address indicate the status of the
CL2400 interrupt subsystem. Bit 6 provides an indica-
tion of the interrupt enable flip-flop and bit 7 indicates
the present state of the interrupt flip-flop.

Time is presented in the four least significant bits of
the addresses base + 1 through base + 7. However,
base + 4 does not contain any information.

Sample programs are provided in both BASIC and 8080
machine language to guide the user in utilizing the clock*

All-in-all the CL2400 is very easy to build and to use.
Programs may be written which allow the use of the com-
puter to time many chores in the household without bur-
dening the processor with the overhead of time keeping.

T

I

— q +5V

BC1'BC12

047

60H; &4 ^

+ 16V 2 +

0GG

DOI

D02

D03

004

DOS

POC

AlG

A9

A8

A15

A13

AH

A14

A12

SlNP

PWR

5QUT

006

PSYNC1

Figure 3* CL24Q0 Real Time Clock

102 INTERFACE AGE

JANUARY 1978

R3 J R1

56K .4

i0A T

IC

GND

+ 5

A1

14

A2

7

14

A3

7

14

A4

a

16

AS

a

16

AG

5,15

_

A7

7

14

AS

7

14

A9

11

14

A10

7

14

All

a

16

A12

7

14

A13

7

14

A14

7

14

A15

8

16

A16

6

16

A17

7

14

R11 SL2K

-AAA r-

R12 2.2K

-A/VV

RIO 2,2K

.1

Li

^ <

28 .

27 ■

—

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* HOURS WIN HOLD

J\2 ,

t

| A 1 7 wL

4^A12-

^ , 1

11

lisoofj

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IA1 T%W
LS02 JT~

4r

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' 8097 1

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INTERRUPT

Li hSET

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3 A10.

jdNiMflVwa

/Wr£/?MCF AGE 103

PHOTO 1 Phi-deck Capstan motor
placement.

Photo by Jim Henderson.

PHOTO 2 Phi-deck rewind/for-
ward and head motor placement.
Photo by Jim Henderson.

PHOTO 3 Control card. Photo by
Jim Henderson.

104 INTERFACE AGE

JANUARY 1978

Turning Toward MECA

By Carl Denver Warren II

BACKGROUND

About three years ago two young engineers named
Derryl and Don Miilican set out to devise an inexpensive
mass storage system for the then “new” personal com-
puters. Don Miilican had the experience needed, having
designed read/write circuitry for IBM for several years;
Derryl had the research and marketing knowhow. Finally
after two years of extensive research and design work,
their dream came true in the form of a high speed cas-
sette system which they dubbed the MECAdrive.

Their next objective was to design a kit which was
reliable and could compete with the growing floppy disc
market. The remainder of this article is an indepth
description of the drive, theory of operation, assembly,
and possible user application.

THE PHI-DECK

The MECAdrive is made up of two distinct parts, the
most obvious part being the tape drive mechanism. The
Phi-deck, manufactured by Triple I, was chosen for its
reliability, base construction, and ease of control. The
Phi-deck shown in Photo 1 has four motors for control-
ling each of the needed functions.

In Photo 1 you can see the capstan motor placement
in relationship to the cassette holder. The capstan
motor is driven any time power is applied to the Phi-
deck. This motor is not switched because of the time it
takes to come up to speed, approximately one second.
However, if it becomes necessary to keep the drive
powered even though it -is not in use, provisions have
been made on the control card1 to switch the capstan
motor on and off. The capstan motor speed is an in-
tegral part of the Phi -deck and can be changed by chang-
ing the size of the pulley. The pulley arrangement forthe
Phi-deck is shown in Photo 2. Notice the belt driving ar-
rangement from the capstan motor to the capstan spin-
dle drive pulley.

The forward and rewind motors are placed on either
side of the capstan motor as shown in Photo 2. The
motors are wired so that positive current drives the for-

ward motor to advance the tape and the rewind motor to
rewind the tape. These motors are powered from a 7V
source and move the tape at an average speed of 100 in-
ches per second. To prevent excessive speed near the end
of the tape, the non-driven motor is dynamically braked
to slow the tape before reaching the stops. The control
of these motors is a function of the printed circuit con-
trol card which I will discuss later, but it is necessary to
look at the schematic of the card in Figure 1 to see how
the forward and rewind motors are controlled.

As shown in Figure 1, the forward and rewind motors
are interfaced with 2N4400 type transistors in a Darling-
ton circuit to provide sufficient current gain to drive Q3
and Q12 into saturation. During the play mode, Q4 is
turned on so that R43 is used to reduce the current sup-
plied to the motor which reduces the torque and insures
a gentle takeup action. When the drive is switched from
fast forward, rewind, play, or stop, Q13 turns on for a
moment to power both motors and take up any slack.

The last motor on the Phi-deck is the head motor,
which is shown in Photo 2 opposite the capstan spindle
pulley. This motor is powered by an 11V source because
of the high torque required to raise the head assembly.
The motor on the deck is a DC motor rather than an AC
stepping motor to reduce the cost of the unit. However,
the motor must be dynamically braked to keep it from
coasting and going into the disengaged position. This is
accomplished by shorting the positive lead to ground
for a short time through Q5. The head position is sensed
by a microswitch on the side of the unit by the starwheel
mechanism. As shown in Figure 1, the head and play
signals are input to an exclusive circuit which engages
or disengages the motors as required.

CONTROL CARD

The control card shown in Photo 3 is a densely packed,
high quality, double sided printed circuit board that pro-
vides the following functions:

A) Control of the four motors;

B) Write circuitry (2 channels);

PHOTO 4 Phi-deck and control
card mounted.

Photo by Jim Henderson.

JANUARY 1978

INTERFACE AGE 105

A

B

D

F

J2

J3

Figure 1. Schematic of Meca Drive.

706 INTERFACE AGE

JANUARY 1978

wflT.

JANUARY 1978

INTERFACE AGE 107

C) Read circuitry including preamplification;

D) Interface for computer and manual operation.

As shown in Photo 4 the card is mounted beneath the
Phi-deck so that all functions are easily plugged in.

As 1 mentioned in the discussion of the Phi-deck, the
motor control is handled by the control card. The card
also senses the motion of the tape and uses it to deter-
mine tape end in order to reset all the latches. It also
makes the pulse train, generated by the tape motion,
available at I/O connector J-4 for use in determining tape
position. In the application section of this article I will
discuss how the pulse train is used in determining file
location on the tape.

The read/write circuitry, as shown in Figure 1, is lo-
cated in the lower right hand portion of the schematic.
The read circuit has preamplifiers to minimize outside
noise sources. This also provides an 800 mV rms signal
at low impedance so the signal can be run for long dis-
tances without interference. The read circuits are identi-
cal, with the amplifiers designed to be tailored by the
user for desired gain.

The write channels consist of U14 (dual 1458 op-amp)
which supplies the actual record signal. This signal cur-
rent is mixed with the bias current at the readfwhte head
and provides enough drive to saturate fully the tape. This
is AG*biased writing rather than DC and provides for bet-
ter tape saturation.

The erase oscillator, located on the schematic to the
left of the read /write circuitry, is composed of transis-
tors Q1 and Q10 and uses the head as an inductor in an
LC oscillator The frequency is approximately 55 kHZ
and 45V peak, giving total AC erasure on both channels
1 and 2.

The rest of the circuitry on the card is for decoding in*
put commands and setting the mode of operations. Also,
the card allows for write protecting by turning the write
circuitry 12V off, thus protecting the cassette. The write
mode can be detected at connector J1-5. This shows
when the collector voltage of Q1 is approximately 11V,
the drive is in write mode. Table 1 shows the functions
available at I/O connector J4 and the signal types.

The control of the MECAdrive is accomplished by set-
ting up three control bits with a fourth bit for execution.
This allows for more than one drive to be on the bus at
the same time with only the drive whose execute pin is
taken low accepting the commands. Table 2 shows the
necessary bit patterns for a desired function,

I/O CONNECTOR PIN OUTS AND CONTROL
BIT FUNCTIONING

The I/O connector J4 on the control card provides for
interfacing to the chosen computer system through any
8-bit port. Table 1 shows the function of each pin and
signal types that are either available or required. Pins
J4-1 0, 11, and 13 are the computer control bits and are
decoded to determine the function to be performed.
However, the function is inhibited until J4-12 execute is
taken low. Table 2 shows the code function translation.
The execute pin J4-12 is negative true and causes the
command on the bus to be executed. This allows com-
mands to more than one drive to be bused with only the
one whose execute is negative to execute the command.
Also, it allows the instruction to “set up51 in the decoder
before it is gated out to prevent any glitches or bit loss.
Figure 2 is a block diagram of a multiplexed system of
three drives to demonstrate this function.

POWERING THE MECADRIVE

Figure 3 is a block diagram of the power requirements
of the MECAdrive. A positive 12V is required for the logic
circuits, any LED indicators, and peripheral driver Q19.
The 11V needed for the head motor is derived through
the resistor transistor network R94 and Q19 to provide

POWER

SIGNAL TYPE

J4-1

Ground

Power

J4-2

+ 12V

Power

J4-5

-12V

Power

DRIVE OUTPUTS

J4-3

+ Busy

Logic

J4-4

Position Pulses

Logic

J4-6

+ Write Mode

Logic

J4-7

Chan 2 Read

Analog

J4-8

Chan 1 Read

Analog

DRIVE INPUTS

J4-9

Play

Logic

J4-10

Cl

Logic

J4-11

C2

Logic

J4-12

Execute

Logic

J4-13

CO

Logic

J4-14

WRT CH 1

Logic or Analog

J4-15

WRT CH 2

Logic or Analog

J4-16

RWND

Logic

Table 1.

I/O connector J4 pinouts

and functions

(courtesy of MECA),

C2 Cl
0 0
0 0
0 1
0 1
1 0
1 0
1 1
1 1

CO FUNCTION

0 Stop

1 Fast Forward

0 Rewind

1 Play

0 Set Write Mode

1 Set Peripheral Driver On

0 Set Peripheral Driver Off

1 Not used.

NOTE: All operational state transitions must be made
via the stop mode, Le.

Fast Fwd -

► Slop

► Rewind

Play

► Stop

► Rewind

Write

► Stop

► Fast Forward

Play -

► Stop

— etc. -

► Fast Forward

This is not true, however, for the Set Write Mode
to Play Sequence. Since stop resets write mode,
you should not issue a stop command after set-
ting write mode until you wish to reset write
mode.

Table 2. Code to function translation (courtesy of MEGA).

108 INTERFACE AGE

JANUARY 7978

sufficient gain to raise the head. The 7808 voitage regu-
lator is optional and provides an on-board method of
creating the 7V needed for the capstan and reel motors.
By using the regulator, an extra 7V outboard power sup-
ply is not needed.

As the basic MECAdrive system stands, a power sup-
ply is not provided. However, in the user/assembly
manual power supply options are offered. Figure 4 is a
schematic of a dual 12V supply designed to handle all
the power requirements of the MECAdrive.

ASSEMBLY

The assembly of the MECAdrive kit requires a fair
amount of experience on the part of the builder. Although
the assembly manual covers the assembly procedure in
detail, it is written for the experienced kit builder.

The MECAdrive is made up of the Phi-deck and the
control card. The Phi-deck is supplied by MECA com-
pletely wired, with ail connectors made up and seated in
their molex holders. The control card is the main build-
ing project. Figure 5 is the component side of the PC
board. You will notice that the entire circuitry is placed
on the card in a very compact manner. Consequently,
when assembling this unit, care must be taken to avoid
mis-position of components.

The components in the kit are of first quality with
sockets for all the ICs. Every item in the kit, from
resistors to the Phi-deck, are guaranteed and will be re-
placed if defective. However, the chances of getting bad
parts in the kit are almost nonexistent since Don takes
every precaution to insure that a kit Is of first quality
before it is shipped.

OPTIONS AVAILABLE

Throughout this article I have been describing the
basic MECAdrive system, that is the Phi-deck and con-
trol card. Like all peripherals on the market, other op-
tions can be purchased.

The MECAdrive system is designed to fit in with the S
100 type computers either interfacing through a PIA ar-
rangement with your design or through the Tarbell inter-
face, MECA also has made available an interface card
which handles all the I/O transfers and housekeeping
needed to operate the MECAdrive. This interface, along
with the MECAdrive, makes up the entire top of the line
MECA system which is called the Alpha-1 system. Since
I am oriented toward the 6800-based machines, I have
not made myself familiar with the Alpha-1 and, there-
fore, cannot really describe it Hopefully, someone with
an S100 machine using the Alpha-2 system will describe
it in a future article.

One question you are probably asking is if there is a
cabinet or not. The answer is both yes and no. The system
is designed to be inexpensive, so if you want a cabinet,
you can design your own. If you are handy with sheet metal,
you can probably do it for just a few dollars. However, if
you want a sharp-looking cabinet, it can be purchased
separately for $70,00. The only drawback is that there is
only one cabinet size, shown in Photo 5, and that is for a
dual drive. However, after using Ibe MECAdrive for
about ten minutes you will want the second drive.

Darryl has designed the MECAdrive package to be
flexible so that you can purchase if just about any way
you want. Table 3 Is a summary of the options available
and price breakdowns, Derryl also has personally visited
all major MITS dealers around the country to set them
up as MECA dealers. Each dealer has a complete up and
running system with many different types of demo pro-
grams and more coming. Also, each dealer has been
given a full indoctrination to the system so that they can
answer any questions you may have. More Importantly,
they have the system so you can walk out the door with
one today.

JANUARY 1978

INTERFACE AGE 109

Figure 3, Block diagram of power requirements
(courtesy of MECA).

IN40Q1 UNREG. 1 2V

Figure 4. Power supply schematic (courtesy of MECA),

110 INTERFACE AGE

JANUARY 1978

PHOTO 5

Dual drive cabinet.
(Courtesy of MECA)

Figure 5. Component side of control card (courtesy of MECA).

JANUARY 1978

INTERFACE AGE 111

009

Option

Kit

Assembled

Basic system— Phi-deck
and control card

$240.00

$320.00

Single drive power
supply, enclosure

$395.00

$595.00

Complete system —
dual drives, controller,
enclosure, manual,
operating system

$685.00

$965.00

Enclosure

$ 70.00

Manual

$ 5,00

Power supply

$ 20.00

$ 27.00

Prices for the entire Alpha-1 system can be obtained
directly from Meca.

Table 3. Options available and price breakdowns.

APPLICATIONS

Any peripheral device is only good if it can be used to
perform some sort of useful task and, of course, this is
true of the MECAdrive. For the purposes of this discus-
sion, I would like briefly to touch on the following areas:
file naming and file search, mailing lists, library lists,
and basic business applications.

File naming and file search can be accomplished with
the MECA using the feature of counting the pulses gen-
erated by the tape motion, since the pulse generator is
located on the forward take up reel and produces 18
pulses per revolution. The relationship of the tape on
the reel and the pulse received is non-linear, because of
the radius of the takeup reel changing with the amount
of tape on it. Using the figures in Table 4, you can design
a tape operating system that will determine where a file
is on the tape, name it by type and location, and when
needed search for it by that file name location indicator.

For mailing lists, it Is estimated that approximately
5000 names and addresses can be contained on the aver-
age C60 cartridge. Using this and rapidly filling a buffer
area from the MECAdrive with variable length files, you
can write a mailing list routine. Also, using two drives
you can merge, sort, delete, and add new names.

A library list is not names of all the local libraries, but
it could be. For our purposes, it is usually a list of what
is available on a tape or group of tapes and the access
code needed to get to them. This is also sometimes called
menu. An example of this function can be seen at most
of the MECA dealers around the country.

Basic business applications are, to me, the most ex-
citing and important area of personal computing. With
the hardware available today, business systems can be
written to cover just about every aspect needed using
minimal size memories and using the MECAdrive as a
virtual memory device. For example, an inventory pack-
age can be written that does the following: a) gives on-
line status of inventory balances; b) differentiates fast
movers from slow movers; c) flags out of stock items; d)
allows for comprehensive inventory reports.

Accounts receivable and payable packages can also
be written to handle incoming and outgoing invoices,
handle check registers, give detail reports of balances
for both categories, and also flag late bills. Finally, a
general ledger system can be implemented to update all
journal entries, keep track of accounts, and produce
periodic reports covering any detail that you desire.

The MECAdrive makes all this possible by providing a

INS.

COUNT

INS, COUNT

INS.

COUNT

INS.

COUNT

0

420

1100

71921

2200

20417

3300

27476

20

681

1120

12094

2220

20556

3320

27595

40

939

1140

12267

2240

20695

3340

27714

60

1194

1160

12439

2260

20833

3360

27832

80

1445

1180

12609

2280

20970

3380

27950

100

1695

1200

12779

2300

21107

120

1942

1220

12948

2320

21244

140

2186

1240

13116

2340

21380

160

2428

1260

13283

2360

21515

180

2668

1280

13449

2380

21651

200

2905

1300

13615

2400

21786

220

3141

1320

13780

2420

21921

240

3374

1340

13944

2440

22054

260

3605

1360

14108

2460

22188

280

3833

1380

14270

2480

22321

300

4060

1400

14433

2500

22454

320

4285

1420

14593

2520

22587

340

4509

1440

14754

2540

22719

360

4730

1460

14914

2560

22851

380

4950

1480

15073

2580

22982

400

5167

1500

15231

2600

23113

420

5383

1520

15389

2620

23243

440

5598

1540

15547

2640

23373

460

5811

1560

15703

2660

23503

480

6022

1580

15859

2680

23633

500

6232

1600

16014

2700

23762

520

6440

1620

16169

2720

23891

540

6647

1640

16323

2740

24019

560

6851

1680

16477

2760

24147

580

7055

1680

16631

2780

24274

600

7256

1700

16783

2800

24402

620

7457

1720

16935

2820

24529

640

7655

1740

17087

2840

24655

660

7853

1760

17237

2860

24781

680

8049

1780

173B7

2880

24907

700

8245

1800

17537

2900

25033

720

8438

1820

17686

2920

25158

740

8631

1840

17B35

2940

25283

760

8823

1860

17982

2960

25407

780

9013

1880

18130

2980

25531

BOO

9203

1900

18277

3000

25655

820

9391

1920

18423

3020

25779

840

9579

1940

18569

3040

25902

860

9765

1960

18714

3060

26025

880

9949

1980

18859

3080

26148

900

10133

2000

19003

3100

26270

920

10316

2020

19147

3120

26393

940

10499

2040

19289

3140

26514

960

10679

2060

19432

3160

26635

960

10860

2080

19574

3180

26756

1000

11039

2100

19716

3200

26877

1020

11217

2120

19857

3220

26997

1040

11394

2140

19998

3240

27117

1060

11571

2160

201 38

3260

27237

1080

11746

2180

20278

3280

27357

Table 4. Lineal tape

location

to pulse count conversion

(courtesy of MECA),

1 megabyte mass storage system that can be manipu-
lated in the same manner as the larger super systems.
The MECAdrive offers another unique aspect in that it
can also be used as an audio recorder which provides
for an interesting concept in computer instruction. Both
CRT and auditory commands can be used to tutor the user.

SUMMARY

Always at the end of an article you wonder if you have
covered everything, or at least everything that is import
ant, but in most oases something has been left out.
Therefore, If you are realty interested in the MECAdrive
system, the entire user/assembly manual can be pur-
chased for $5.00 by writing to MECA, Attn: Nancy Milli-
can, 7026 Old Woman Springs Road, P.O. Box 696, Yucca
Valley, CA 92284, or phone (714) 365-7686. I plan in a
future article to discuss interfacing the system to the
MITS680b bus and the rudiments of a TOS for the system.

112 INTERFACE AGE

JANUARY 1978

The Glass Teletype

A Flexible Television Interface

By Charlie Mitchell, Phil Roybal, Keith Winter

National Semiconductor Corporation

INTRODUCTION

Over the past several years, the plunging prices of
microprocessors and memory have steadily expanded the
range of application for these devices. Now prices have
dropped so low that the science-fiction concept of a per-
sonal computer, a genie in the home that does the bidding
of an average person, has come within reach. It is ex-
pected that such a dream might come true for a fair per-
centage of the U.S. population within three to five years.

Unfortunately, the prices of peripheral devices have
not dropped nearly as rapidly as the price of electronics.
Today a microprocessor the size of a finger nail has
more computing power than a roomful of computation
equipment of a decade ago. Yet without some moder-
ately expensive peripherals around it} that very powerful
processor is a blind-deaf-mute; It can't read, it can't talk,
it can't listen. Since electronics are cheap and mechani-
cal devices are expensive, one solution for the problem
of communication has been to utilize electronic devices
wherever possible to replace mechanical ones. Thus,
the TV Typewriter, the Glass Teletype , has come to be.
The Glass Teletype or TVT is a device that allows the
use of a television set or video monitor as an output de-
vice, and a simple switch matrix or encoded keyboard as
an input device, to make up a basic terminal. Such a ter-
minal provides one of the least expensive means for the
user to conduct a dialog with his computer system. This
article is a description of a TVT designed at National
Semiconductor. It is a general-purpose board controlled
by an SC/MP microprocessor, and it displays on a tele-
vision set or video monitor the input taken from one of
three sources;

1, Parallel Encoded Keyboard

2, Serial Source (ASCII, Baudot, etc.)

3, SC/MP Low-Cost Development System (LCDS)

Using its serial input and output interfaces, the circuit

presented in this article can replace a teletype or video
terminal. It can interface with a serial 20mA loop or
RS232 line and thus handle all the functions normally
provided by a teletype or CRT terminal,

HARDWARE

The system shown in block diagram (Figure 1) splits
up into three parts:

1. Video RAM/Character Generator Logic

2. TTL Video Output Control Logic

3. Microprocessor Character Input Control Logic

Let's start with the microprocessor section which in-
cludes the processor itself, its control firmware; and the
support logic that connects the processor to the outside
world. The purpose of this part of the circuit is to control
the loading of characters into the video RAM from the
sources mentioned above. The SC/MP microprocessor
control section is shown in Figure 2.

The microprocessor itself (U30) is the center of the
figure. Below it are U3S and U39t bipolar PROMs which
hold the application firmware that runs the video inter-
face. Each PROM is 512 x 4, so together they make up
VsK byte of storage.

The processor Is connected to the rest of the system
through a set of buffers and bus transceivers (U29, U33
and U44), Its bidirectional data bus is passed through
the DP6304 bus transceiver (U33) and thus communi-
cates with the video RAM holding characters to be dis-
played on the screen. SC/MP access to that RAM and to
the rest of the system is controlled by the address bus
through TRISTATE*1 bus drivers U29 and U44.

Information is brought into the system from a variety
of sources. A typical source Is an ASCII encoded key-
board consisting of a switch matrix keypad and an
MM5740 encoder The encoded output of the keyboard
is connected through a DIP socket (U31) into an 81LS95
buffer, and then into the data bus of the SC/MP It micro-
processor itself.

Another possible input is a serial data stream inter-
faced to the SC/MP by means of flag and sense lines. On
the far left of Figure 2, connector 37 (8-SENSE) is at-
tached to the SENSE B input pin of the SC/MP micro-
processor, one of two sensing pins that can be tested
under program control. A serial bit stream from a tele-
type or a communications line would be brought into
this pin and would appear to the SC/MP as a series of
pulses separated in time. The SC/MP would count time
intervals, determine when a pulse should be there, and
by testing SENSE B determine whether there was a 1 or
0 during that pulse time window. Serial output from the
system is available through FLAG 0, a tine that can be
set under program control by the SC/MP. FLAG 0 is
brought out through buffer U37 to pin 32 (BFLAGO) on
the edge of the card,

A third input for the video card is the SC/MP Low-Cost
Development System (LCDS). A DP8301 bidirectional in-
terface (U34) is used to connect the SC/MP data bus
with the bus of the LCDS, The card’s I/O address is
determined by a DM8131 address comparator (U4Q) U4Q
compares the contents of the address bus on the SC/MP
LCDS with a predetermined address which is set up on
U41, a DIP switch.

The system is configured for one of these input op-
tions by means of the firmware in PROMs U38 and U39,
and also by means of the jumpers which are shown in
Figure 2, To facilitate input there is an input control line
(USER 1) at pin 8. USER 1 is a signal which is high when
data have been inputted to the card but not been ac-
cepted, and low when the data have been accepted.
Thus, an externa] device feeding this card can deter-
mine when the card has accepted data. USER 1 is con-
trolled by the STD pin on U34 (for LCDS inputs) or by flip
flop U17 (for keyboard inputs).

Since the card was designed to handle a variety of ap-
plications, there are other items In the circuit which may
or may not apply to the particular application, and
whose function can be changed under software control.
One of these is switch SI T which is connected to the SIN
pin of the SC/MP microprocessor. This pin provides a
voltage level at the serial input to the processor. In the

’Tristate- is a reg. trademark of National Semiconductor Corp.

JANUARY 7 978

INTERFACE AGE 1 13

teletype emulation firmware used for our demo, that
switch was used to select speeds of 110 or 300 baud for
serial transmission. However, the switch means exactly
what the firmware says it means, so the user can use it
for anything he likes.

Another application-dependent item on the diagram is
capacitor Cl on the I N IT line. If the video card is used as
part of a SC/MP Low-Cost Development System, that
capacitor can be removed entirely. For other applica-
tions, the size of the capacitor should be adjusted to
provide proper initialization of the SC/MP,

At the upper right of Figure 2, the address lines (ASC,
AS0, AS4 and ASS) which are decoded from addresses
10 and 11 are used to select among input ports, ROMs,
video RAMs, and READ/WRITE functions. Further down,
BAD0-BAD7 and BD0-BD7 provide addresses and data to
the video RAMs.

The TTL control circuitry (Figure 3) refreshes the dis-
play by providing a continuous stream of addresses to the
video RAM bank. These addresses select the RAM loca-
tion of the particular character to be displayed. That char-
acter is then supplied to the character generator (U28 in
Figure 4) which paints a series of dots on the screen cor-
responding to the particular tine of the character to be
displayed. However, when the microprocessor is updat-
ing the RAM, it is necessary to prevent the control cir-
cuitry from selecting the RAM cell which is being modi-
fied. If this were not done there could be a broken char-
acter or garbage displayed upon the screen. To prevent
this, as a particular RAM ceil is changed by the micropro-
cessor, AS8 (which selects the video RAM WRITE func-
tion) is wire-ORed with the video signal (through U10 in
Figure 3) and blanks it during the time that character
should be displayed. The effect on the screen is of a
momentary flicker as the character vanishes for a single

frame. To the eye the effect is not discernible.

The TTL control circuitry ts itself controlled by the dot
clock, a master timing signal for all of the video circuitry.
The dot clock determines when spots of a character will
be illuminated during one line of the raster scan. The dot
dock is fed into a dot counter, which counts out seven
dots of the 7x9 matrix that the character occupies. Five
dots are the character itself (in 5x7 dot format), followed
by two dots of blank space. U6, a DM74LS163, is respon-
sible for maintaining that count. The counter itself is
reset by the PROM U12, whose job it is to know that a
"character” for this system is five dot spaces and two
blank spaces wide.

For each character produced, the character counter
(U1 and U8) is incremented by one until it counts off
either 32 or 64 characters on a line (the limit selected by
the user). PROM U2 resets U1 and U8 at the end of the
selected number of characters in the line.

The result of all these counting operations is a series
of control signals which are supplied to the video RAM
and character generation circuitry to control the image
on the screen. One of these signals is the line rate clock,
which is supplied directly to character generator U28, to
determine when it is time to stop outputting one dot line
of a character and begin outputting the next.

Another control signal is the vertical synch pulse,
which indicates that a frame is complete and the CRT
should begin vertical retrace. Likewise, horizontal synch
is sent out to indicate the end of a line of dots so the
CRT can begin horizontal retrace. These vertical and hori-
zontal synch signals are imposed upon the video to make
up the composite video signal which is fed to the monitor.

The last of the control signals are the addresses for
the video RAM itself. These addresses (BADO to BAD9)
count out on the lower left-hand side of Figure 3,

SERIAL

PORTS

[PARALLEL ASCIIfr

VIDEO *
SYNC

u

LCDS

BUS

Figure 1. System Block Diagram

714 INTERFACE AGE

JANUARY 7978

JANUARY 1978

INTERFACE AGE 115

Ui |_

>o

> a
V3 §
z5

Figure 3. TTL Control Circuitry

116 INTERFACE AGE

JANUARY 1978

VIDEO

8 2

U z

LU O
< U
® g O
Z § o I
=] y 5 I

ds

* s

Figure 4, Video RAM and Character Generator.

JANUARY 1978

INTERFACE AGE 117

Bin

Figure 5.

(58.5% of Actual Size)

118 INTERFACE AGE

JANUARY 1978

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CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 77

The final part of the video card is the character gener-
ation circuitry (Figure 4). This circuitry consists of a set
of four 256x4 MM2112 RAMs. These RAMs are wired in
parallel for a total memory of 512 characters (16 lines of
32 characters each) in the present implementation.
However, the PC board is set up so that these parts may
be easily replaced by the 1Kx4 MM2114, thus quadrupl-
ing the capacity of the board.

The video RAMs hold an ASCII representation of the
characters which are to be painted on the screen. In the
normal mode of operation the control circuitry is gener-
ating a series of RAM addresses, the ASCII contents of
which are sent to the character generator (U28). From the
character generator (DM8678), a string of dots is sent into
the video output circuit (U4). Here the video dot stream
is mixed with horizontal and vertical synch to form a
composite video signal. This signal is output through a
Process 20 transistor as NTSC composite video.

The video interface PC board shown in Figures 5 (top
artwork), 6 (bottom artwork), and 7 (loading diagram). A
listing of the firmware for the card is given in Figure 8.

SUMMARY

The system described here was originally generated
as an emulation of a new CRT controller chip, the
DP3850. This chip, scheduled for availability in the first
quarter of 1978, provides the dot clock, line counter,
character counter, and all of the other functions
presently supplied by the logic shown in Figure 3. In
building up this board, we found uses for it in a variety
of situations calling for low-cost display. Since it is soft-
ware configurable, it can serve a wide variety of useful
functions: replacing teletypes or other terminals, form-
ing a small stand-alone computer system, or being used
with a separate computer to provide the facility of an in-
telligent terminal.

JANUARY 1978

INTERFACE AGE 119

Figure 8. CRT Interface Card Firmware Listing

1

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120 INTERFACE AGE

JANUARY 1978

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CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 71

INTERFACE AGE 121

JANUARY 1978

Interval Timer Design

By Darrel J. Van Buer

INTRODUCTION

The element of time is a powerful feature in the com-
puter environment. With it, the computer can take ac-
tions based on how long an event takes and also accur-
ately control when events happen. The computer can do
simple tasks such as turn lights on and off at preplanned
times or act as a stopwatch. Timing can also be used to
make games more challenging by forcing play into real
time. In a computer dedicated to a single job, it may be
possible to do any needed timing with carefully-planned
program loops. In complex applications, however, it is
extremely difficult to do this, making some kind of hard-
ware clock desirable, if not essential.

DESIGN GOALS

Once I decided I should have a hardware clock, I listed
my requirements for it. They are:

1) Clock operation should use little computing power.

2) The clock should have high resolution. For my pur-
poses I wanted millisecond resolution.

3) Its accuracy should not depend on when the com-
puter looks at it. For example, with a digital watch
using a 4-digit display, it may be read inconsistently
as follows. Read the hours and minutes (say 10:23),
then read the seconds. If the seconds show 00, the
time may be 10:23:00 or 10:24:00dependlng on when
the second changes versus the display change.

4) Its accuracy should not be disturbed by setting
operations. This is related to the previous item.

5) The clock should be low in direct hardware costs
for itself) and indirect hardware costs for memory
or other boards.

I am aware of three clocks currently available for the
hobbyist standard bus but none of them meets my criteria
Two of them require a vectored interrupt card. The other
has only one second resolution. The remainder of this
article is devoted to my own design for a clock.

LOGIC CIRCUIT

The logic circuit I built is actually an interval timer
rather than a true clock. (Figure 1) The section on pro-
grams contains the software to simulate a clock with
this timer. There are four parts to the interval timer i
built. The CPU sees two parts, an 8-bit I/O port which is
also a counter, and a 2-bit output port which regulates
timer interrupts. The third part of the circuit is a chain of
counters to derive circuit timing from CPU timing. The
fourth part consists of logic to detect and correct situa-
tions which can lead to timekeeping errors.

The counter port is central to the operation of the
timer. It is an 8-bit counter which counts down one step
each millisecond. The counter is treated as a signed
number which ranges from +127 to -128. When the
counter is negative, it causes an interrupt. Normal use

of the timer consists of outputting a positive number to
the counter and waiting for the interrupt to occur when
the interval expires.

This circuit, together with the support programs
which follow, meet my design goals. When timing is not
being actively used, the CPU spends less than one per-
cent of the time maintaining time of day since interrupts
can occur 128 milliseconds apart. Further, since the
timer can record properly unserviced interrupts for
another 127 milliseconds, correct operation is less
demanding than Teletype interrupts. Anomalies in set-
ting and reading the timer are avoided because the en-
tire timer is a single port. Costs are tow because the cir-
cuit contains only nineteen TTL IC's and the software to
support the clock takes less than 400 bytes.

The accuracy of a clock
should not depend on when the
computer looks at it, nor should it be
disturbed by setting operations.

Most of the circuit is straightforward. 1C H and 1C I,
together with ICs F, G, J and K form the counter and I/O
port. The gates in 1C A, 1C B, !C C and 1C D decode the
various I/O signals honored by the circuit. 1C O and tC P
form the main part fo the divider chain which derives
millisecond clocking from the CPU 01 clock. 1C N, a dual
multivibrator, is used to generate short, square clock
pulses about 40 nanoseconds duration to clock the I/O
counter cleanly.

One half of 1C Q halves the 2 MHz system clock fre-
quency while the other half resynchronizes the divider
chain output to the falling edge of the 01 clock, permit-
ting less expensive ripple counters in the chain. Figure 2
shows this timing.

Half of 1C R and all of 1C S are used to detect poten-
tially missing clock pulses and restore them if
necessary. Without these flip-flops, this sequence of
events would lose one clock pulse: CPU inputs from
counter; counter gets clocked by divider chain; CPU out-
puts a new value to the counter. As a result, one clock
pulse is too late to be seen by the CPU during the input
and then is obliterated by the CPU output.

Figure 3 shows the timing for these flip-flops when
the CPU reads the timer. Since both the counter and the
CPU DBIN signal are synchronized to the falling edge of

122 INTERFACE AGE

JANUARY 1978

the 01 clock, any clock pulses which occur before the
end of an input instruction will be reflected in the count
read by the CPU. 1C R pin 3 serves to generate a delayed
indication of the start of the DBIN pulse and is used to
reset both halves of 1C S. 1C S pin 2 is high whenever the
clock is in a perilous situation, that is, whenever a clock
pulse could be lost. The other half of 1C S is clocked
when the counter is clocked and latches the current
value of the perilous flip-flop. 1C S pin 5 thus goes high
any time input is followed by a clock pulse. A subse-
quent reading of the clock by the CPU resets this flag
since the CPU again has the true value of the timer.

Figure 4 shows what happens when a write to the
counter occurs. The trailing edge of the WR signal from
the CPU resets the perilous condition. If the missed flag
was set, the next time the 02 clock rises, the output of
the AND gate (1C C pin 12) goes high and triggers the
single shot (1C N). This sends an extra clock pulse to the
counter to replace the one missed.

The only software restriction posed by this scheme is
that any read followed write to update the timer occurs
not more than one clock pulse apart since only one
missed pulse can be handled.

One of the spare sections of the three state bus
drivers used for the counter output is wired to simulate
an open collector pulldown which should be jumpered
to an active low interrupt line. Since the counter may be
read to determine if it is the source of an interrupt, it can
share an interrupt line with other devices which are polled
when the interrupt occurs.

The address selection circuitry is set to decode 253 and
254 (decimal) input/output instructions. The counter is sel-
ected for input/output by address 253 while the interrupt
control port is selected by output to address 254. These
addresses are used to provide compatibility with the ports
assigned to vectored interrupt and realtime clock circuits
supplied by various microcomputer manufacturers.

Timer interrupts may be selectively enabled and dis-
abled by outputting suitable values to port 254. Only the
values of bits 4 and 5 are used by this circuit. The other
bits are reserved for controlling a vectored interrupt cir-
cuit which might be in the system. The interrupt status
of the clock is set whenever bit 4 of the output byte is
high. If bit 5 is also high, interrupts will be enabled;
otherwise interrupts will be disabled. Note that bit 7 is
the most significant bit in the 8080A type.

The prototype of the circuit was built on a standard
wire wrap board which fits the hobby standard bus at a
total cost of about fifty dollars. Because of the small
size of the circuit, most of the board is left free for other
uses. This circuit is carefully synchronized to the sys-
tem timing eliminating the need for any adjustments.
There is no speed problem associated with this circuit
so that the ICs used may be drawn from any TTL sub-
family to minimize cost or power consumption.

The timekeeping accuracy is as good as the accuracy
of the crystal driving the CPU clock generator. Without
adjustment, this will typically give accuracy to better
than one minute per day. For more critical needs, a
small trimmer capacitor can be wired in series with the
crystal and used to tune the frequency more accurately.
Careful tuning can yield accuracy of a minute per year.

TIMEKEEPING PROGRAMS

All of these programs assume the divider chain jumper
has been set for millisecond resolution. Other jumper set-
tings will require some changes in the details of these
programs, but the major structure would not change.

Program 1 is a short program which can be used to
check the circuit for correct timer operation. The first
few lines initialize a serial output port. These should be
changed to fit the equipment in a system. The remainder
of the program loops, setting the testing the timer. If the

timer is functioning correctly, an ‘X’ is printed at the ter-
minal every thirty seconds. Further, the timing accuracy
should be unaffected by the choice of TEST1 and TEST2
as the jump destination. If the two versions run at differ-
ent rates, there are problems in the missed clock pulse
circuitry. If both versions are inaccurate, the problem
most likely lies either in the divider chain or the CPU
clock generator. If it fails to run at all, check the port
selection circuitry.

The remaining programs are a set of routines designed
to provide most of the timing support in a system, the
times of day in the system are stored as 4-byte values
broken up as hours, minutes and milliseconds as shown
in Figure 5. The current time of day is defined to be the
time of expiration (in TOX) less the time in the interval
timer. This means that the timer will generate an inter-
rupt immediately following the stored time of expira-
tion. The computation of the current time is carried out
by Program 2.

With this circuit, an 8080
microprocessor can keep accurate
time for long periods with high
resolution and simultaneous multiple
timing of several events.

Program 3 is the subroutine used to request that an
action be performed at some future time. When STIMER
(Program 3) is called, HL should point to a timer queue
element, the format of which is shown in Figure 5. The
action part is a 2-byte value which will be passed to an
application dependent on routine called DONOW in the
listings. DONOW is not supplied, but it should take
some simple action such as setting a flag or outputting
data to some device. The DONOW routine is called once
the time given in the requested time of expiration has
been reached. Using the link field, STIMER keeps all the
unexpired requests in a linked list ordered according to
time. Because the calls are recorded in a list, STIMER
may be called any number of times to schedule a great
many future events, so long as each call provides a
separate TQE. The program also can handle times which
are already past.

Program 4 is the timer interrupt handler routine which
maintains the time of expiration (TOX) and timer value
and determines when any events scheduled by calls to
STIMER should occur. Because the timer can count
down from at most 127 each time its value is set, the in-
terrupt handler essentially must break up long periods
of time into numerous short intervals. All of these short
intervals are 127 milliseconds except when one of the
STIMER events is scheduled sooner. This routine also
implies two more restrictions on the DONOW routine: it
must run with interrupts disabled and it must finish
within 127 milliseconds after being called (before the
clock underflows).

SUMMARY

This article presents an inexpensive circuit together
with software which enables an 8080 microprocessor to
keep accurate time over long periods of time. Further-
more, time is kept to high resolution and any number of
events can be timed simultaneously. Properly inte-
grated into a system, virtually all timing requirements
can be met in a wide variety of applications.

JANUARY 1978

INTERFACE AGE 123

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Figure 1, Interval Timer Logie Diagram

parts LIST

R1_ R2 — 5000 ohms* Vk'Watt
ICA 74L30

1GBh ICF, ICG, ICM — 74L04 hex inverter

ICC — 7411 triple three input and

ICO — 7410 triple three input nand

ICE — 7400 quad nand

!CHt ICI — 74177 binary counter

ICJ, ICK — 74368 inverting bus driver

ICL — 7402 quad nor

ICN — 74123 dual monostabfe

ICO, ICP — 74390 dual decimal counter

ICQ, ICR, ICS — 74107 dual flip-flop

Copyright 1977

124 INTERFACE AGE

JANUARY 1978

JANUARY 1973

INTERFACE AGE 125

COUNTER
ONE SHOT
iC N-13

n

R

PWRFOR I
COUNTER
WRITE L

PERIL FF
IC S 3

MISSED FF ! _ \ j

IC S-S ■ I

MISSED

n

ONE SHOT

1 3 j

IC N-&

l_L

Figure 4,

notes 1

2

3

Write Timing

If a count occurs hare, the missed flag will be set. The
counter wilt not be clocked due to load mode.

A count here normally advances the timer.

Pulse generated only if missed flag set at this lime.

Tune Formal

hour

MILLISECOND

HOUR is an B’bil unsigned integer From 0 to 355,

MINUTE is an 8bn ini eg or I mm 0 to 59.

MILLISECOND is a i6-bii unsigned integer From 0 to 59999

Timer Oueue Element (TQE|

1

LINK

1

ACTION

1

0 13 3

1

Request Time ol Expiration (RTOX

1

LINK is a two byle area reserved tor use by STIMER
ACTION is a two byte value to passed to DONOW
ROX is a time o! day as shown above. DONOW is called ai ihe lirst
opportunity following this lime.

Figure 5. Data Formats for Programs

126 INTERFACE AGE

JANUARY 1978

LABEL

OP

OPERANDS

MVI

A.3

OUT

2

MVI

A.0A9H

OUT

2

UP

MVI

B.240

MVI

A.erx'

OUT

3

TL

MVI

A.128

TEST1

OUT

233

TEST?

IN

253

ANA

A

JNZ

TEST1 or TEST?

DCR

B

JNZ

TL

JMP

UP

COMMENTS
INITIALIZE TERMINAL

8'30. SET TOTAL TIME

SIGNAL 30 SECOND MARKER

PRINT K' ON TERMINAL

125 MILLISECONDS

OUTPUT TO INTERVAL TIMER

READ INTERVAL TIMER

HAS TIME RUN OUT

LOOP TILL TIMER IS ZERO

COUNT ONE OF 240 EIGHTH SECONDS

LOOP TILL 30 SECONDS

CO PRINT AN X

See lesi for use of TEST1 and TEST2-

Program 1* Hardware Checkout Program.

OP

OPERANDS

COMMENTS

PUSH

PSVY

SAVE REGISTERS THROUGH SUBROUTINE

PUSH

H

PUSH

D

LXI

D. CVTTOX

PREPARE TO COPY FROM MASTER CLOCK

□1

DO NOT DISTURB

LDAX

D

COPY TO AREA PROVIDED IN |HL(

MOV

M,A

HOURS

(NX

H

INX

D

LDAX

D

MOV

MrA

MINUTES

(NX

H

INX

D

LDAX

D

MOV

M,A

HIGH BYTE OF MILLISECONDS

INX

H

INX

O

LDAX

D

MOV

M.A

LOW BYTE OF MILLISECONDS

IN

253

CURRENT TIMER VALUE

&

NOW HAVE CONSISTENT CLOCK DATA

POP

D

RESTORE REGISTER

CALL

SBAFRT

SUBTRACT TIMER VALUE FROM MASTER

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CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 39

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2.10

1,75

10

2.40

2.20

1,80

JANUARY 1978

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 80

INTERFACE AGE 127

CLOCK VALUE GIVING CURRENT TIME
AND RESTORE REGISTERS

' Hniir.ili 1

mmmmmm
Sf Warehouse
m Overstock

SALE!

Buy These Items
From Computer
Enterprises,
Before 4 /IS/ 78
And Save Save

Save!

Credit

Card

Cash

Discount

Price

Price

Lear Siegler

$788.

$700

ADM-3A Kit
Polymorphic

177.

170.

VII/ 64 Kit
Vector Graphic 8K

187.

180

SHAM

Netronics Elf II

133.

126.

Assembled
George Risk ASC II

53.

50.

keyboard kit

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At Our

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Credit

Cash

Card

Discount

Price

Price

North Star Micro

$ 683.

$ 599.

Disk System Kit
Cromemco Z2 Kit

557.

586.

Cromemco

136.

131.

Bytesaver
Cromemco 16K

464.

446,

RAM 250ns
IMSAI PCS-80 / 30

1188.

1079*

Kit

IMSAI PCS-80/ 15

748.

719*

Kit

IMSAI 8080 Kit

614.

590*

w/ 22 slots
IMSAI 16K RAM

411.

395*

IMSAI 32K RAM

685.

659*

Shipping charges: % 10 per CPU on larger units; £1.50 per kit. £2.00 min.
per order.

Delivery is stock to SO days on most items. Shipment is immediate for
payment by cashier's check, money order or charge card. Allow 3 weeks
for personal checks to clear. N.Y. State residents add approp. sales
tax. Availability, prices and epees may change without notice.

Operating Hours:

M-W 1Q-5E.S.T.

Th-F 10-9 E-S-T.

Closed Sat. 3? Sun,

Write or Call

computer

enterprise/™

P.O. Box 71

Fayetteville, N.Y. 13066

Phone (315) 637-6308 Today!

POP H
POP PSW
RET

Calling convention for TOD is (hat HL contains the address ol a
tour byte area in memory inlo which time will be placed. See
Figure 4 lor the formal of these bytes.

Program 2. Time of Day Subroutine.

LABEL

OP

OPERANDS

COMMENTS

5TIMER

PUSH

D

SAVE REGISTERS THROUGH SUBROUTINE

PUSH

B

PUSH

PSW

PUSH

H

SAVE POINTER TO TIMER REQUEST DATA

LXI

Dfc4

OFFSET TO RTOX IN REQUEST

DAD

0

HL AT RTOX

LXI

D.CVTTOX

COMPARE TO TOX FOR TIMER

XCHG

Dl

DO NOT DISTURB

CALL

cqmptqx

COMPARE THE TWO TIMES

JNC

ENQTOX

JUMP IF REQUEST AFTER CURRENT TIMER

POP

H

RESTORE HL VALUE

PUSH

H

BUT STILL SAVE IT

LXI

DJ

OFFSET TO LAST BYTE OF RTOX

DAD

D

LXI

DQVTTQX + 3

LAST BYTE OF CVTTOX

CALL

FIGCLK

NOT OVER 127 BEFORE CVTTOX?

POP

H

IF NOT, NEVER RETURNS

PUSH

H

RESTORE AND SAVE REQUEST POINTER

■ NX

H

TIME ALREADY PAST, $0 CALL DO NOW

INX

H

GET DATA FOR DQNQW FROM REQUEST

MOV

E.M

INX

H

MOV

D,M

XCHG

PUT FARM IN HL

CALL

DO NOW

PERFORM TIMER EXPIRATION ACTION

El

DONE

POP

H

RESTORE REGISTERS

JMP

STIMXIT

GO RETURN

FIGCLK

CALL

DIF127

IF TIMES ARE OVER 127 MS APART, RETURN

RET

RETURN IF FAR APART DIF127 SKIPS 2

NOP

BYTES IF 127 OR LESS (TO NEXT LINE)

POP

H

DISCARD RETURN ADDRESS IN STACK

IN

253

SHORTEN THE CURRENT TIMER EXPIRATION

sue

e

BY THE RESULT OF DIF127 (IN 0}

OUT

253

UPDATE TIMER

MOV

ArB

SIMILARLY DECREASE CVTTOX

LXI

HOVTTOX+ 3

ADDRESS OF LAST BYTE OF CVTTOX

CALL

SU8AB

GO SUBTRACT

ENQTOX

POP

D

ADD NEW TQE TO CHAIN IN TOX ORDER

LXI

H.CVTTQE

HL AT TQE CHAIN, DE AT NEW TQE

TESTFIT

PUSH

D

SAVE NEW TOE LOCATION

MOV

C,M

GET NEXT TQE FROM M(HU

INX

H

MOV

H,M

PUSH

H

SAVE LOCATION OF PREV TQE+ 1

PUSH

B

SAVE LOCATION OF FOLLOWING TQE

MOV

A,B

TEST FOR END OF CHAIN (ZERO POINTER)

ORA

C

JZ

INNOW

JUMP IF NEW RTOX AFTER ALL CURRENTLY ON

LXI

H.4

RTOX OFFSET WITHIN TOE

DAD

G

RTOX ADDRESS IN FOLLOWING TQE

INX

D

INX

0

INX

0

INX

0

DE IS RTOX ADDRESS IN NEW TQE

XCHG

CALL

COMPTQX

SEE IF NEW TIME IS BEFORE FOLLOWING

JNC

INNOW

IS BEFORE, GO INSERT HERE

POP

H

RECOVER LINK TO FOLLOWING TQE

POP

D

DISCARD POINTER TO PREVIOUS TQE

POP

D

NEW TQE POINTER AGAIN

JMP

TESTFIT

AND REPEAT TESTS ONE DOWN THE LIST

IN NOW

POP

0

PUT HERE IN CHAIN. BC TO FOLLOWING TQE

POP

H

HL TO PREVIOUS TOE + T

POP

D

NEW TQE

MOV

MhD

MAKE PREVIOUS TOE POINT TO NEW TQE

OCX

H

MOV

MtE

XCHG

THEN MAKE NEW TQE POINT TO FOLLOWING

MOV

M|C

TQE.

INX

H

MOV

M,B

El

CRITICAL SECTION ENDED

DCX

H

RESTORE HL TO BE TQE POINTER

STIMXIT

POP

PSW

RESTORE OTHER REGISTERS

POP

e

POP

0

RET

BACK TO CALLER WITH EVENT SCHEDULED.

Program 3. Request Timing Routine.

1S8 INTERFACE AGE

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 81

JANUARY 1978

LABEL

OP

OPERANDS

COMMENTS

THE FIRST 0 BYTES GO IN LOW MEMORY LOCATION a n ACCORDING TO
THE INTERRUPT LEVEL INCLUDING THE CLOCK n IS 7 IF NO VECTORED
INTERRUPTS IN EITHER CASE, OTHER DEVICES MAY SHARE THE LEVEL

RSTn Dl

PROTECT AGAINST PROGRAM CALURST

PUSH

H

SAVE WORKING REGISTERS

PUSH

PSW

IN

253

READ TIMER

JMP

RSTXn

GO TO REMAINDER OF ROUTINE

; THE REMAINDER OF THIS ROUTINE MAY BE ANYWHERE IN MEMORY

RSTXn ANA

A

TEST SIGN BIT FROM TIMER

JP

NOCLK

NOT INTERRUPT SOURCE IF PLUS

PUSH

B

SAVE REMAINING REGISTERS

PUSH

D

FIG IN

253

GET CURRENT TIMER VALUE

LX!

H CVTTOX * 3

LAST RYTE OF CVTTQX

call

SBAFRT

SUBTRACT TIMER FROM CURRENT TOX

XRA

A

SET A TO ZERO

OUT

253

ZERO TIMER SINCE VALUE COMBINED

LHLD

cvttqe

GET TOE LIST START

MOV

AhL

SEE IF ANY TOE'S ON UST

ORA

H

JZ

SETT27

IF NOT. GO EXTEND TIMER t27 MS

Ul

0,4

COMPARE RTOX IN TOE WITH CVTTQE

DAO

D

TO RTOX TOE

UXI

D.CVTTOX

CVTTQX IS CURRENT TIME SINCE 0 IN TIMER

XCHG

FOR CORRECT COMPARE ORDER

CALL

COMPTOX

CARRY SET IF PASSED TIME TO ACT

JNC

NOTNOW

STILL TO GO. GO SET TIMER

LHUO

CVTTQE

TIME'S UP, TAKE TOE OFF LIST

MOV

E,M

GET NEXT TOE ADDRESS FROM FIRST

INX

H

MOV

D.M

INX

H

XCHG

SHLD

CVTTOE

AND MAKE IT FIRST

XCHG

NOW GET FARM FOR DONOW FROM TOE

MOV

E,M

INX

H

MOV

D,M

XCHG

CALL

DONOW

PERFORM SCHEDULED ACTION

JMP

FIG

NOW GO SEE IF OTHER EVENTS EXPIRED

NOTNOW LHLD

CVTTQE

DECIDE IF NEXT EVENT WITHIN T27 MS

LXI

07

OFFSET TO LAST BYTE OF FIRST RTOX

DAD

0

TO FIRST RTOX

LXI

D,CVTTQX+3

LAST BYTE OF CVTTQX

XCHG

RIGHT SUBTRACT ORDER

call

D1F127

SUBTRACT GIVING ONE BYTE RESULT

: IF DIFFERENCE IS OVER 127. DIF127

RETURNS TO NEXT INSTRUCTION.

; IF NOT, IT SKIPS OVER NEXT INSTRUCTION ON RETURN

SET 127 MVI

8,127

SET TIMER CAPACITY

LXI

H.CVTTOX + 3

ADD NEW TIMER VALUE TO CVTTOX

MOV

A,B

call

ADAS

COMPUTE NEW TIMER TOX

IN

253

ADD EXTENSION TO CURRENT TIMER VALUE

ADD

B

OUT

253

AND UPDATE TIMER

POP

0

RESTORE REGS

POP

B

NOCLK EQU

*

; CHECK OTHER DEVICES ON THIS INTERRUPT LEVEL HERE

POP

PSW

RESTORE REMAINING REGS

POP

H

El

RESTORE NORMAL 1 N TERRU PT IB 1 LITY

RET

AND RESUME WHATEVER WAS INTERRUPTED

Program 4. Timer Interrupt Service Routine.

It's just like programming, Harold.
You ‘jump’, ‘move1, lpuslV and

'pop1.

BITS

ru

EWTE5

p

SPECIALTIES:

Business Packages
Industrial Systems
Entrepreneur Systems
Hardware Designs
Software Designs
Service

We Stock Most Major Micro Manufacturers
* * * Hobbyists Welcome + * *

Ask About System Specials
New! Come See Our Own S-TOO
Motherboard/Power Supply

Our Representative In San Diego!

Jim Farthing
(714) 421*1041

BITS N BYTES
College Business Park
679 "D" S. State College Blvd
Fullerton, Calif. 92631
(714) 879-8386

QJFtLrRv]

I

5

HOURS:

12-7 P,M. M-F
12-5 P.M, Sat.

~n— i i

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 69

NEW 40 COLUMN IMPACT PRINTER

A compact, table-top printer with standard features you'll
appreciate!

Standard features, such as a 5 x 7 dot matrix 40 character
line . Single or double width characters. A state-of-the-art
printer controller which includes a parallel and serial data
interface, a full line 40 character buffer memory, and a
standard 64 ASCII character set. The printer uses readily
available 4" roll paper.

Complete, ready to plug in and use!

MICROCOM SYSTEMS

865 3rd street south, St. Petersburg, FL 33701

(813) 823-0421

JANUARY 1978

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 87

INTERFACE AGE 129

LABEL OP

OPERANDS COMMENTS

REDUCED PRICES

IMSAI Z-80

$699* SAVE $149

THE POWER OF A Z-80 AT THE PRICE OF AN 8080.
SUPPLY LIMITED - ACT NOW

THIS IMSAI KIT INCLUDES FRONT PANEL, 22 SLOT MOTHER BOARD
AND S.D. SALES Z-80 CPU. FANTASTIC BARGAIN AT $149 OFF LIST

MORE SAVINGS FROM MISSION CONTROL

SPEECHLAB

TALK TO YOUR COMPUTER

KIT — SAVE $25

APPLE II
16K RAM

SAVE S179

THESE AND MORE DEMONSTRATED IN OUR SHOWROOM

WE STOCK APPLE. IMSAI. COMMODORE. APF, NORTH STAR,
MICROPOLIS, SWTP. S.D. SALES. CANADA. COMPUTAKLER, HP,
Tl, CASIO, ATARI

CALL FOR PRICES. MAILORDERS WELCOME

•CASH PRICE. MASTER CHARGE + VISA ADD 2%. CA. RES. ADD6% TAX

2008 WILSHIRE BLVD.
COR. 20lh AND WtLSHIRE
SANTA MONICA, CA. 90403
(213) 829-5137

T-F 11-9 SAT 10-6

MISSION

CONTROL

; THE FOLLOWING IS THE DATA AREA USED BY ALL OF THESE ROUTINES
CVTTOX OB O.0, 0.0 INITIAL TIME OF DAY 00:00:00 ,0O0

CVTTQE OB 0.0 POINTER TO LIST OF TQE s (NONE)

, ADATOT ADDS A SIGNED ACCUMULATOR VALUE TO A 4 BYTE TIME WHOSE
; LAST BYTE IS POINTED TO BY HL

ADATOT ANA A DETERMINE SIGN OF ACCUMULATOR

R2

DONE IF ADDING ZERO

JP

ADAB

GO ADD POSITIVE ACCUMULATOR

DMA

NEGATE NEGATIVE ACCUMULATOR

INR

A

TWO'S COMPLEMENT. THEN SUBTRACT

SUBAB PUSH

0

SAVE REGISTER

MOV

B.A

SAVE SUBTRACT AMOUNT

MOV

AM

LEAST BYTE OF TIME

SUB

B

SUBTRACT

POP

B

RESTORE

MOV

M.A

UPDATE TIME

RNC

DONE IF NO BORROW ICARRY FLAG)

OCX

H

TO NEXT MORE SIGNIFICANT BYTE

MOV

AM

SUI

1

BORROW

MOV

M.A

AND UPDATE TIME

RNC

DONE IF NO BORROW

INK

H

FIXUP RADIX 60000 UNDERFLOW

MOV

A.M

GET LEAST BYTE AGAIN

AOl

U.60000]

AND ADD BORROWED 60GOO

MOV

M.A

DCX

H

TO NEXT BYTE AS WELL

MOV

A.M

ACI

H<6000Q|

COMPLETE BORROW BACK

MOV

M.A

DCX

H

NOW BORROW FROM MINUTES

MOV

A.M

MINUTES

SUI

1

BORROW

MOV

M.A

RNC

DONE IF NO HIGHER BORROW

MVl

M.59

BORROWED HOUR (60-11

OCX

H

AND BORROW THE HOUR

DCR

M

RET

. SBAFRT SUBTRACTS A SIGNED ACCUMULATOR FROM A 4 BYTE TIME WHOSE

, LAST BYTE IS POINTED TO BY HL

SBAFRT ANA

A

TEST SIGN

R2

DONE IF SUBTRACTING ZERO

JP

SUBAB

GO SUBTRACT POSITIVE ACCUMULATOR

CMA

NEGATE NEGATIVE ACCUMULATOR

INR

A

TWOS COMPLEMENT. THEN ADD

ADAB ADD

M

ADD TO LEAST BYTE OF TIME

MOV

M.A

AND UPDATE

DCX

H

AND PROPAGATE CARRY

MOV

AM

ACI

O

ADD IN CARRY

MOV

A.M

UPDATE TIME

CPI

H(W3O0O|

DID WE OVERFLOW 59999 LIMIT OF RADIX

RNZ

NO. OK IF THIS BYTE DIFFERS

INK

H

MAYBE, CHECK LEAST BYTE

MOV

A.M

INITIALLY PRESUME SO AND FIXUP

ADI

25E-L<eOWM|

ROLL 60000 TO 0, 60M1 TO 1. ETC

RNC

THIS SHOULD CARRY If OVER 60000

MOV

M.A

ACTUALLY UPDATE TIME

DCX

B

MVl

M.O

AND FIX OTHER MS BYTE

DCX

B

wlislwl UnII

Vectored from Page 52

As the club developed, it was feft
that the club newsletter should be
expanded to report on all activities
and include worthwhile articles from
members and from other dub news-
letters. We have not missed a single
monthly issue. The newsletter is
now 20 pages in size. We accept ad-
vertising (limited to 25% max of
available space) but we do not
solicit it. The advertising covers a lit-
tle over half of our printing and mail-
ing expenses. We therefore found it
necessary to increase our 1977 dues
to $4 and our 1978 dues to $5.

We exchange newsletters with
many other clubs across the country;
any other club wishing to do this
should write to me at: ACG-NJ, 1776
Raritan Road, Scotch Plains, New
Jersey 07076. Anyone who would
like to receive a sample newsletter
can do so by sending 50$ to the
above address.

130 INTERFACE AGE

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO, 90

JANUARY 1978

MOV

A.M

AND ADD THIS CARRY TO MINUTES

(NR

A

MOV

M<A

ADI

256^60

FIX EXCEEDING 60 RADIX

RNC

RETURN IF NO FIX NEEDED

MOV

M,A

APPLY FIX

OCX

H

AND CARRY TO HOURS

INR

M

RET

; DIF127 RETURNS THE DIFFERENCE OF TWO 4-BYTE TIMES, IF THEY

; DIFFER BY 127 OR LESS. IT SKIPS 2 BYTES ON RETURN IF THE

i SUBTRACTION WAS POSSIBLE PERFORMS M(DE}-M|HL).

05F1Z7 LDAX

D

SUBTRACT LEAST BYTES

SUB

M

RM

DIFFERENCE OVER 127 IF MINUS

MOV

B,A

SAVE DIFFERENCE

DCX

H

TO MORE SIGNIFICANT BYTES

DCX

D

LDAX

D

NEXT DIFFERENCE

see

W

INCLUDING BORROW

RNZ

MUST BE ZERO FOR SMALL DIFFERENCE

DCX

H

TO MINUTES

DCX

□

LDAX

D

SBB

M

COMPARE AND BORROW

RNZ

MUST BE ZERO

DCX

H

TO HOURS

DCX

D

LDAX

O

sea

M

COMPARE AND BORROW

m2

MUST BE ZERO

POP

H

GET ORIGINAL RETURN ADDRESS

(NX

H

AND SKIP FORWARD 2 BYTES

INK

H

PCHL

MODIFIED RETURN

; C0MPTOX COMPARES TIMES AT M|HL| AND M(DE) SETTING FLAGS

COMPTOX LDAX

D

compare successively less significant

CMP

M

BYTES STILL UNEQUAL

RNZ

LESSER BYTES WON T CHANGE COMPARE

(NX

D

INX

H

LDAX

D

COMPARE MINUTES

CMP

M

RNZ

(NX

D

INX

H

LDAX

D

CMP

M

COMPARE 256 MS UNITS

RNZ

LAST BYTE WONT CHANGE COMPARE

INX

D

LAST BYTE WILL DETERMINE COMPARE

INX

H

LDAX

O

CMP

M

SET FINAL COMPARE FLAGS

RET DONE

; DONOW IS A PROGRAM TO EFFECT SOME ACTION WHEN THE TIME IS EXPIRED-
1 SINCE IT RECEIVED SOME DATA FROM THE STIMER CALL, INDIVIDUALIZED

- action is possible, typically, dongw should be a very fast

; SUBROUTINE WHICH OPERATES WITH INTERRUPTS DISABLED. IN THE
; CONTEXT OF A LARGER SYSTEM, THE ACTION SHOULD BE TO TELL THE
; SYSTEM TO RUN A PROGRAM WHEN INTERRUPTS ARE ENABLED LATER.

; DUMMY OONOW WHICH DOES NOTHING
DO NOW RET

Program 5. internal Subroutines

Our regular club meetings, held
once a month, now have about 300
attending* A typical meeting starts
with tutorial sessions, in small
rooms off the main room {beginning
at 6:30 PM and ending at 8:30 PM). In
another room we have a very active
Flea Market. At 8:30 we hold a ran-
dom-access session followed by a
featured speaker/presentation. For
example, the February meeting
features a panel of members, dis-
cussing their different experiences
with their floppy disc systems.

At our October 1977 meeting we
ran an amateur computer contest, in
which we awarded $600 in cash,
prizes and trophies in three
categories: software, hardware and
applications*

We are glad to assist other clubs
and invite them to contact us*

We speak your
language

And we re giving you what you want.

* a comprehensive product line* Hardware, assembled or
k its , and software fro m major manu facturers. Plus books and
current literature. Financing available.

* a trained, enthusiastic staff. We ll help you choose or
design the system that's righ t for you , No high pressu re here .

■ service when you need it. We won't sell you something
we can t keep running. ^

9 a brand new facility
in Pennsylvania.

We'll be able to
serve our South Jersey-
Pennsylvania customers
more efficiently now.

* a bigger, better New
Jersey store. We've
enlarged our showroom
in Iseiin. Now there are
more displays you can
try out . There's more
room to stock the
products you need,

The Microcomputer People .

Computer Mart of New Jersey
Computer Mart of Pennsylvania

New Jersey Store

501 Route 27
tselin, NJ 08630
201-263-0600
Tue> Set 10:00-6:00
Tue . & Thur. til 9:00

Pennsylvania Store

550 DeKalb Pike

King of Prussia. PA 19406

215-265-2580

Tue Thur 1 1 00 -B OO

Fri & Sat, 10:00^6:00

(our only locations)

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO* 82

Build Your Own Low Cost

Micro- Computer
POWER SUPPLIES

Regulated Output: ±5VDC & 112VDC

RECTIFIERS:

; 40 Amps, iQQpiv $
Dj; 3 Amps, iGQpiv $

CAPACITORS:

Cr44000UF, 20V $

C-rSOGOOUF, 15V $

C2- 3300UF, 25V S

C2= 5500UF.40V S

V REGULATORS:

7805 017812 S

7905 or 7912 S

>v

ft-

ME

tfcvCK

“Q IMPC h«|

— oL,r^;

Mfvncwt

1.75

,35

3.50

5.50
1*25

1.50

1.25

1.75

TRANSFORMERS:

T 1 : Supplies 1 5 Amps at +S,5VDC and + 2 Amps 3t

0 7VDC and 2 Amps at 8.5VDC SI 6.50

SIZE: 4ft" (LI x 4" (W) x (Hi inch mounting EA.

bracket

T2: Supplies 25 Amps a i +8.5VDC and i3 Amps at

H7VDC and 3 Amps ai -8.5VDC $21*50

SIZE. 4H" fL| x 5" (W) x 3 IHI incl. mounting EA*

bracket

ADO $3.75 Shipping Charge for each transformer. Minimum order
SI 0.00. Calif, residents add 6% Sales Tax. Master Charge t B of A.

SUNNY TRADING CO., U.S.A.

MAILORDER: STORE:

P C, Box 4296 2530 W, Sepulveda Blvd

Torrance, Ga, 90510 Torrance, Ca. 90505

STORE HOURS: 10 AM-7 PM

Telephone: (213) 530-3732

JANUARY 1978

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 93

INTERFACE AGE 131

STATIC

8K RAM BOARD S J

assembled'

&

r TESTED

L

$225

S100 BUS: PLUGS RIGHT INTO MAINFRAME — FULLY BUFFERED
DIP SWITCH SELECTION OF ADDRESS ASSIGNMENT & WAIT CYCLES —

MEMORY PROTECT DIP SWITCH SELECTABLE 256, 512, IK, 2K, 4K, OR 8K INCREMENTS

QUAN-TRONICS

8080 MICROPROCESSOR 'FULLY ASSEMBLED

SYSTEM IMSAI COMPUTER AND TESTED

'INCLUDES CPU, MAINFRAME W/22 CARD SLOTS, FRONT PANEL, POWER SUPPLY - READY TO ENJOY

$855

IQ-120 TERMINAL £OOC

O /"% Q f \ 24 LINES UPPER/LOWER CASE FULLY ASSEMBLED & TESTED

O W 11 V/ W OPTION 1 AVAIL - BLOCK MODE, PRINTER PORT + $100 FOR THE INTELLIGENT

— QUALITY FIRST — CUSTOMER

lA

TECH- MART

Ja

19590 VENTURA BLVD.
TARZANA, CA 91356

COMPUTER PRODUCTS
READY FOR IMMEDIATE DELIVERY

CALL

(213) 344-0153

NEED SOME
HELP?

BUSINESS PERSONS

FOR THE OFFICE
AND HOME —

WE ARE HERE WITH A COMPLETE TEAM OF HIGHLY QUALIFIED PROFESSIONALS
TO SUPPORT YOUR EVERY NEED IN BUSINESS APPLICATIONS.
—HARDWARE - UNIQUE REQUIREMENTS — SOFTWARE —

GOOD PRICES -

TOP QUALITY PARTS

1 8080A

$1500

2102' 250nS

$i»

2708 EPROMS

$1850

74 SERIES IC’S
74LS SERIES IC’s

LINEARS

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- GOOD PRICES ~

WORK BOOTH

$550 HR.

WE HAVE THE IDEAL WORKING CONDITIONS
FOR THOSE OF YOU WHO NEED SOME SPACE
— ALL TOOLS, SCOPES, EQUIPMENT PROVIDED -
FOR A NOMINAL FEE WE WILL PROVIDE A
TECHNICIAN AS REQUIRED

PERSCI

DUAL DRIVE
MODEL 277

8”

POWER SUPPLY

IMO & CABINET

INDUSTRIAL MICROSYSTEMS

RELIABILITY
& QUALITY
COMBINED
$

16K 2708

$99

EPROM BOARD
S100 BUS:

DIP SWITCH SELECTION OF MEMORY ADDRESS ASSIGNED
AND MEMORY WAIT CYCLES.

QUAN-TRONICS

ASSEMBLED & TESTED NOT A KIT

ALPHA MICROSYSTEMS

AM-100

AM-200

AM-300

$1495
$ 695
$ 695

BASIC

LANGUAGE

OTHER MAJOR PRODUCTS

CENTRONICS PRINTERS — AFFORDABLE — CROMEMCO — T.E.I. 12 & 22
DEC PRINTERS — PROCESSOR TECHNOLOGY — POLYMORPHIC — SEALS
TARBELL — INFO 2000 — SUPERSCOPE — MICROPOLIS DRIVES —

AND MANY OTHERS

Newly introduced to the market, Malibu Printer, 165 CPS, Bidirectional, $1995.00

WE SHIP ANYWHERE WITHIN THE CONTINENTAL U.S.

10:00 AM-9:00 PM
MON-FRI

OPEN

9:00 AM -6:00 PM
SAT

CAPRI PLAZA

WE SPECIALIZE IN SYSTEMS HARDWARE & SOFTWARE
— WE WELCOME INQUIRIES —

(213) 344-0153

132 INTERFACE AGE

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 95

JANUARY 1978

mv

ESAT 100

RHS Marketing has available its Economical
Stand Alone Terminal Board. The ESAT-1QG
comes either as a kit or assembled and tested.
Both versions Include on board regulated
power supplies that will provide power for both
the terminal board and any 5 volt keyboard with
a 200 mhliamp maximum requirement. AH IC's
are fully socketed. P.C. board is solder masked
both sides, power transformer and edge con-
nector included making the ESAT-10Q a com-
plete package. All that is needed to make H
operational are a 5V keyboard and a video
monitor.

Data i/O is serial asynchronous, 11 unit
code, TTL compatible. Baud rates are adjust-
able 300, 600. 1 200, 2400, 4800, 9600. Display is
32 characters per line, 16 lines. 2 pages. Also
available is an optional piggy back conversion
board that will expand the ESAT- 100 to 64
characters per line by 16 lines. Features of the
ESAT-10Q include full cursor control, functions
of backspace, forward space, line feed, reverse
line feed, home, return to end of tine. The block
seethru cursor completely surrounds and in-
verts any character it overlaps. Other operator
controls are; full/half duplex, local/remote, cur-
sor on/of, parity enable, odd/even parity. Power
in the initialization clears both pages and
homes cursor. Lower case code is automatic-
ally converted to upper case. An 8 bit parallel
input port can be used for a keyboard on the
other devices. The output Is composite video-
horizontal sync, vertical sync, cursor and char-
acter display are combined into a single 75
connection into a T.V. video amp or video dis-
play monitor.

Unit price for the ESAT-100 terminal board
kit is $185.00 and $239.00 for built and tested.
For further information contact RHS
Marketing, 2233 El Gamino Real, Palo Alto, CA
94306, (415) 321-6639,

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 12&

Fully Sialic 64K ROM — in VMOS

American Microsystems, Inc. has begun de-
liveries of a 64K ROM fabricated with the new
VMOS technology.

Designated the S4264, the 8K x 8 ROM yields
substantial cost reductions by reducing the
number of parts required, simplifying printed
circuit boards and eliminating the need for
clock signals to Ihe ROM, In addition, the
S4264 offers a maximum access time of 350
nanoseconds and reduces the power require-
ments to only 145 milliwatts maximum for the
65,536 bit chip.

The 64 K ROM is contained in a 24-pin pack-
age and requires a single socket to replace
four 16K ROMs in existing designs for display
terminals, plug-in computer language modules
and numerous control applications in, for ex-
ample, video games or industrial controls.

Evaluation products are available. Prices are
negotiated on the basis of quantities ordered,
but will be about $50.00 in quantities of 500.
For more information contact American Micro-

systems, Inc., 3800 Homestead Rd.. Santa
Clara, CA 95051, (408) 246-0330.

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 13fl

Highly-lntelligent Data Handler

A highiy-inteiiigent data-handling and re-
cording peripheral, from August Technology
Corporation, provides multiple input/output
channels, data-mampulaiion capabilities, and
recorded storage capacity to 580 K bytes per
cassette. The ATC Model 7701 interfaces
directly with the Hewlett-Packard 9800 Series
calculators, the Wang 2200 and the IBM 5100
desk-top computer.

Incorporating an 8060 microprocessor and
up to 64K words of memory, the Model 7701
provides up to 10 TTY currenl-loop, synchro-
nous or asynchronous RS-232 ports, and an
8-bit parallel data bus. Data may be recorded
and played back on a Phillips-type cassette
through any port on the bus at the same or dif-
ferent rates. Data may also be transferred
among ports and the bus without recording.

The 7" high by l7+t wide by 13,h long unit
weighs less than 25 pounds. Power consump-
tion is 10GW when operating from a 117V or
230V, 6GHz line, Operating temperature is 0 to
50*0,

The model 7701 (5 priced from $3250 to
S5QQ0 depending upon the number of ports
specified, interface required, memory and op-
tions, Delivery Is 60-90 days ARC. For informa-
tion contact August Technology Corp„ 2040 N,
Maplewood St., Orange, CA 92665; (714)
998-1 639-

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. -137

Artec Expands Breadboard Line

Artec Electronics has expanded its line of
general-purpose breadboards and now offers
design engineers an even broader choice of de
signs for industrial applications.

Latest addition to the line is the high-dens
ity, wire wrap model designed to hold 147
16-pin wire- wrap sockets- Designated the 126E,
it measures 7.9 inches wide by 12.20 inches
high and is a 100-pin board with a ,125 gold
plated connector and patterns on both sides.

The 126E joins a growing family of general
purpose standard boards that come in con-
figurations ranging from 4.50" wide by 4.25"
high to 13.25" wide by 7,50" high.

The Artec 120 model offers a 14 and 16 dual-
in-line pin, while the 118 version can accom-
modate various sockets. Artec 108 features
plated-thru holes on .10 grid centers and can
be used to perform a number of prototyping
steps. The 1 16 model, on the other hand, holds
several pins and will accept bypass capacitors,

in all, more than 30 types of general-purpose
breadboards in various configurations, pin
sizes and densities are available. AH boards
have power and ground and are made on .062
epoxy glass. With the exception of the 100-pln
126E, all the boards have .156 centers and
44-pln gold-plated edge connectors.

Prices on the Artec general purpose bread-
boards vary according to card sizes. For more
information contact Artec, 605 Old Country
Rd.. San Carlos, CA 94070, (415) 592-2740.

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 139

Modular Microcomputer

The Astral 2000, based on the 6800 micropro-
cessor, is available as a stand alone single
board computer or in one of two enclosures
complete with power supplies and 12 position
mother board.

The Astral 2000 is particularly valuable for a
broad range of uses because of Its modular
design. Separate cards contain the processor,
memory, I/O and floppy disc interface. The sys-
tem is fully supported with an extended 8K
BASIC, Assembler, Text Editor and Disc Oper-
ating System Software (DOS), Two separate in-
terchangeable front panels are also available.
All system cards are 10" by 4,5f+ to fit Into
limited space and have standard dual 22 pin
edge connections.

For prices and additional information con-
tact Astral Computer Co., 991 Commercial St.,
Palo Alto, CA 94304. (415) 494-8048.

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 141

Electro*Wash Professional
"Super Solvent*

Electro-Wash* is a heavy-duty aerosol
cleaner/degreaser that's ideal for electronic,
electrical and mechanical applications. When
teamed-up with Vibra-Jet* „ the company's
aerosol pulsating attachment, the combined
portable unit has the cleaning power of an
ultrasonic bath, without the bulk or expense.

Electro-Wash, a concentrated blend of
Freon" solvents, is extremely effective in
penetrating, dissolving and washing away ac-
cumulated gunk, grease, dirt and oxidation
from the most delicate assembly without dam-
age, The chemical is safe for plastics, evapor-
ates quickly without leaving residue, has
excellent dielectric properties and is non-
flammable for complete safety. Owing to its
high degree of purity and effectiveness,
Electro-Wash meets all stringent Federal and
Military specifications for such products.

Price for 24-ounce of Electro-Wash is $3.80.
Patent-pending, reusable Vi bra- Jet price is

JANUARY 1978

INTERFACE AGE 133

$1,98, Electro-Wash products are available
through distributors everywhere. For more in-
formation contact Chemtronics. inc„ 45 Hoff-
man Ave,, Hauppauge, NY 11787, (212)895-1930
or (516) 582-3322, * Reg, DuPom trademark.

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO, 129

Advanced Head*Per*Track Magnetic
Disc Memory System

Further advances in large-capacity rotating
head-per-track magnetic disc memories have
been announced by Alpha Data. Incorporated,
Alpha Data's patented, automatic recording
head lifter has been improved even further. The
new version literally locks up the heads when
the equipment is not operating. This substan-
tially increases equipment reliability by allow-
ing it to survive without damage the critical
phases of transportation, installation, and
handling. Concurrently, its ability to withstand
shock during operation is assured by providing
high-pressure air-bearings for the recording
heads which are sealed in an environment-
proof, shock-mounted disdhead chamber.

The improved head lifter mechanism is
available in all versions to the Model Eighty
series, which has a maximum capacity of 64
million bits (8 megabytes) per spindle. Up to

eight of these devices can be daisy chained
with any one of the Alpha Data computer con-
trollers to provide an unprecedented head-per-
track capacity of 64 megabytes, with an
average access time of 8.5 milliseconds.

For more information contact Alpha Data,
Inc., 20750 Marilta St., Chatsworth, CA 91311,
(213) 882-6500.

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 136

MCI Offers IDS

Metronlx Computers, Inc,, announces its
new Independent Dealer Service program to
supply independenl computer stores
througout the United Stales with high quality
computer systems, peripherals and supplies
from major mini/micro manufacturers. The pro-
gram offers the advantages of buying from a
single source; discounts up to 25%; sates
leads generated from a national advertising
program, and a low, one-time $2,000 initial
order requirement designed not to burden
dealers1 cash flow situation.

For additional information, contact MCI, 25
E. 9th Court, Hialeah, FL 33020. (305) 885-4700.

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 141

F -8 Microcomputer

Comptronics announces an F-B microcom-
puter on a single board.

Designed especially for low cost hardware
and software development and evaluation, the
Model 1080 F-8 Development Board consists of
an F-8 CPU. a FAIfiBUG PSU, a 3853 SMI, 2Kx8
of RAM, 2,0 MHz crystal and Interfacing com-
ponentry on an S'^IS11 printed circuit board.

Aimed primarily at the design engineer, ex-
perimenter and serious hobbyist, the develop-
menl board also contains a buffered address
and data bus to a S-100 memory expansion
connector, and provides sockets for 4K of 2708
memory. The unit provides 1 K of 2708 user cus-
tom monitor, and has 32 bits of I/O arranged in
four 8-bit ports,

The microcomputer provides for RS 232 or
20ma curent loop support circuitry, two sock-
ets for I/O expansion and many other features.
Complete documentation is included in the
basic price. The Model 1080 Development
Board is being introduced at $249 as a kit, or
$299 assembled.

For further information contact Comp-
tronics, 19824 Ventura Bivd., Woodland Hills,
CA 91364, (213) 340-8843.

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 134

Hard Disc, Bundled
Business Computer

Basic/Four Corporation, an MAI company,
announces a new low-cost, hard disc, bundled
business computer featuring program pack-
ages that have the flexibility of customized
programming with the economy of prepro-
grammed software.

Called the BASIC/FOUR System 200, the
new system consists of a BFC-manufac lured
central procesosr, 32K memory, 10 megabytes
fixed media Winchester-type drive, a video
display terminal, a cartridge tape drive, and a
120 character per second bidirectional printer.
The nine module application package avail-
able with the system Includes accounts receiv-
able, accounts payable, general ledger, sales

BYTE SHOP

the affordable computer store

OF

MARINA DEL REY
4658 Admiralty Way • (213) 822-4384

We offer a complete line of Microcomputers, Peripherals and accessories
including:

I MSA I
BYTE-8
SWT PC
CROMEMCO
APPLE II

LEAR SIGLER

HAZELTINE

EXTENSYS

TARBELL

CENTRONICS

MICROPOLIS
SEALS
SPACE BYTE
PRINTERS ETC.

BOOKS & MAGAZINES

We will assist you
in designing a system
to fit your needs
and budget

S

134 INTERFACE AGE

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 72

JANUARY 1978

New Year Specials

* reduced prices * new equipment » immediate delivery

CENTRONICS 779

hi-speed reliability at a
very affordable price

Newest and lowest-cost member of
the Centronics user-oriented 700
Series serial printers* The simple
alternative to more expensive, more
complex printers*

* SO to 132 characters, selectable,
per line

* 60 CPS print speed, up to 90 lines
per minute

* unidirectional printing

* shown with optional tractor feed,
$100

$1345 CROMEMCO Z2-D fast, rugged, professional- grade computer

disk drive

Take a step forward with this thor-
oughly professional unit designed
for engineering, science, production,
business, education. To make it even
more enticing, you save $150 if you
buy now.

• Fortran and Basic available now

• 21-slot motherboard, 30-amp
power supply

• Z-80 processor

• each 5" disk stores up to 92K bytes

• shown with optional aluminum
cabinet, $195

IMSAI 80/15
$699

Just add love, one tv, and a little memory

New! Available now at a special introductory price.
Simple, easy to use operator’s panel. Comes with 10-
slot terminated and regulated mother board. Video out-
put capability, naturally.

• 8085 processor, MHZ-3 clock rate

• parallel & serial ports

• optional: fully-slotted, wave
soldered mother board, $75

fc?275

IKB-1
Intelligent Keyboard

parallel & RS-232 interfaces
user-programmable
key functions
1 ASCII encoded

SOROC IQ 120

The capable remote video display
terminal with a multiple of features.
Fully assembled and tested* Upper
and lowercase, 24 lines, 80 charac-
ter display.

more value for your dollar than any other terminal

* 10 key numeric pad, and auxiliary
port

* auto repeat tabbing, and address-
able cursor

* field protect with dual density

* Option 1 : block mode & screen
print interface, $100

$995

See these products at the following Micro Age locations:

Phoenix Byte Shop Tempe Byte Shop Tucson Byte Shop Dallas Byte Shop Service Center

2 4 W. Ca m e I ba c k 81 3 N . Sc otts dale Rd^ ^2 61^ *^ro a dwa y ^474 ^^pnn^VaUey Road 80^N ttsd a it

ORDER FORM

Item

Price

QTY

Amount

CENTRONICS 779

$1175

optional tractor fees

100

CROMEMCO Z2-D

1345

optional cabinet

195

IMSAI 80/15

699

optional mother board

75

IKB-1 keyboard

275

SOROC IQ 120

Option 1

100

40-pg. BYTE SHOPPER GUIDE

2.50

(Free shipping in U.S. for

TOTAL

alf items except Z2-D}. Az. res. add 4%

BVTE SHOP.

MAIL ORDER
803 N. Scottsdale Rd.
Tempe, AZ 85281
Check one: (602)894-1193

QCheck [15-day delay for clearance)
QMoney Order

□Master Charge* (save time - ..call collect on
QVISA* credit card orders)

*Card No._=
Interbank No.

. Exp. date .

Name

Address

City State , - Zip

JANUARY 1978

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 78

INTERFACE AGE 135

analysis, purchase order processing, order pro-
cessing. fixed assets, inventory control and
payroll.

Complete price for the System 200 with the
accouting system package is $29,000; deliver-
ies begin late February, For more information
contact Basic/Four Corp,, P.O. Box C-11921,
Santa Ana, CA 92711, (714) 731-5100.

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO, 135

Solid State Timers

The Cramer Division of Conrac Corporation
has available new plug-in solid slate timers as
part of their total line. The timers are manufac-
lured in 21 versions, ready for "off the shelf"
delivery from Cramer distributors across the
country.

Cramer designed the line around the five
most used types: "on” delay, extended ,Jon"
delay, "off delay, iinerval, and pulse or cycle
timing. Ail the timers feature calibrated dials
and adjustment knobs. Cycle timers have two
knobs for independent adjustment of on and
off times. The extended "on” delay timers have
the additional feature of a timing indicator
lamp. All stock models are for 120VAC opera-
tion, with 10-amp DFDT output contacts.

For more information contact Cramer Divi-
soin, Conrac Corp., Mill Rock Road, Old Say-
brook, CT 06475, (203) 388-3574.

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO, 130

Rack Mountable
Keyboard/Display Unit

Computerwise, Inc. is offering a low-cost,
rack mountable keyboards splay unit for use
in computer controlled machines, automatic
testers and similar applications.

The unit can be attached to any computer or
microprocessor using an asynchronous
R S- 232 or 20mA current loop I/O port. Switches
allow the user to select the operating mode in-
cluding: 110-9600 baud rate, full or half duplex,
even/odd/no parity, 5 to 8 data bits and one or
two stop bits. The unit mounts in a standard 19
inch wide equipment rack and requires iGYz in-
ches of panel height.

A gas discharge display provides a single
line of up to 32 alphanumeric characters. Each
character is formed using a ,2 inch high 5x7 dot
matrix which provides excellent legibility.
Keyboard options available include the 24
key formal shown, a 53 key fuli alphanumeric
model or a custom configuration to meet the
customer s unique requirements.

The standard unit is available in 30 days for
$750.00 tn singles with discounts for larger
quantities. For more information contact Com-
puterwise, inc., 4006 £. 137th Ter,, Grandview.
MO 64030, (816) 765-3330.

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 132

Versatile Logic Monitors
‘See' Inside ICs

Continental Specialties Corporation offers a
way to peek inside the black box of digital
DIFs: 16-channel clip-on Logic Monitors. An
LED at each pin indicates the state of that pin
by lighting or remaining dark.

By monitoring an entire 14 or 16-pin DIP at
once, CSCTs Logic Monitors reveal the action
of the package as a whole, permitting easy and
often instant insight into its behavior or mis-
behavior.

The model LM-1 Logic Monitor tests DTL,
TTL, HTL and CMOS logic families. Individual
comparators at each pin drive individually lab-
eled LEDs "on" for a HIGH, and "off" for a
LOW logic level, ft carries a suggested resale
price of $74.95.

The model lm-2 Logic Monitor includes a
fully isolated line-operated power supply to
eliminate test circuit loading. Suggested

RONDURE COMPANY

2522 BUTLER ST, * DALLAS, TEXAS 75235 ■ 214-630-4621
Used

SELECTRIC TERMINAL

Specifications
•Size: 2Y* wide x 21' deep x 9" high
■Power input 115 Volt 60 Hz
■Interface: RS232

■Weight: 54 lbs. (Shipping Weight 65 lbs.)

■15" Carriage

■tnput/Qulpul rates to 15 characters per second
■EBCO Code
■Half Duplex

■132 Prlni Positions, 10 Pitch

■Can be used off-line

Working
(Non fiefurbed)

Special Price $650.00

Manufacturers Electronic & Mechanical
Documentation

$20. with machine $40. Documentation only

the

computer

room

RS232 Connection
330 Baud

NOVATION

DC3102A

USED

WORKING

5150,00

SHIPPING INFORMATION:

Modems: $2.00 each: 2 for $4.00 UPS
Small Hems 6 Pads: $2+0Qforder less than $20,00;

$4 .00/order $20.00 (o $100.00; $6.00/Qrder over
$100.00

Large Hems 9 Pahs: Specify Freight or Air Freight
Collect v

Foreign Orders: Add appropriate freight cr postage
Please specify exactly what you wish by order
number or name or both

We now take Master Charge orders. Specify full
number, bank number and expiration date,

ORDERING INFORMATION:

All items subject to availability. Your money returned if
we are out of stock.

Items are either new (specified) or they are used (tested
or untested) and no other warranty is made or Implied.
Jr^eneraM^^ord^o^able^f^shippe^jnles^ve

TRENDATA 1000

Used working $775,00
Used working $950.00
(Factory refurb)

SPECIFICATIONS
Printer Mechanism: Heavy duty
Inpui/outpul, Series 745
Weight: Approximately 120 lbs
Power: 115 volts ac ±lG%,6QHz,
200 W.

Dimensions: 29mh x 35 'W x 33 ‘D
Temperature Range: 50*-1i0*F
and a relative humidily of 50-90%
Print Speed: One line (14.8 char-
acters) per second
Piaien: 15' wide, pin feed or form
feed device optional
Code Set: IBM 2741 compatible.
Keyboard available in correspon-
dence code

Standard Features (no extra cost)

Electronic Features single board
module, using integrated circuitry
Dial up. Reverse brake.
Attention feature and typewriter
index

Ty po mat ic keys (backspace ,
index, underscore and hyphen).
Attractive wood furniture work-
station.

Operator control panel.

Reduced noise level, due to
added sound deadening material;,

HARDWARE ASCII COO E CONVERSION (ParaNal fieteive On1y>S235,W
(IBM Specific MecFignism, Heavy Omy, Trandaia Enact.)

SHUGART MINI-FLOPPY DRIVE
NEW PRICE
S355.00 Each

MODEL
SA-400

specify that they are supplied.

We ship the same day we receive a certified check or
money order.

Texas residents add 5% Sales tax. Write for our CATALOG of many
Please call if you have a question, parts, terminals, printers, etc.

136 INTERFACE AGE

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 91

JANUARY 1978

MAY THE FORCE BE WITH YOU

See the P.E.T. 2001 Computer from Commodore at

THE COMPUTER STORE
820 Broadway

Santa Monica, California 90401
Phone (213) 451-0713

THE MOST EXPERIENCED COMPUTER DEALERS ANYWHERE

Store Hours: Tues — Fri Noon — 8 pm • Saturday 10 am — 6 pm

Located 2 blocks North of
the Santa Monica Freeway
at the Lincoln Blvd. exit

Phone and mail orders invited
BankAmericard/Visa and
Master Charge welcome.

Authorized dealer for MITS, Commodore, Apple, Cromemco, Micropolis, MECA, Equinox, Microterm,
Extensys, SOROC, Micro Computer Devices, Multiterm, Binary Systems, Micro-Ware, Sanyo and
Hitachi.

JANUARY 1978

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 85

INTERFACE AGE 137

resale price is $129.95 for standard 117 VAC
50/60 Hz operation, 10% more for 220 VAC
50/60 Hz operation.

Information Is available from CSC dealers
and distributors, or contact Continental
Speciaities Gorp,, 70 Fulton Ter., New Haven,
CT 06509, (203} 624*3103.

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 133

Intel Offers Add-on Memory for
IBM 3000 Series Processors

Intel Memory Systems announces the first
semiconductor add-on memory for IBM Model
3031 r 3032 and 3033 large-scale computers.
The in-7730 memory system, based on Inters
2147 static RAM, is completely hardware and
software compatible with any of the IBM 3000
series processors through the use of an inter-
face card set.

Memory compatibility with all three IBM 300
series processors is achieved through an inter-
face unit which converts logic levels for the ad-

dress, data and controls belween the in-7730
and the CPU,

The in-7730 can provide up to 6 megabytes
of add-on memory, depending on the CPU. The
unit is 60 inches high by 40 inches wide by 27
inches deep and features its own cooling and
power systems.

One megabyte ot in-7730 memory is priced
at $65,000, It leases for $1650 a month on a 48
month lease. Deliveries are scheduled to begin
in October 1976. For more information contact
Intel Memory Systems, 1302 N, Mathilda Ave„
Sunnyvale, CA 04086, (4 OBJ- 745*7 120.

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 116

MK4I Interfaces Touch-Tone®
Telephone and Altair/lmsai S-100
Bus Computers

For those interested in bringing the micro-
computer into the home, MK Enterprises has a
Dual Tone Multi-Frequency (DTMFJ transceiver

board which interfaces your S-100 microcom-
puter to the Touch-Tone- telephone. Desig-
nated the MK-II, the board converts Bell Sys-
tem’s DTMF into binary and binary into DTMF,
thereby making a fully operational Touch-
Tone* transceiver.

On incoming calls, vectored interrupts allow
for ring detection as well as detecting the
presence of DTMF signaling. This capability
permits one to execute programs by calling up
his computer and punching buttons on his
Touch-Tone' telephone, A 4-bil input port
allows additional data to be transferred coinci-
dent with decoded DTMF.

On outgoing calls, digits dialed are loaded
into a FIFO buffer at processor speed and un-
loaded into a DTMF generator at a rate compat-
ible with Bell System’s C.O. equipment. A 4-bit
output port makes possible the supervision of
trunk interface equipment (DA A devices).
Single tones may be generated instead of dual
tones under software control.

The MK-II comes fully assembled and tested
with applications information and manual for
£425.00. Delivery takes 4*6 weeks. For further
information contact MK Enterprises, 8911 Nor-
wick Rd„ Richmond, VA 23229, (804) 285-2292,

' Registered trademark of AT&T,

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 119

The Logical Force™ Sourcebook

Continental Specialties Corporation is
heralding the arrival of its new family of inex-
pensive digital troubleshooting hardware
which they call The Logical Force™ with an in-
formative manual entitled “The Logical Force
Sourcebook."

The Logical Force includes three logic pro-
bes. Logic Probe 1 (Model LP-1), the Standard
Logic Probe, boasts a 60nsec speed at $44,95.
Logic Probe 2 (LP-2). the Low Cost Probe,
manages 300nsec for just $24,95, Logic Probe
3 (LP-3) the High Speed Probe, handles lOnsec
pulses at $69,95.

Also included is a digital pulser, Digital
Pulsar 1 (DP-1} at $74,95. And GSC’s Logic
Monitors (LM-1 and the self-powered multi*
family LM-2) are also featured.

For further information contact Continental
Specialties Corporation, 44 Kendall St., New
Haven, CT 06509, (203) 624-3103,

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO, 131

INFO 2000 Low-Cost
Business System

INFO 2000 Corporation announces their new
computer system for small business data pro-
cessing. The INFO 2000 Business System
competes in performance and functional cap-

YOUR MAN IN
SAN FRANCISCO

FOR SYSTEMS

When you want knowledgeable help in plan-
ning, building and expanding a microprocessor-
based system, the man to see in the San
Francisco Bay Area is Pete Hollenbeck.

Pete has both the hardware and the hard facts
you need to make solid choices in your personal,
commercial, educational or scientific micro com-
puter system.

And we’re always glad to help. Call, write, or
(best of all) stop in anytime.

BYTE SHOP OF SRSl FBflnCISCD

321 Pacific at Battery. (415) 421-8686

BYTE SHOP OF BERKELEY

1514 University. (415) 845-6366

Owned and operated by Computer Center, Inc, Pete Hollenbeck, President.
Processor Technology / IMSAI / Digital Systems Megabyte Floppy /
Equinox / Cromemco / North Star / Dynabyte / Artec / Hazeltine /
Centronics / Lear Siegler / Thinkertoys / Godbout / Vector
Graphics / Publications,

138 INTERFACE AGE

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 76

JANUARY 1978

Before you buy a
microcomputer,
think about service.

At The Computer Mart, we back you with a
fully staffed and equipped service department,
Trained and experienced in microcomputers.

We even have our own ‘Computer Doctor"
ready to diagnose and cure computer problems,

We believe service is an important pal of a
sale. In fact, our service starts before you buy
We do our own assembly of kits and systems,
Then our technicians inspect and test each.

Most important, we're there to help you in
selecting the right microcomputer for your
needs. There to answer questions about com-
patibility hardware, peripherals, software and
specific applications. Whether your micro-
computer is for personal use or for business.
Like word processing, control, simulation or
data acquisition. When you have a question,
we even have a special phone number to
call (714) 633-4634. For prompt answers.

At The Computer Mart, our service starts
before you buy So, stop in or call today
Even if it's only to ask a question.

THE COMPUTER MART

633 West Katella Avenue, Orange
California 92667 (714) 633-1222
Hours Monday- Friday 10:00-8:00
Saturday 10:00-5:30

0ankAmeriGard and Mastereharge Accepted, Leasing Available,

At The Computer Mart, we do
more than just sell computers.

For professional advice before choosing your system, call The Computer Doctor.

JANUARY 1978

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 84

INTERFACE AGE 139

ability with minicomputer systems now setting
for over $30,000. The complete system con-
sists of a ZSO based computer, dual flexible
disc drives, high speed printer, video terminal
and extensive business applications software.

The mainframe employs the S-100 bus archi-
tecture and contains the powerful, high speed
ZSO CPU, up to 56K of RAM memory, 6K of
EPROM, a filtered forced-air cooling system,
and heavy duty power supply,

Mass storage is provided with PerSc i dual
flexible disc drives. The printer is a 160 CPS,
132-column line device which provides all 95
ASCII upper/lower alphanumeric and graphic
characters, including the true lower case let-
ters with descenders. Printer capabilities in-
clude graphing and charting. The video console
uses a commercial quality keyboard with
numeric keypad. The video console displays ail
ASCII characters.

All necessary operating software is included
with the INFO 2000 Business System, de-
signed to enable even the novice to begin pro-
cessing data the first day of operation

First deliveries are scheduled for February,
1978. Delivery time from receipt of orders is
15-30 days. The INFO 2000 Business System is
priced under ten thousand dollars. For com-
plete details contact INFO 2000 Corp., 20630 S,

Leap wood Ave., Carson, CA 90746, (213)
532-1702,

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 120

Add A Full Size Impact Printer
To Your Computer

Here’s everything you need to convert your
IBM Selectric typewriter into a hard copy out-
put terminal, interface, power supply, plus all
necessary mechanical parts and solenoids.
Complete instructions included.

Why pay a small fortune for a hard copy out-
put terminal? ESCQN conversion kits let you
convert a standard IBM Selectric typewriter in
to a quality printer in just a few hours. No holes
to drill. No mechanical genius needed. And no
changes in the appearance or normal operation
of your IBM Selectric once conversion is com
plete.

Compatible with most computer systems
utilizing the $-100 bus. Consists of a single
card utilizing parallel output, ASCII coded, A
status byte indicating completion of the opera-
tion is provided, with polarity and position
determined by user. Maximum bus loading is
limited to one LS-TTL input. The status driver
will sink 24mA or source 15mA to the bus. The
multiple pin connector is compatible with all

S-100 mother boards. Power supply is optional.

For more information contact ESCON, 7235
Tenth Si, Berkeley, CA 94710, (415} 524 8664.

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 125

LPA11-K

The LPA11-K controller utilizes FORTRAN
calls, and transfers analog data at an aggregate
rate of up to 150,000 samples per second.

High-speed rates are achieved by the con-
troller's use of direct memory access. This
method also enables a 60 tp 80 percent reduc-
tion in CPU overhead rates as compared to
previous techniques.

The LPA11-K operates under the RSX-11M
operating system on all PDP-11 computers
with UNI BUS UO. Two modes of operation are
available: single user, to achieve high through-
put rates; and multi-user, where up to eight
users can control experiments and processes
simultaneously. Both modes of operation are
supported through FORTRAN calls.

The LRA11-K incorporates two microproces-
sors to control data and command transfers
between laboratory peripherals and the PDP-11
central processor. The input/output bus of the
controller was designed to accommodate stan-
dard LDP UNIBUS interfaces without modifies-

flnnouncmc Orange County's
mast Conuenient
& most nffordable
Computer Store

WE OFFER A COMPLETE LINE OF MICROCOMPUTERS,
PERIPHERALS AND ACCESSORIES —

IMSAI

CROMEMCO
BYTE 8

* "'“x.

BYTE

SHOP

“Wen

SEALS

HAZELTINE

SOROC

PRINTERS

BOOKS

MAGAZINES

VISIT OUR STORE AND SEE THE LATEST IN
AFFORDABLE COMPUTERS

674 EL CAMINO REAL
EL CAMINO PLAZA
TUSTIN, CA 92680

PHONE 714-731

MON.-THUR, 11 - 7
FRI. 11-9

SAT, 10 - 6

140 INTERFACE AGE

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 79

JANUARY 1978

H H I (305) 885-4700

l%#l I I 25 East 9th Court
Li VI I Hialeah, FL 33010

THE WORLD'S FIRST COMPUTER DISTRIBUTOR

—SERVICING EXCLUSIVELY THE NEEDS OF COMPUTER STORES—

UNVEILS ITS

INDEPENDENT DEALER SERVICE PROGRAM

OFFERING

il A profitable and competitive price on reputable,
manufacturer-backed products including:

• DATA GENERAL/microNova Business Systems

• DEC/Word Processing Systems

• TEXAS INSTRUMENTS/Intelligent Terminal

• DATA GENERAL/Dasher Terminals

• TEXAS INSTRUMENTS/Portable Terminals

• ZILOG • IMSAI • APPLE • INTERACT

2 Discounts up to 25% on quality
products. And more discounts and
selection of products to be
made available shortly.

3 No “on going” minimum purchas-
ing requirements or scheduled
releases that burden dealers’
cash flow.

4 Single source purchasing advan-
tage that eliminates substantial
buying requirements and the com-
plicated paper work each manu-
facturer requires.

5 Sales leads generated from a
sound advertising program in
national publications.

A policy of prompt and frequent
deliveries intended to eliminate
the dealers’ need to carry ex-
pensive inventories that tie-up
capital. All from MCl’s “off-the-
shelves” stock inventory.

7 Products thoroughly evaluated
by MCl’s staff engineers whose
business is to know all the
different and dependable business
systems available in the

market place.

8 MCl’s fully tested applications
software/business packages such
as: Accounts Payables, Accounts
Receivables, General Ledger,
Payroll and Inventory. Pius,

MCl’s proven business software
language: ADEPT.

6

For more detailed information, circle the appropriate number
in the Reader Service Card, or better, call or write to:

Dr. Allen Kaufman
MCI

25 East 9th Court
Hialeah, FL 33010
(305) 885-4700

JANUARY 1978

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 86

INTERFACE AGE 141

ASSEMBLED SYSTEMS
With Disk Capability
AT KIT PRICES!

ISN’T YOUR TIME WORTH $58.00?

Then why spend needless time and energy when we will deliver assembled and

fully tested systems, like this one.

Ideal for the BUSINESS OFFICE or the CLASSROOM

North Star HORIZON

North Star Horizon Single Drive System includes the Z-80 CPU at 2 or 4 MHz,
motherboard, 16K of memory at 4 MHz and power supply. Software includes Disk
Operating System and Disk BASIC. Horizon 1 kit is $1599. Dual Drive Horizon is
also available at $1999.

We add monitor and keyboard.

Compare our assembled prices and save
hours of soldering, testing and trouble

OPTIONS
JfMove up to a Hazeltine 1500
CRT Terminal for an additional
$595.00.

Dual Drive $395.00

ShOOting

Component

North Star HORIZON 1
Parallel Input/Output
PROM

Video Board (64 by 16) -¥■

9” Video Monitor
ASCII Keyboard and Enclosure

Your cost for separate kits would
‘total $2238.00.

Your assembled price

Sunshine Corn-
Company is
|; $2296.00. ?

from
I puter

SYSTEM SOFTWARE
GIVES YOU TRUE DISK
FILE CAPABILITY

You get the Horizon 1 complete
with North Star Disk BASIC. A
complete business package on disk-
ette is available for $295, and
includes:

• General Ledger

• Accounts Receivable

• Accounts Payable

• Payroll

• Inventory

• Amortization

• Mailing List

Assembled systems sold with 9Q~day written warranty. Come in and see our Horizon in operation.

Sunshine Computer Company

V 20710 South Leapwood Ave. • Carson, California 90746 * (213)327-2118

142 INTERFACE AGE

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 94

JANUARY 1978

Tion.The LPA11-K plugs into one of the UNIBUS
slots, enabling field upgrade of UNlBUS-based
PDP-11 systems.

The LPA11-K rs priced at $4,985. For further
information contact Digital Equipment Corp.,
Maynard, MA 01754, (617) 481-9511,

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 13

GHOST

The GHOST is the Gimix House Operating
System Technology. It makes your system do
what you tell it, or it does what you want with-
out being told. The Ghost has a long memory;
Commands may be entered up to one year
before execution.

Two or more users can operate 2 or more
keyboards over 2 or more video channels at the
same time* Anyone who can operate a push-
button phone can operate this system. Video
based and designed so that every TV is a
readout as well. 16-button, 2-wire keyboards
can be easily wired anywhere and everywhere.
You can operate Ghost from practically any-
where, not just at the computer.

The flexible system can be used by a novice,
or the most sophisticated hobbyist. Customize
your needs through component boards. Can be
readily expanded as your needs grow.

All boards assembled and tested 100%*
Solder masked, using only top quality compo-
nents designed for lowesl power consumption
and coolest operation*

For more information on GHOST, contact
Gimix, Inc*, 1337 W. 37th PI., Chicago, IL6GGQ9*
(312) 927-5510.

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO, 123

The Electric Pencil

The Electric Pencil is a character oriented
word processing system. This means that text
is entered as a continuous string of characters
and is manipulated as such. This allows the

user enormous freedom and ease in the move-
men! and handling of text. Since lines are nol
delineated, any number of characters, words,
lines or paragraphs may be inserted or deleted
anywhere in the text. The entirety of Ihe text
shifts and opens up or closes as needed in f u N
view of the user* The typing of carriage returns
as well as word hyphenation is not required
since each line of text is formatted
automatically. As text is typed in and the end
of a serene line Is reached* a partially com-
pleted word is shifted to the beginning of the
following line. Whenever text is inserted or
deleted, existing text is pushed down or pulled
up in a wrap around fashion. Everything ap-
pears on the video display screen as it occurs
which eliminates any guesswork. Text may be
reviewed at will by variable speed scrolling
both in the forward and reverse directions.

By using the search or the search and
replace function, any string of characters may
be located and/or replaced with any other str-
ing of characters as desired. Specific sets of
characters within encoded strings may also be
located using this powerful function.

When text is printed. The Electric Pencil
automatically inserts carriage returns where
they are needed* Numerous combinations of
line length, page length, line spacing and page
spacing allow for any form to be handled*
Character spacing and bi-directional printing
are included in the Diablo versions. Right
justification gives right-hand margins thal are
even. Pages may be numbered as well as titled.

Available on cassette or diskette (add $25*00
for disc version) in various configurations. For
mail order or information, contact Michael
Shrayer, 3901 Los Feliz BlvcL #210, Los
Angeles, CA 90027, (213) 665-7756.

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO* 124

Low-Cost Word Processing System

Based on a powerful general-purpose 8080
microcomputer with floppy disc mass storage,
this new work processing system is probably
ihe most simple to operate. Within just a few
minutes anyone can begin to use the system*
wheiher he or she has had prior computer ex-
perience or not. Corrections* additions, dele-
tions, or movement of characters, words,
phrases, even blocks of several paragraphs*
are accomplished in a simple and direct man-
ner. AH text copy is edited on a video screen in
full view of the operator*

For the businessman, this means a much
greater output of letters, reporls and other
primed matter is possible since rough drafts

and other Intermediate steps can be elimi-
nated, Printing is high speed and flawless.
"Stock'1 blocks of lext can be stored separately
and included in any letter or report. Form let-
ters can be called up, then edited as
necessary, to personalize them and avoid a
"canned letter1' appearance.

tf desired, the system may also serve double
duty as an extra-smart terminal on an existing
computer system, or even as a stand-alone
computer.

For Information contact Computer Center,
1913 Harbor Blvd., Costa Mesa, CA 92627* (714)
646-0221.

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 115

Film Capacitors

A complete line of tubular, hermetically
sealed film capacitors resistani to moisture,
humidity and temperature and immersion cycl
ing are available from W-K Industries.

W-K Industries Series DL-Style capacitors
have a metallized mylar dielectric, extended
foil construction and tin-plated* copper-ciad
steel wire axial leads. Hermetically sealed in a
cylindrical, tin-plated metal tube with soldered
glass end seals* the capacitors are designed
for use in harsh environments in a broad range
of general electronic applications.

Operating temperature range is -55*0 to
+ 125*C, with linear voltage derating of 50%
from 85‘C to 125*C*

For additional information on tubular, her-
metically sealed metallized mylar capacitors.
Series DL-Style, contact: W-K Industries, i960
Walker Ave*. Monrovia. CA 91016.

CIRCLE INQUIRY NQ. ill

Digital Forms "Family1 of
Educational Systems

Digital Equipment Corporation announces
the formation of a family of educational com-

o

START RIGHT WITH RCA

New V.I.P. KIT Only $275.00 complete * — COSM AC Micro-
processor 2K RAM— expandable to 4K on board, ROM
Monitor, LED Readout, Keyboard, Video Output. Cassette In-
terface, Plastic Case. Great Software, CHIP 8 Language, 20
Video Games, Graphic Capability. Easy to build, fun to use.
Teaches machine language, assembler. Even experienced
hobbyists love VIP MC, VISA ok. Shipped from stock.

*plus shipping

COMPUTER MART

MICROCOMPUTERS

PERIPHERALS

ACCESSORIES

— If you are a

beginner write to us for “GETTING INVOLVED
WITH YOUR OWN COMPUTER — A GUIDE FOR
BEGINNERS/1 by Les Solomon and Stan Veit.
$6,95 postpaid in LLS.

(212) 686-7923 Bn v#n , storekeeper

COMPUTER MART OF NEW YORK INC.

1 1 fl Madison Ay©* (Enter on 30th St.), New York, NY 1 0016
Open Tuesday to Saturday 9:30 a, m. -6:30 p m.

JANUARY 1978

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. S3

INTERFACE AGE 143

The Byte Shop is Ready, Willing and Able to
satisfy your computing needs.

Ready

Your Byte Shop is ready to
supply computer products off
the shelf for the computer hob-
biest, experimenter, home enter-
tainer, or business entrepreneur.
Computers in kit form or assem-
bled and tested.

Willing

Your Byte Shop is willing to
help in the advice, education,
or handholding necessary for
your selection of a computer
tailored for your application.

Able

Your Byte Shop is able to
provide the full service and
support required fora product
of sophistication.

Why

Because Byte Shop wants to
be your Computer Store.

What are you waiting for?
Come on in.

Arizona

Phoenix-East

813 N. Scottsdale Rd,

Phoenix -West

12654 R 28 th Drive

Tucson

26 1 2 E. Broadway

California

Berkeley

1514 University Ave.
Burbank

1812 W. Burbank Blvd,
144 INTERFACE AGE

Campbell
2626 Union Ave.

Diablo Valley
2989 R Main St.

Fresno

3139 E. McKinley Ave.

Hayward

1122 "B" Street

Lawndale

16508 Hawthorne Blvd.
Long Beach
5433 E. Stearns St.
Mountain View
1063 W. El Camino Real
Palo Alto

2233 El Camino Real

Pasadena

496 W, Lake Ave.

Placentia

123 E. Yorba Linda

Sacramento
6041 Greenback Lane
San Diego
8250 Vickers- II
San Fernando Valley
18424 Ventura Blvd.

San Francisco
321 Pacific Ave.

Santa Barbara
4 West Mission
Stockton

7910 N. Eldorado St.

Thousand Oaks

2707 Thousand Oaks Blvd.

Ventura

2409 Main St.

Westminster
14300 Beach Blvd.

Colorado
Arapahoe County
3464 S. Acoma St.

Boulder
2040 30th St.

Florida

Cocoa Beach

1 325 N. Atlantic Ave., Suite 4

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 7Q

Ft. Lauderdale

1044 E. Oakland Park BWd.
Miami

7825 Bird Road

Minnesota

Eagan

1434 Yankee Doodle Rd.

New York
Levittown

2721 Hempstead Turnpike

Ohio

Rocky River

19524 Center Ridge Rd.

Oregon

Beaverton

3482 SW Cedar Hills Blvd.

Portland

2033 SW 4th

Pennsylvania
Bryn Mawr

1045 W. Lancaster Ave.

South Carolina
Columbia
2018 Green St.

Utah

Salt Lake City
261 S, State St.

Washington

Bellevue

1470J NE 20th Ave.

Canada

Winnipeg
665 Century St.

Japan

Tokyo

Towa Bldg., 1-5-9
Sotokanda

BYTE SHOP.

the affordable computer store

JANUARY 1978

puter systems ranging from entry-level Inter-
active and mark sense batch systems to a
multi-language timesharing system with ex-
pansion capability to serve up to 63 users.

The new family uses Digital s RT-11 and
RSTS/E operating systems and spans a broad
spectrum of PDP-11 processors. At the low-
end, the single-user E5210/C, consisting of
PDP-11/03 processor with 56K bytes of MOS
memory, dual floppy disc unit, VT52 video
display or DECwriter II printer terminal, RT-11
operating system and multiuser BASIC
language, is priced at $15,613.

The high-end ES570 included PDP-11/70 pro-
cessor with 256K bytes of memory, 176-mega-
byte disc unit, nine-track magnetic tape sys-
tem, 300-line per-minute printer, and OECwriter
li console. Software consists of the RSTS/E
operating system, BASIC-Plus-2, DECAL
{Digrtars CAi author language), plus one com-
mercial language (COBOL or RPG II) and one
scientific language (FORTRAN IV or APL),
ES570/W prices begin at $165,060.

For more information contact Digital Equip-
ment Corp., Maynard, MA 01754, (61 7) 897-51 1 1.

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 127

Tape ’N Text Modular Lessons

Tape n Text learning programs consist of
audio cassette tapes coordinated with printed
texts. The learner is afforded the opportunity to
hear on tape what he sees in the printed texts at
the same time, fn addition the audio tapes pro-
vide clarifying information not in the text.

For an additional charge of $2 a hard copy
listing of BASiG programs can be ordered for
each Tape 'n Text series. The programs are
designed to test the learner's knowledge and
skills attained at the completion of each Tape
*n Text unit. Computer hobbyists can set up
their very own computer based family learning
and testing center at home for the study of
algebra, computer math, English, and BASIC
programming language.

Several Tape 'n Text programs are available,
including Program CA Programming in BASIC ,
Program MA The Second Language and Com
temporary Applications , Program MB Basic
Math for Computers, Program MC Beginning
Algebra Course , Program EA Basic Language
Usage All contain 4 cassette tapes and 4
printed tests, individually packaged, for $19.95.
For further information contact Wililamsville
Publishing Co., Inc. Box 237, Williamsville,
New York 14221.

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 110

in-7700 Memory System

The in-7700, a semiconductor add-on
memory system, is designed to adapt to the

IBM System/370 Model 135, 138, 145, or 148 by
simply changing a set of interface cards. It of-
fers the user freedom to make a CPU upgrade
without investment in another add-on memory

By using the 2147 4K static RAM technology
from Intel Corporation, the in-7700 is fast
enough to accommodate any of the four CPUs.
The system interfaces directly to the CPU and
is able to utilize IBM error detection and cor-
rection logic, allowing a simpler and more
reliable system design.

The purchase price for 256K of in-7700
memory attached to the IBM System 370/135 or
370/145 is $45,000. Leasing cost is $1120 a
month on a 48 month lease One megabyte of
memory for the 370/138 or 370/148 model costs
$65,000, or $1650 a month on a 48 month lease.
For more information contact Intel Memory
Systems, 1302 N, Mathilda Ave„ Sunnyvale, CA
94086, (408) 745-7120.

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 121

S29.95 S-100 Motherboard

A new eleven-card-posEtion motherboard, for
Altai r/lmsai and S-100 bus-oriented microcom-
puter systems, provides prewired busses,
power-supply lines and etched circuits for ac-
tive or passive bus termination. Designated the
Model 8803 by Vector Electronic Company, the

new board virtually eliminates hand back plane
wiring and speeds assembly of personal-
computer systems.

The Model 8803 has the features of more ex-
pensive S-100 bus motherboards, but allows
system fabricators greater latitude in config-
uration and cost. The board has positions for
up to eleven 100-pin card-edge connectors,
allowing the hobbyist to install only the con-
nectors he requires. One position may be used
to interconnect to other motherboards for sys-
tem expansion. Twelve tantalum capacitors
are included to suppress transients on the + 5,
+ 12, and -12 volt busses.

For more information contact Vector Elec-
tronic Company, 12460 Gladstone Ave.,
Sylmar, CA 91342, (213) 365-9661.

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 113

Three Phase 480 Volt Solid State
Contactor

Agironics Manufacturing Company an-
nounces their new, low-cost, three phase Solid
State Contactor available in 240 and 480 volt
versions, with a 12 amp continuous rating and
a 100 amp surge rating. These compact, solid
state devices are perfect for replacing conven-
tional electro mechanical contactors, particu-
larly in applications requiring a large number
of cycles.

Word Processing Software

* Northstar floppy-disk-based software runs on any 8080 system.

* Features automatic disk file management.

* Powerful disk search, append, and insert functions.

* Summary of user instructions contained within program --
easily accessed at any time.

* Operates in as little as 16K of memory.

* For only $198 your system becomes the best and most eco-
nomical full-function word processor on the market today*

* Use your Master Charge or Visa card*

ORANGE COUNTY

COMPUTER CENTER

1913 HARBOR BLVD. TEL: (714) 646-0221

COSTA MESA, CA 92627

JANUARY 1978

INTERFACE AGE 145

BVTE SHOP

OF OHIO

OHIO’S FIRST
AND BEST!

MICROCOMPUTERS ^

PERIPHERALS
ACCESSORIES

IMSAI 8080
BYTE-8
SWTP MP68
CROMEMCO

MEMORY EXPANSION
COLOR TV GRAPHICS
LEAR SIEGLER ADM 3
PAPER TAPE READER

PROCESSOR TECH

INTERFACES (KITS or ASSEMBLED UNITS)

The input is optically isolated and tested to
3KV. Control voltage options cover the full
range from direct low voltage LC. operations to
the conventional control voltages of 24, 48,
120, 240 and 480 VAC.

For more information call or write Agtronics
Manufacturing Co.f 756 Lakefield Rd., Suite C,
Westlake Village, CA 91360, (805) 495 0874.

CIRCLE INQUIRY NQ. 114

Jet-Flecs Round Conductor
Ribbon Cable

*«■

p.FFOR0

BVTE

SWF

PROGRAMS AND SOFTWARE

VARIOUS BASICS - TINY, 4K, 8K and I2K.

FOCAL - DOS - GAMES - BUSINESS APPLICATIONS

ALSO AVAILABLE APPLE 1 CASSETTES FLOPPIES

modems TERMINALS DEC, WRITERS

BUSINESS APPLICATION INQUIRES INVITED
SYSTEM DEMONSTRATIONS AND LITERATURE i MAGAZINES

19524 CENTER RIDGE ROAD
ROCKY RIVER, OHIO 44116

(216) 333-3261

HOURS TUES thru FRIDAY 12 IQ 9

SATURDAY 10 to S

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO, 74

Molex Jet-Flecs ribbon cable is manufac-
tured under controlled techniques which pro-
duces a precision center-to-center controlled
cable of predictable and consistent electrical
characteristics.

The ribbon cables are available in If 28 AWG
Stranded (7/36) conductors. Ribbon cable
design allows individual or groups of conduc-
tors to be separated from the cable through a
' zipping'' process. The cable is black with a
yellow 1st circuit key marker.

Molex ribbon cables are UL listed at l05eC
and 300 V RMS. They are also FFM rated under
UL Flammability Specifications.

For complete details and options available
contact Molex, tnc,p 222 Wellington Ct.p Lisle,
[L 60532 s (312) 969-4550.

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 117

RAM’S [STATIC]

2102AL-4

Nec 450 NS

1.45

64-99

1 ,40

100-Up

1.35

21G1AL-4

Nec 450NS

2,75

2111AL-4

Nec 450 NS

2.75

6810-1

128x8 Bit

5,00

68B10

2MHZ RAM

12.00

Nec 410D

4Kx1

13,00

SAMTEC SOCKETS LOW PROFILE DIPS

1-99 100-Up

14 Pin

.20

,18

16 Pin

.22

.20

22 Pin

.35

,33

24 Pin

,33

,30

28 Pin

.42

.40

40 Pm

.45

.43

IMSIA CONNECTORS S-100
1-25 3,50

25-Up 3.25

ITHACA AUDIO BOARDS PARTS

8K Ram Card 25.00

Nec Ram Kit 89,50

Support Chip Set 9 50

Socket Set 17.20

Regulator Kit 9,00

DOCUMENTATION AND MANUALS

INTEL 8080A User Manual

7,50

INTEL 8085 User Manual

5.00

Z-80 User Manual

6.50

8748 User Manual

5.00

8741 User Manual

5.00

Cos mac VIP Computer

$275.00

Seal’s 8K RAM Board

$215.00

Seal’s 4K RAM Board

$160.00

Prototype Board

Wire Wrap

$20.00

Solder Pad

$20.00

Extender Board

$16.00

Sugart SA-400 Mini Floppy

Disk Drive

$325.00

Sanyo 9” Monitor

$160.00

8T97 1.00 8T2GB

2,10

340T-5 1,00 340T-12

1.00

7805 1,00 7812

1,00

YA-3-1Q15A $9,00

Single supply 5 volts replaces all UARTS (pin for pin)

DIP SWITCH

8 Swllch

7 Switch

$1.75 each

EpRQMS

2708

$16.00

2716 Intel [5 Volt]

50.00

2758 [2708 5 Volt]

35.00

5204 512x8 Bit

14.00

1702A 256x4 Bit

4.50

6034 512x8 Bit

17.50

82S23 32x8 Bit

2,25

MICROPROCESSORS

Z-80

Zilog CPU

22.00

8085

Intel 5 Volt CPU

[8080 with clock]

29,00

8080A

Nec 2 Mhz CPU

13.50

8080 A-1

Nec 3 Mhz CPU

21.00

8OS0A-2

Nec 2.5 Mhz CPU

20.00

6800

Mot. CPU

24.00

8741

EpROM 8041

[UPM1]

78.00

8740

EpROM 8048 MOP

70.00

6800

Mot. 2MHZ CPU

43.00

2650

Sig, CPU

30.00

SEMCOM

INC

13131 682 3869 325 S. Winding Drive

Pontiac, Michigan 48054

Hours 12 noon - 8 p,m. (Eastern Time)

TEHMS: All parts guaranteed money back ; 100%
tested. Postage and handling : add 5% ; minimum
Si .50 Minimum order $5. 00. Michigan residents
add A % tax . We reserve the right to substitute pin
for pin replacements of higher quality or speed
for price of ordered device unless noted on order.
Price subject to change without notice. We
accept Master Charge and Visa,

— We Quote On High Volume Orders —

CRYSTALS

(Fundamental Type) 6,00

18.432 Mhz 38.0 Mhz

27,000 Mhz 6.144 Mhz (8085)

MULTIMETER SINCLAIR
3-1/2 Digit VoltT Amp,

OHM Meter $49,95

MICROPROCESSOR
SUPPORT CHIPS

8156

RAM, I/O, Timer

26.00

6821

P.LA,

15.00

68B21

P.1, A. (2MHZ)

20.OO

6SB50

ACiA (2MHZ)

25.00

68488

IEEE-488 Interface

Chip

$43.00

8253

Prog, Timer

26.00

8257

DMA Controller

29.00

8259

Interrupt Cent.

27.00

8275

CRT Com,

100.00

0271

Floppy Disk Gont,

90.00

8279

Keyboard /Display

Cont.

23.00

MC1408

8 BIT D to A

6.50

MCI 489AEIA Receivers

2.50

MCI 488

EIA Driver

2.50

Z-80

PIQ (Parallel 1 IQ)

13,00

8212

8 bit Latch

3.00

8224

8080A Clock Chip

4.00

8238

8080 A Bus Driver

7,00

8251

Serial I/O

7.00

8255C

Parallel I/O

7.00

8214

Interrupt Chip

10,00

8155

256x6 Ramp 221/0

Lines and Timer

23.00

8253

Prog, Interval Timer

27,50

8755-8

EpROM and I/O

185.00

6620

FI A

10,00

6050

ACIA

12.00

6852

Syn. ACIA

16.00

6860

Modem

12,00

2513

Uppercase ASCII

8,00

MCM6571 7x9 ASCII

Char. Gen,

12,00

146 INTERFACE AGE

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO, 92

JANUARY 1978

You have to SEE it to BELIEVE it!

The Alpha Microsystems AM-1 00 is LIGHT
YEARS ahead of everything else you’ve
seen so far in the low cost computing field.

For a FRACTION of what you'd normally
pay for the SOFTWARE ALONE, you get a
16-bit processor with ALL of these BIG-
SYSTEM capabilities:

MULTI-TASKING, MULTI-USER
TIMESHARING

•DEVICE INDEPENDENT I/O
•ADVANCED FILE STRUCTURE
•POWERFUL SYSTEM COMMANDS
•SOPHISTICATED TEXT EDITOR

• FULL MACRO ASSEMBLER

• LINE PRINTER SPOOLER
•RE-ENTRANT, MULTI-USER BASIC

COMPILER

•LARGE UTILITIES LIBRARY

Yet, with all this it’s still compatible
with the S-100 BUS!

If you like the Decsystem-10 operating
system, if you like TECO ... if you like the
PDP-1 1 instruction set . . . you’ll LOVE the
AM-100!

ONLY

IN STOCK NOW!

BYTE SHOP

* Pasadena

4*6 S. LAKE «4VE.
(PASADENA, CA. 9IIOI
PHONE: (21.1)684-3311

C RCLI:INCUIRY

HOURS: Tuesday-Friday, 12:00-8:00

Saturday, 12:00-6:00
Closed Sundays and Mondays

mm. mmw§>

MOS/LSI DATA BOOK

714 pages, $4.00, Paper.

CMOS DATA BOOK

556 pages, $3.00, Paper.

MEMORY DATA BOOK

546 pages, $4.00, Paper.

National Semiconductor
Corporation, 1975

Review by Judy Scolney Robertson
and Larry Robertson

Each time we sit down to review a
data book, we wonder why bother.
All are reasonably thorough and
those of our readers who need them
will buy them no matter what we
say. The three National Semicon-
ductor Corporation books discussed
in some detail below are especially
good even though they are standard
data books. They are extremely use-
ful with their thorough descriptions
and clear diagrams for the various
National Semiconductor products
discussed in them. Each gives a gen-
eral description followed by techni-
cal specifications, major features,
schematics, timing information and
so on. Each book includes packag-
ing dimensions for each of its various
devices. We particularly appreciated
the large quantity of applications
notes and the list of terms (which is
not called a glossary) complete with
definitions.

The MOS/LSI Data Book provides
detailed information on some of the
more interesting special purpose
chips designed and produced by Na-
tional Semiconductor. Some items
we found to be of interest were digi-
tal clock circuits (including wrist
watches), counters and timers, elec-
tronic organ chips, TV circuits, ana-
log to digital converters, communi-
cations chips (especially the CB
radios) and calculators. An avid hob-
byist would find keyboard encoders,
displays, interface drivers and micros
intended for use in controllers of
particular interest. Of the three data
books, this one comes closest to be-
ing considered just plain fun.

The CMOS Data Book describes
CMOS products exclusively. Includ-
ed are standard gates, buffers, flip-
flops, counters, shift registers, multi-
plexers and Tristate® memories. This
book discusses the special func-
tions of many products described.
Computer hobbyists will be particu-
larly interested in the 3 V2-digit
digital voltmeter chip, the seven-

segment-to-BCD converter and the
keyboard encoder.

The Memory Data Book describes
most of National Semiconductor’s
line of MOS, SMOS and bipolar mem-
ories. This is the book to get if you
are building your own memory. It in-
cludes MOS programmable logic ar-
rays and shift registers. If you use
National Semiconductor products,
this book and its two companions
are musts for your technical library.

For convenient access, these
books are cross-indexed by type of
part and by part number. All three
books are very thorough and well-
designed. If you need them, by all
means buy them; if not, why did you
read this far?

All three books, MOS/LSI Data
Book, CMOS Data Book and Memory
Data Book , are available by mail from
National Semiconductor Corpora-
tion, c/o Mike Smith, P.O. Box 60876,
Sunnyvale, CA 94088.

INTERFACING SELECTRICS
TO MICROCOMPUTERS
By Carl Townsend.

1977, Center for the Study of the
Future. 49 pages, $12.00, Paper

Review by Judy Scolney Robertson
and Larry Robertson

Interfacing Select rics to Micro -
computers is a discussion of a meth-
od of using Selectric typewriters as
terminals for microcomputers. The
system described is one the author
is currently using and he seems to
be quite satisfied with it.

Our Selectric informants, on the
other hand, tell us that Interfacing
Selectrics is quite inadequate. They
feel that insufficient attention is
paid to the closed loop operations
recommended by IBM, thus slowing
down terminal operations signifi-
cantly and increasing the risk of
wearing out the expensive Selectric
too quickly.

The interfacing methods described
in this book are somewhat more
complicated than need be, leading
us to wonder whether the designer
is a relative novice or if he is merely
working in a vacuum.

Although we do not recommend
following Townsend’s procedures,
you may find that Interfacing Selec-
trics to Microcomputers has some
value. If so, it is available from Cen-
ter for the Study of the Future, 4110
NE Alameda, Portland, OR 97212.

MY FRIEND THE
COMPUTER and
TEACHER’S GUIDE AND
ACTIVITY BOOK

By Jean Rice

T.S. Denison & Co., 1976, $17.95

Review by Timothy Mowchanuk,
editor of Com 3-Essendon, Australia

The 85-page text is one of the best
I’ve seen for students at the middle
school level (6th grade to form 4). It
is a good introduction to the compu-
ter and could be made the basis of a
computer literacy unit. To quote the
advertising literature: “The book is
designed to be used as a supplemen-
tary text which could be integrated in-
to social studies, science or mathe-
matics curriculum. It can be used with
without computer equipment.”

The book is written in a low key,
with a non-threatening style and
covers what computers are, their
history, applications and program-
ming. A teacher does not have to
have very much experience with com-
puters to use it effectively. The ac-
companying Teacher’s Guide is a
unique feature of the set, and is
worth the full price by itself. It gives
some background information to the
text, 14 overhead transparencies il-
lustrating material in the text, and a
host of relevant spirit masters. The
guide makes the set a virtually self-
contained unit. It is well worth con-
sidering as a text and should be in
every library of teachers concerned

148 INTERFACE AGE

JANUARY 1978

* k/j Mg

By A. A. Perez, Software Editor

This month’s issue features a legacy of valuable software. Featured on
page 80 is MEDICAL RECEIPTS PACKAGE, the second in the Microbusiness
series by Mai Lockwood. Although this program was designed for a medical
practice, it can be easily adapted to any professional office.

Effective use of the microcomputer system in the small business or in
the home requires the learning of simulation techniques to predict trends
and future opportunities. MICROCOMPUTER FOR BUSINESS RISK
ANALYSIS by Jon R. Prescott (page 88) serves this purpose. The informa-
tion is based on the author’s personal experience.

HOW TO BUY AN APARTMENT HOUSE by Richard E. Michels is an arti-
cle that leads the reader, step by step, through the confusing and
sometimes misleading process preceding the acquisition of income pro-
perty. Real estate investments have traditionally been considered the
safest type of investment. Yet within this field some of the crassest abuses
have been reported. Many of the mistakes, however, are made by the pro-
spective buyer whose lack of experience leaves him vulnerable to shell-
game arithmetic techniques practiced by brokers whose total sense of
social responsibility rests in getting as many deals into escrow as possible
in any one period.

Computer power and the right software can eliminate many long-range
heartaches on the part of the buyer as well as limiting the opportunities for
surreptitious insertions of unfavorable numbers by the broker during the
heat of calculation. Reducing opportunity is the best way to reduce
unscrupulous practices. This program shows you how to accomplish this.

In the software section ahead we move from the serious to the humorous .

with Ashok Nagrani’s COMPUTERIZED SPEECH WRITER.

Another happy note is struck by Ray Duncan’s application program
CROMEMCO DAZZLER GRAPHICS INTERFACE DRIVER. Video displays
are quickly becoming an art form of its own. This program enables the
reader to develop interesting displays to delight every memberof the family, j

including the cat.

With a new year upon us, the fatigue of celebrations behind and twelve
months of activity ahead, the microcomputer user tike everyone else must
turn thoughts to taxes. Gary O. Young presents a practical software article
which helps you compute your Federal and State taxes and to estimate
what effect that raise you fought for might have on next year’s taxes. TAX
CALCULATION PROGRAM is easy to load and fits into less than 3K of
memory. Its companion THE TAX MAN is a game by the same author which
introduces an element of entertainment into the wearisome process of tax- 1

paying. The game is based on actual data which may be used in a serious
calculation manner. As an education tool for the young, this program can-
not be overrated.

In the August issue of INTERFACE AGE we published Elliott Myron’s
game of CRAZY BALL written in MITS 8K BASIC. Sy Feierstadt rewrote the
program for NORTHSTAR DISC BASIC. We hope that NORTHSTAR users
will derive as much pleasure from the game as MITS users.

Hopefully those of you who got stuck on the incomplete BIORHYTHM
program published in the October issue have now made applicable correc- ;

tions from the author’s revised version which we published in its entirety in
the December issue.

JANUARY 1978

INTERFACE AGE 149

SOFTWARE SECTION

SOFTWARE REVIEW

Computerese) Speech Writer

By Ashok Nag rani

There is a new language that has crept into our society
today. You can find it spoken in various walks of corpor-
ate life, at the university campuses, and It can some-
times be heard at the local pool halls. The vocabulary
used in this language is quite different from anything we
have known in the past. Although the language can be
written in the Roman script, its sounds, at least to old
timers like me, are mostly meaningless.

This language has phrases like ''functional monitored
mobility" or "synchronized organizational hardware." I
guess I could make some meaning out of "optical
organizational capacity/' but "balanced incremental
programming" isn't something they taught me at St. An-
drew’s High! Being readers of INTERFACE AGE you are
perhaps acquainted with this language. Phrases like the
above may even be the main ingredients of your speech
menu, with a few RAMs and ROMs thrown in for extra
measure. But to a mechanical engineer from the Old
Country, (That’s anywhere beyond the continental
shelf!) this new language leaves me confused, befuddled
and feeling very, very ignorant. Last week, after sitting
through a meeting at Ye Ole Sweat Shoppe, Inc. (my do-
main from 8 to 5) and listening to an aging computer
man (he’s 26) say "Group Technology in conjunction
with CADAM and Robotics will give management the
balanced flexible monitoring that heretobefore (sic) was
functionally not optional but none the less a synchro-
nized management concept , . I knew I had to do
something to become educated in a hurry,

I went to the Company’s computer center and looked
around to see if 1 could find someone who spoke English
who would enlighten me. After a rather tong search, I
finally found this weird non-conformist young man, He
was the only one in that crowd who didn’t have a beard
and wasn't smoking a pipe. But what reatly set him apart
from the crowd, though, was that he was not staring at
the ceiling or trying to make a meal out of the end of his
pencil. I stated my quest to him and asked him if he
could help. "Sure," he saidT "everyone knows that in
order to function in this day and age, you have to know
Computerese!"

I soon found out, however, that knowing what my goal
was didn’t necessarily mean a thing. Nowhere in the
library could I find any book on Computerese. I even called
Berlitz, but I was no closer to learning Computerese
than I was in getting a date with Farrah Fawcett-Majors.
So back I went to this cultural throwback at the com-
puter center (the one without beard or pipe) and told him
of my plight, Mr. Weird's new pronouncement was even
more profound. "Everyone knows that the only way to
learn Computerese is to work with the computer experts
and learn from them. This knowledge can only be ac-
quired after years and years of service." That sort of
thing ! had heard from the teachers of meditation who
offered unique psychic pleasures in exchange for a life-
time of servitude, but to have to pay that price just to
learn a language did seem a little much.

Being a believer in the self-help philosophy, I began to
closely analyze what these computer experts were say-
ing, and how they were structuring their speeches and
reports. The first revelation was, it does not matter what
you say as long as you use long sentences with big
words. The next revelation was even more startling. Re-
gardless of the subject, use buzz words that nobody

150 INTERFACE AGE

understands. This way, people may not understand what
you are saying, but at least, no one will disagree. I also
discovered that if you pick sentences and words totally
at random, it makes for a really good, totally non-contro-
versial report. And most important, let the words "digi-
tal," "peripheral," "optimal,” "programming," etc., be to
your speech what chili peppers are to tamales. Armed
with these profound commandments, and feeling very
Talmudic about the whole matter, I pondered long and
hard to see how I could use this knowledge to benefit
mankind. I am an old believer in that if you can’t beat
them and they will not let you join them, then ridicule
them. That is how SPREG came into being.

SPREG stands for Speech and Report Generator. It is
a computer program written in extended BASIC to run
on a micro which will help non-Computerese-speaking
people like me write reports which sound very learned.
All you do is tell the computer the subject of your report
and the number of paragraphs you want it to generate
for you. The trusted microcomputer does the rest.

The program will give you over a trillion different sen-
tences without ever repeating itself. Of course, a very
close analysis of the report may cause you to wonder what
it is that the report is trying to say. However, you will ad-
mit that such a reaction is very akin to the one shared by
many people on reading most of our status reports.

The language of the reports generated is pure Com-
puterese, and the grammar is perfect. Well, maybe not
perfect, since it cannot tell when to use "an" instead of
“a," but then, like they said in the cigarette advertise-
ment, what would you rather have, good Computerese or
good grammar?

SPREG is written in Altair’s extended BASIC version
3.2. The program requires 16K of RAM for it to function.

Five sentence structures are called up at random. In
each of these sentences, the subject, the verb, the ad-
jective, adverbs and objects are again subject to random
call. As a result, there are 1013 different sentences that
result for sentence structure #, 103, 105, 105 and 10* dif-
ferent sentences for sentence structure #2, #3, #4 and
#5, respectively. Each paragraph comprises three sen-
tences. Hence it is possible to have over 1014 different
combinations of sentences to form each paragraph.

The program has a built-in safeguard where two iden-
tical sentences will not be used in the same paragraph.

SAMPLE PARAGRAPHS

The program generates automatically a report or
speech for any length and any occasion. All you need to
do is to input the length of the report desired and the
subject of the report. The program will make the text
available to you freeing you for other important
managerial tasks.

INPUT SPEECH LENGTH IN MINUTES OR # PARAS IN REPORT
?2

INPUT SUBJECT OF REPORT
? DIGITAL HINDSIGHT

DIGITAL HINDSIGHT

U-CAM ARGUMENTS ARE OPTICAL DIGITAL PROJECTION. WE ARE
CREATING THE REQUIRED DATA BASE DUE TO A COMPATIBLE
TRANSITIONAL CONCEPT. INSPITE OF THE WIDELY HELD BELIEF
THAT PARALLEL POLICY OPTION USED TO BE CREATING THE
NECESSARY TECHNICAL BACKSTOPS BUT SYSTEMATIZED INCRE-
MENTAL CONCEPT WILL ALLEVIATE OPTICAL THIRD GENERATION
MOBILITY.

DIGITAL HINDSIGHT HAS NOT CAUSED A INTERACTIVE ALTER-

JANUARY 1978

SOFTWARE REVIEW

SOFTWARE SECTION

NATE. ROBOTICS ARGUMENTS ARE SYSTEMATIZED ORGANIZA-
TIONAL MOBILITY. ROM WILL FUNCTION AS A OPTIMAL CONSID-
ERATION BECAUSE OF SYSTEMATIZED LOGIC TIME PHASE
THE ABOVE IS THE REPORT YOU REQUESTED BE COMPILED
FOR DIGITAL HINDSIGHT

DO YOU NEED ANY MORE REPO RTS?

TYPE-YES, OTHERWISE TYPE-OVER
? YES

INPUT SPEECH LENGTH IN MINUTES OR If OF PARAS IN REPORT

?1

IN PUT SUBJECT OF REPORT
? COMPUTER MAKEBELIEVE

COMPUTER MAKEBELIEVE

I -CAM WILL ALLEVIATE A INTERPRETIVE ARGUMENT BECAUSE OF
SYSTEMATIZED DIGITAL MOBILITY. DUE TO TECHNICAL REASONS
SYSTEMATIZED MONITORED PROJECTION CONFIGURED ITSELF
AROUND MAKING FANTASTIC PROGRESS BUT SYSTEMATIZED
MONITORED PROGRAMMING WILL REQUIRE PARALLEL INCREMEN-
TAL CAPACITY. ROM OPTIONS ARE COMPATIBLE MONITORED CON-
TINGENCY

TH E A BOVE IS TH E REPORT YOU REQUESTED BE COM PI L EO
FOR COMPUTER MAKEBELIEVE

DOYOUNEEDANYMORERE PORTS?

TYPE- YES, OTHERWISE TYPE-OVER
? YES

INPUT SPEECH LENGTH IN MINUTES OR # OF PARAS IN REPORT
?3

INPUT SUBJECT OF REPORT
? RANDOM PROJECTIONS

RANDOM PROJECTIONS

INSPITE OF THE FACT THAT SYNCHRONIZED POLICY HARDWARE
WAS GENERALLY NOT GEARED TO MAKING FANTASTIC PROGRESS
BUT FUNCTIONAL MANAGEMENT CONCEPT WILL CAUSE COMPAT-
IBLE LOGIC OPTION. UPPER MANAGEMENT IS RESOLVING PERI-
PHERAL PROBLEMS DUE TO A TOTAL POLICY OPTION CAM-I-CAPP
VARIABLES ARE PARALLEL INCREMENTAL CAPACITY.

CADAM ENGINEERING AIDS ARE SYSTEMATIZED ORGANIZA-
TIONAL FLEXIBILITY. BECAUSE OF UNFORSEEABLE CIR-
CUMSTANCES COMPATIBLE TRANSITIONAL FLEXIBILITY WAS
GENERALLY NOT GEARED TO GENERATING MANAGEMENT ATTEN-
TION BUT OPTICAL RECIPROCAL PROGRAMMING WILL REOUIRE
BALANCED LOGIC MOBILITY. COMPETITION IS CREATING THE
NECESSARY TECHNICAL BACKSTOPS OUE TO A OPTICAL THIRO
GENERATION PROJECTION.

BECAUSE OF THE FACT THAT PARALLEL MONITORED CONTI N
GENCY WAS GENERALLY NOT GEARED TO MAKING FANTASTIC
PROGRESS BUT RESPONSIVE RECIPROCAL CONTINGENCY WILL
ALLEVIATE SYSTEMATIZED TRANSITIONAL PROGRAMMING. OUR
INNOVATIVE APPROACH IS CREATING THE NECESSARY TECHNICAL
BACKSTOPS DUE TO A BALANCED THIRD GENERATION PROJEC-
TION. RANDOM PROJECTIONS WILL NOT REMAIN A OPTIMAL CON-
CLUSION.

THE ABOVE IS THE REPORT YOU REQUESTED BE COMPILEO
FOR RANDOM PROJECTIONS

INITIALIZE

INPUT
« PARAS N
SUBJECT,

DiHUt mi* me

F-ND Fill AS RANOGM
ainmEta * hs

DEFINE

ff 1 O], FT i [i i 2 B 1 £5]
AS

SENTENCE STRUCTURES

fi l T f II THROUGH A i HID)
‘NlRODUGTOflY PMflAScS LIST

TWQRD BUZZ-WORD GENERATOR WOH05

B & 1(101
1ST WORD LIST

.Jlir.TNRV A
vtbh udbiti-En
OBJECT iiST

WORD BUZZ-WORfl GENERATOR WORDS,

B J 1 fij THRU 0 3 HI OH

S |2j THRU B J * fin
JNp W&RP U5T

D l Hi I THUU D t I LtDi
SUBJECT LI5T

GE N E RATES RANDOM BUZZ-WORDS

GENERATE D WORD BUZZ -WORDS
B J I, F 4 l, G SI. H S I

DEFINE a SENTENCE
STRUCTURES
AA i 9B 1 CQ l DP S. El

GENERATES RANDOM SENTENCES

DO YOU NEED ANY MORE REPORTS?

TYPE-YES. OTHERWISE TYPE-OVER
? YES

INPUTSPEECH LENGTH IN MINUTES OR# OF PARAS IN REPORT
?2

I N PUT SUBJ ECT OF REPORT
? ORTHOGONAL DESIGN ING

INSURE NO 5 SENTENCES AU«f

ORTHOGONAL DESIGNING

WHILE FUNCTIONAL MANAGEMENT OPTION CONCERNED ITSELF
WITH GENERATING MANAGEMENT ATTENTION BUT RESPONSIVE
ORGANIZATIONAL PROJECTION WILL PROVE SYNCHRONIZED
ORGANIZATIONAL FLEXIBILITY: ORTHOGONAL DESIGNING IS A
VIABLE ARGUMENT. ROM WILL PROVE A MANAGEMENT VARIABLE
BECAUSE OF INTEGRATED M AN AGEMONT C A PACITY
CADAM WILL CAUSE A QPHIMAL RECOGNITION BECAUSE OF
FUNCTIONAL LOGIC MOBILITY ORTHOGONAL DESIGNING WILL
NOT REMAIN A ANALOGOUS SOLUTION. R2-02 ARGUMENTS ARE
TOTAL POLICY HARDWARE

THE ABOVE IS THE REPORT YOU REQUESTED BE COMPILED
FOR ORTHOGON ALOESIGNING

SAME

MORE

REPORTS

DO YOU NEED ANY MORE REPORTS?
TYPE* YES. OTH ERW ISE TYPE-OVER
? OVER

HOPE YOU WERE SATISFIED.
GOODBYE

Figure 1- Speech and Report Generator “SPREG
Flow Chart

INTERFACE AGE 151

JANUARY 1978

SOFTWARE SECTION

SOFTWARE REVIEW

Oh

hUM

5 P ft E B R littiUiiOHiMiltmi

PROGRAM GENERATES AUTOMATICALLY A REPORT OK SPEECH
FOR ANY LENGTH AND ANT OCCASION.

ALL YOU NEED TO 00 IS TO INPUT T HE LENGTH □ P THE
REPORT DESIRED AND THE SUBJECT OF THE REPORT

THE FNOGMM WILL HAKE THE TEXT AVAILABLE TO YOU
FREEING YOU FOR OTHER; IMPORTANT MANAGERIAL TASKS.

INFttT SPEECH LENGTH IN MINUTES OR » Of PARAS IN REPORT
* 1

INPUT SUBJECT OF REPORT
T MANUFACTURING SCHEDULES

manufacturing schedules

ALTHOUGH PARALLEL RECIPROCAL FLEXIBILITY Dll) NOT CONCERN ITSELF WITH CftE
AT INC REQUIRED AWARENESS BUT TOTAL TRANSITIONAL TIME PHASE WILL COHPLEHE
NT SYSTEHAT J ZED INCREMENTAL TIME PHASE . NANLJFACTUR INC SCHEDULES IS LIKE
LT TO PE A OPTIMAL ARGUMENT . OUR INNOVATIVE APPROACH IS CREATING THE Nf
CES5ARY TECHNICAL BACK STOPS DUE TO A RESPONSIVE RECIPROCAL NOBILITY .

THE ABOVE IS THE REPORT YOU REQUESTED BE COMPILER
FDR HANUFAC TURING SCHEDULES

DU YOU HEED ANY MORE REPORTS*

Tf PE- YES' OTHERWISE TYPE-OVER
* YLS

INPUT SPEECH LENGTH IN MINUTES OR » Of PARAS IN REPORT
> 2

INPUT SUBJECT OF REPORT
't RESEARCH PROGRAMS

RESEARCH PROGRAMS

CADAM PATTERNS ARE FUNCTIONAL TRANSITIONAL OPTION . WHILE FUNCTIONAL F'OL
ICY HARDWARE USED TO BE CREATING THE NECESSARY TECHNICAL BACKSTOPS BUT T
OTAL RECIPROCAL FLEXIBILITY WELL SUPPORT PARALLEL MONITORED MOBILITY . ft
ECENT TECHNOLOGICAL. ADVANCES ARE FORMULATING SPECIFIC PLANS DUE TQ A TOT

AL DIGITAL CONCEPT .

U-CAH ARGUMENTS ARE OPTICAL DIGITAL PROJECTION . WE ARE CREATING THE REO
UIRED DATA BASE DUE TO A CONFATABLE TRANSITIONAL CONCEPT - IWSFITE OF TH
E WIDELY HELD BELIEF THAT PARALLEL F'OL ICY OPTION USED TO BE CREATING THE
NECESSARY TECHNICAL BACKSTOPS BUT SYSTEMATIZED INCREMENTAL CONCEPT WILL
ALLEVIATE OPTICAL THIRD GENERATION MOBILITY .

the ABOVE is the REPORT YOU REQUESTED DE COMPILED
FOR RESEARCH PROGRAMS

DO YOU NEED ANY HDRE REPORTS*

TYPE -YE Sr OTHERWISE TYF'E -OVER
7 YES

INPUT SPEECH LENGTH IN MINUTES OR ♦ OF FAftAS IN REPORT

f 3

INPUT SUBJECT UF REPORT
? AUTOMATIC REPORTING

Automatic re for ting

RESEARCH PROGRAMS HAS NOT CAUSED A INTERACTIVE ALTERNATE ► ROBOTICS AROU
MEN IS ARE SYSTEMATIZED ORGANIZATIONAL MOBILITY . ROM WILL FUNCTION AS A
OPTIMAL CONSIDERATION BECAUSE OF SYSTEMATIZED LOGIC TIME PHASE .

I -CAM WILL ALLEVTATE A INTERPRETIVE ARGUMENT BECAUSE OF SYSTEMATIZED DIG
ITAL MOBILITY . DUE. TO TECHNICAL REASONS SYSTEMATIZED MONITORED PRO JECTI
ON CONFIGURED ITSELF AROUND MAKING FANTASTIC PROGRESS BUT SYSTEMATIZED M
ON t TORE 0 PROGRAMMING WILL REQUIRE PARALLEL INCREMENTAL CAPACITY . ROM OP
flONO ARE COM PAT ABLE HON I TONED CONTINGENCY .

IN5PITE OF THE FACT THAT SYNCHRONIZED POLICY HARDWARE WAS GENERALLY NOT
GEARED TO MAKING FANTASTIC PROGRESS BUT FUNCTIONAL MANAGEMENT CONCEPT Ul
LL CAUSE COMPATIBLE LOGIC OPTION ► UPPER MANAGEMENT IS RESOLVING PERJPME
HAL PROBLEMS DUE TO A TOTAL POLICY OPTION , CAN-I-CAPf- VARIABLES ARE PAR
ALL EL INCREMENTAL CAPACITY ,

THC ABOVE IS THE REPORT YOU REQUESTED BE COHMLED
FDR AUTOMATIC REPORT INC

DO YOU NEED ANY M08E REPORTS*

TYPE-YES' OTHERWISE TYPE-OVER
* OVER

HOPE YOU WERE SATISFIED,

GOODBYE

OK

LIST

P R E G R

10 CLEAR lOoGO
100 PRINT ***********

105 PRINT
110 PRINT

115 PRINT ‘PROGRAM GENERATES AUTOMATICALLY A REPORT OR SPEECH*
ISO PRINT ‘FOR ANY LENGTH AND ANY OCCASION . +

12S PRINT

130 PR1N1

135 PRINT ‘ALL YflU NEED TO DO IS TO""INFUT THE LENGTH OF THE *

E40 PRINT 'REPORT DESIRED AND THE SUBJECT OF THE REF ORT 1
1X5 FOS 1*1 TO 1200 : NEXT I
ISO PRINT
155 PRINT

1AC PRINT -THE PROGRAM WILL MAKE THE TEXT AVAILABLE TO YOU"

145 FFi I NT ‘FREEING YOU FOR OTHER IMPORTANT MANAGERIAL TASKS . "

170 FOR IM TO 400 E NEXT 1
ISO PRINT
190 PRINT

200 PRINT ‘INPUT SPEECH LENGTH IN MINUTES OR t Of FARAE IN REFOUf*
210 INPUT X

330 PNINT " INPUT SUBJECT GF REPORT*

230 IAPUT IV t

2X0 IF K* ‘G1 THEN GOTO 230
2X1 PRINT

2X2 PRINT TAD<2tO, Kt
245 FOP 1-1 TO f
250 DEF FNA INTflOtRNI'UIfU
255 BEF FNB-INT 1 1 OtftND (t Nil
240 BEE FNC- INT f lOXFiWM l J +1 J
245 DEF FNB= 1NTt5*RnD< |>M 1
270 BEP FHE-IMTtS*RNPiUm
275 D£F F Nf - 1 N T 1 5 tR N D { I Ml )■

400 fi* M J *AAt
6i<> R M 2 1 - BB t
420 RM3l-CCt
430 RtMt-DD*

AXO RM 5> =EEt

700 REM Alt SUBROUTINE

705 A 1 M 1 1= 'ALTHOUGH '

710 A1X<2>=‘IN THE FAST "

715 A1M3) = ‘ PER PAST PRACTICE 1
720 AitM>**5lNCE *

725 AH { 5J t ‘uHILE ‘

730 AIK4>-* INSFITE OF THE FACT THAT *

735 AIM?)-' INSPITE OF THE WIDELY HELD BELIEF THAT ■

7X0 Alt <01* "DUE TO TECHNICAL REASONS *

745 AJ M 9 1 = "BECAUSE OF ThE FACT THAT *

750 A 1 1 ( 1 0 > = ‘ BE C AUS E OF UNFOSSE ABLE CIRCUMSTANCES *

800 PEN B2* SUBROUTINE
005 B5t< I J = " INTEGRATED '

010 H5M2I- ‘TOTAL 1

815 B5M3I- "SYSTEMATIZED ‘

820 B5MX J-1 PARALLEL '

025 B5M 5?- ‘FUNCTIONAL 1
830 B5ttA)*‘0pTlGAL *

1135 SSM 7 1- 'SYNCHRONIZED ‘

8X0 BSMBi-'C OMPA TABLE •

0X5 B5M9) = 'E) ALANCE D '

850 B5M 101 = "RESPONSIVE ■

B55 BfitU l-*MANflOEMENT ■

040 D4 M 2 > * ' ORGAN I ZA T I DUAL 1
845 B4M3>-‘M0N1 TONOi *

870 B6t f 4 J ■: ‘RECIPROCAL ■

875 bah s i- ‘Digital ■

880 B6M4M‘L0GI[; *

805 D4II7S* ‘TRANSITIONAL *

B9& B4* at)-1 INCREMENTAL *

UV3 BAM? I - ' THIRD GENT RATION 1
VGO B4M |0> ''POLICY *

905 B7M It "OPT lilN ‘

710 17*12 J ■FLCXIDIL I TY 1
VIS 171 Ul. ‘CAPACITY *

920 B7M4! ‘MOBILITY 1
925 8? I i 5 ) = " PRO GNA MH I NO *

93Q B7M 4 >= 'CONCEPT 1
935 B7M75-‘TrHE PHASE ■

9X0 D?M B I * ‘PROJECT 1 ON *

945 B7M91* ‘HARDWARE *

950 D7t f 1 Q j™ "CONTINGENCY *

954 A2t ( 1 J ■ * HAS BEEN ‘

940 A2t < 21 • 1 Used to be *

943 A2M 3)= ‘ WAS GENERALLY GEARED TO *

970 A2t (XI a 'CONCERNED ITSELF WITH ♦

975 A^MS)-- CONFIGURED ITSELF AROUND *

9 BO A2t (*>■=* HAS NOT BEEN 1

9B3 A2M7l-‘IHD NOT CONCERN ITSELF WITH *

V90 A'JtfHir'UAE GENERALLY NOT GEARED TO *

995 A2M9>='UA3 TEMPORARILY INEFFECTIVE IN ‘

1000 A2M 101 = ■ FINOS ITSELF ‘

I OP I REM A3* SUBROUTINE

1005 AJtll) »' ADVANCING THE STATE OF THE ART *

J01G ATM 31 * * LOWERING THE LEARNING CURVE *

1013 ATM 21= ‘MAKING FANTASTIC PROGRESS 1
T020 A3 1 ( X ) - * QE NEftAT I NG HANAGErtENT ATTENTION *

1023 A3t(S>= ‘CREATING REQUIRED AWARENESS ‘

I03O A3M 4 U ‘CREATING THE REQUIRED DATA BASE ‘

1035 A 3M 7 J - * RESOLVING PERIPHERAL PROBLEMS '

10X0 A3* let- 'GREAT | no THE NECESSARY TECHNICAL BACKSTOPS ‘
1045 A3t 1 91 -'RAISING THE LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT C0N5C IGUSNESS
1050 A3M 1 01« 'FORMULATING SPECIFIC PLANS '

L051 ftEM A41 SUBROUTINE

1055 AXtEl)*-tm_L FUNCTION AS 1

1040 AfltlCj-'UILL NUT FUNCTION AS *

1045 AX*(3>='WJLL CAUSE 1
I07O A4tc4J=*01LL REQUIRE ‘

1075 A4M5IVWILL NEGATE ‘

1000 A4M4 J-'WlLL PROVE ‘

1005 AxtI7i^‘WTLL SUPPORT ■

1090 AXttGl- 'WILL COMPLEMENT 1
1093 AXttVt r ‘WILL SUPPLEMENT ‘

1100 AX*( JOM'WILL ALLEVIATE *

1101 REM Si* SUBROUTINE
1105 DIM 1 1 = 'IS A “

1110 BltOJ = *IS NOT A '

1113 SI M3) = ‘IS LIKELY TO BE A ■
i loo Bit(X) -‘Will no; prove to be a *

1125 BlttSi- "REMAINS A ‘

1130 Bit (41- "HAS CAUSED A ■

1135 SIM "HAS NOT CAUSED A '

1140 Bit (0>= ‘CAN AT SOME TIMS SECGME *

1143 Bit ( 9 >^ ' WILL NOT REMAIN A ♦

1150 B 1 M 10 J 5= ' CANNO T SECGME A *

1151 REM B3t SUBROUTINE
1155 B30 1 1 1 * 'VIABLE ■

1140 P3K2J* "RESPONSIVE ‘

1145 B3M3T*‘FEASIBLE +

1170 (O* ( X ) - ■ OPTIMAL "

1175 D3M5I-' MANAGEMENT '

UBO B3t(i t-‘TECHNICAL *

1185 B3t^7) ^‘ANALOGOUS ■

1190 B3tf0>=‘ INTERACTIVE "

1195 Bit i?| = ■ INTERP RET I VE ‘

1200 B2t( lO^-'EA RLY +

1201 ftEM B4F SUBROUTINE
1205 ElXft 1 >*■ ALTERNATE "

1210 SXM21=‘E0LUTICiN ■

1210 PXt-Ot-p* RE COGN I T I GW "

1220 B4MX!"' VARIABLE '

1222 B4tf5t> ‘OPTION *

1230 bXf ( 0) -‘CONST DERATION *

1235 BXM7I* ‘CONCLUSION ■

12X0 BXt { 8 1 ° ‘PATTERN *

12X5 BXt [9 )«• ’ARGUMENT *

1250 BXtM 0| -'CONCEPT ■

1231 REM Clt SUBROUTINE
1255 Cltfl l-'WE ARE *

1240 CItf2|®‘C0rtpETITJGN IS *

1245 Cl M3)-" INDUSTRY TRENDS ARE

Branched to Page 175

152 INTERFACE AGE

JANUARY 197$

SOFTWARE SECTION

SOFTWARE APPLICATION

Cromemco Dazzler
Graphics Interface Driver

By Ray Duncan

This driver runs on the Intel 8080 microprocessor. It
allows for software character generation or point-by-
point control of the video display. The Dazzler board is
used in the high resolution black and white mode requir-
ing a 2K memory buffer.

The driver treats the dazzler display as a 128-high by
128-wide matrix:

127 *

t

Y

t

0

0 >X> 127

Six user services are provided. The jump links located at

E03F in this version can be relocated to guaranteed loca-
tions in your monitor for use by application programs.

ltDZ01sr : passes buffer address to controller and turns
on display,

"DZOFF” ; turns video display off, does not alter the
contents of video memory buffer.

"DZZ11 : clears the video memory buffer.

''DZP” : sets selected point in matrix on or off;

Call with A = 0 to turn point off
A= 1 to turn point on
B~ X coordinate (0-127)

C = Y coordinate (0-127)

Exits with registers HLt BC, DE preserved
register A and flags unpredictable

ilDZL)h : display ASCII character string, in this mode

display is divided into 18 lines.

Call with A = line number (0-17)

HL= first byte address of output
character string. String must
end with OD (car. ret.).

LlDZCTt : display ASCII character.

Call with A = ASCII char code

B = X coordinate (0*127) for upper
left corner of char
C = Y coordinate (0-127) for upper
left corner of char

Returns registers Br C containing updated Xf
Y for next char, to be displayed. That
is, register C is returned unchanged
and register B is offset to the right
by the width + of the char just
displayed.

Program Tables:

£iDZLA,p : used by "DZL” routine to set the Y coordi-
nate (0-127) for a given line number (0-17).

“DZTAB,! : contains the bit patterns used to generate

JANUARY 1978

characters oh the display. Each ASCII char-
acter has six bytes;

Byte 0 contains the width in dot rows of
character

Byte 1 contains pattern for top dot row of
character

Byte 2 contains pattern for 2nd dot row of
character
Bytes 3-5 etc.

This fable can be easily expanded or modified
by the userto allow tor special character sets.

PROGRAM LISTING

j

\ DHHtfl FOF tK'JWIWCO DAZZLE* GRAPHICS INTERFACE

! WRITTEN B* PAY DUNCAN
f \ -ffiWA F-UHPANX. AM 1 1 0

i ENCJNrlr CA* *131*

bin

Ei.1 IJ ORtfOOH ! L 1 Nrt T J 0 ¥ ERA T J NO

SYSTEM

>40U

LZRrJF

EDO UfflUOB tljA.iZLFP GRAPHICS

DMA RUF

E0IU

ohfi

UE03I-H

JL1NHS TJ SERVICES

EU3F

C T O F Eft

UMP

OZZ

t CLEAR Dl SPLAT

LU4P

JMP

DZP

i SEIVCLfcAp PO INT

hU<lfi

C3A0M

JttF

DHL s

ALPHANUMERIC LINE

ED 4 4

C3C

JMF

DZC j

ALPHA NUMERIC CHAR

EDA El

C3O0VH

JMP

LZGN i

JOHN DISPLAY ON

E04E

C 3U*E0

JMP

DZOfb

iTURN at SPLAT OFF

ESQU

ORG

UEdCGH

I

DZUNi !TUKW DAZZLER Dl SPLAT UN

EtfOO

3EFC

MV 1 A.DZBUF SHH * + 0 UH

EtJUE

IOOE

OUT l 4

EdU4

3E*d

MVi

EdOfc

D3QF

OUT IS

EtUJti

C*

PET

DZGFF* i TURN DAZZLER DISPLAY OFF

P.8U*

3EOU

MVJ A> 0

E60B

D30F

OUT 14

ESOD

c*

RET

i

t

DZZ( i CLEAR DAZZLER DISPLAY

E80E

C D D * E ri

CALL DZ0FF

£« 1 1

£1 UOFd

LJW H r DZ DU ¥

EH l 4

1 1 0008

LX I D.aOAd

E8lT

3*00

DZZl i MVl M-0

£01*

23

1NX H

Ed 1 A

ID

DCX 0

Ed IB

?B

MOV A-F,

Ed E LI

BE

ORA 0

E3 ID

C2ITE8

JNZ DZZ1

E420

CDDOEft

CALL 0*0 N

E8S3

C*

RET

t SET DAZZLER DISPLAY POINT ON-OFF

i Dl 5 FLA V IS ASSUMED TO BE lEfl X IBS POINT MATRIX
J IN RESOLUTION X 4 MODE
I

! CALL WITH A - G =*» TURN POINT OFF
; CALL WITH A- t ■=> TURN POINT ON
t REG B" X
I REG C* Y I 0-1 37 J

DZPi

E0£4

ES

PUSH H

Ed E5

D5

PUSH D

E036

CS

PUSH B

Efl£7

F5

PUSH PSV

3E7F

MV 1 A. 107

E8£A

*1

SUB C

ES2B

AF

MOV CiA

E82C

S i OOFS

LXl Hi DZHUF : CALC BASE ADDA OF GUADRANT

EB3F

1 10G02

LXl D-512

£H3£

7B

MOV A, B S X AXI S

Ed 3 3

FE40

CPI S4

£0 35

FA^CEfi

JM DZPI i IN LEFT HALF- JUMP

EB36

D6AO

SUl fi^i

E8 3fl

47

MOV B* A

ES 3B

1*

DAD D iBUMP BUFFER BASE

EB3C

7*

DZPI 1 MOV A* C i'f AXI S

£8 3D

PE4D

CPI 64

E8 3F

EA47ES

Urt DZP1S UN LOVER HALF. JUMP

INTERFACE AGE 163

SOFTWARE SECTION

SOFTWARE APPLICATION

ta 42 ofiflO
E044 4F
E0 45 19
Ed 4 ft 19

Ed47 1600
£S49 78
Eflftfl OF
EB4B OF
E04C E6DF
EB4E 5F
Ed OF 19
EB50 79
EB5I OF
EBbe Eft IF
£054 5F

5U1 64 E0A9 4F

MOV Ci A EGA A SJBOFB

CAD D I BUMP BUFFER BASE E0AD 09

DAD D EtiAfc 4£

JNOW HAVE HL‘BflSE A OCR OF 5IS BYTE QUADRANT EflAF El

lB*XC0-63>i C-Y<0-631 E8BG 7E

C£ P I 5 I MV 1 D.O 101 VIDE X BY 4 AMD ADD TO BASE EflBl FEOD

MOV Ai B E0B3 Cd

ARC E8B4 E5

RRC E0j3s C DCF EG

AMI OFH EtSBG El

MOV Ei A E909 SO

DAD D EBBA C3BCE8

MOV A.C
RFC

AMI LFH
MOV Er ft

(ADD (IY/21M61 TO BUFFER EASE

EB5E 7A MOV A. B

E05F 17 RAL

EfiftO 57 MOV Pi A

£061 TB MOV Ai E

E062 1 7 RAL

£863 5F MOV Er A

£964 TA NOV Ai 0

EH65 17 RAL

£966 37 MOV P. A

EB67 7B MOV A* E

EB 6b 17 RAL

R069 5F MOV E.A

E96A 7A MOV A . D

tSftB 17 RAL

F06C 57 MOV D.A

EH ftp 19 DAP D

EflftE ES PUSH M t SAVE BYTE A DPR BUFFER

EG6F 219GE0 LX I Hi PEPA i CALC OFFSET INTO BIT MAP TABLE

£fl78 79 MOV Ai C t FETCH Y

E8T 3 Eft 01 AMI I I EVEN OR ODD LINE?

E075 CA7BE0 JZ DZP3& SEVEN. JUMP

£079 2I9CE0 LX1 Hi DZPA+4

£07 B 70 DZPOSl MOV A* S IK COORDINATE

F07C £603 AN! 3H J ISOLATE O- 3 RELATIVE

E07 E IfiDQ M VI DiO

E660 5 F MOV E* A

E001 19 DAO U 1ADD TO TABLE A DDR

E002 56 MOV D*M i FETCH B1 T MAP FROM TABLE

ES03 El POP H 1 RESTORE MATRIX BYTE A DDR

ES&4 FI POP PSV J FETCH ON/OFF FLAG

£065 EftOl ANI 1

E0fi7 CA90ES JZ DEF5 I JUMP IF OFF

EUR A 7E DZP41 MOV A# M 1 TURN BIT ON

£0bfi BS ORA D

E00C 77 MOV MiA

Ed HD C394EH JMP DEPft

Ed 90 7 A PEPSI MOV Alp I TURN BIT OFF

EU 91 2F CMA 1 FLOP BITS

£090 Aft ANA M I MASK MEMORY

£993 77 MOV Mi A t STORE BACK INTO BUFFER

£094 Cl DZP61 BOP B

E89S PL POP D

£996 El POP H

£997 C9 RET

1

PZFAI

JBIT HAP

1 IN RESOLUTION X A MODE*

* ONE BYTE OF MEMORY 1 5 USED
I TO DISPLAY 0 ADJACENT POINTS

BEL

ft EVEN
it OPD

£090

01

DB

0ODOOOO1 B

£099

02

DB

0000001 0B

E09A

10

D$

□OQ 1 00000

E99B

BO

DB

00 E 0C00OB

£09C

04

DB

00000 1 000

E09D

OS

DB

OOOOl 0000

E89E

40

DB

0100 00 DOB

E99F

00

DB

IGOOOOOOfl

E0AO ES
E0AL 010000
E0A4 FE1B
EH Aft F3AAEG

i

1 DISPLAY ASCII CHAR STRING
j CALL A- LINE NUMBER (0*171
1 HL-FHA CHAR STRING

i STRING MUST END VI TH OPH
DZL t PUSH H J SAVE FBA STRING
LX I Bj 0 I CAL C TABLE ADDR FOR t COORD

cn 10

JP DELI l L IME NUMBER TOO LARGE

MOV Ci A

PELL I LX! Hi PZLA
PAD B

MOV C.M I FETCH Y COORD
FOP H I RESTORE FBA STRING
DZL E I MOV Ai M
CFI DDK 1C0NE YET7
RE 1 YE Si BACH TO CALLER
PUSH H

CALL DEC J DISPLAY This CKAK
POP H
■ NX H
JMP DZL2

J

E6&D 78

OIL A i DB

123

RDEL MACRO

E9BE 74

DB 1 1 ft

t i

MOV A. E

E98F 6D

DB 109

t 2

HAL

EBCO 6ft

DB 102

r 3

MOV Ei A

E9CI 5F

DB 95 1

A

MOV A. P

EtfC 2 50

DB Bb 1

5

RAL

ESC J 51

DR 8 1 I

6

MOV Pi A

E9C4 4A

DB 74 1

7

ENDtt

E9C5 43

DS ft 7 1

8

E0C6 3C

DB 60 i

9

RDEL IDE* 16

E0C7 35

OB S3 ;

10

E0S5

7B

MOV Ai E

E0C0 BE

DB Aft 1

11

E0S6

17

RAL

E0C9 27

OB 39 1

12

E9S7

3F

MOV Ei A

£0CA 20

DB 32 1

1 3

Ed 00

7A

MOV Ai p

E0CB 19

DB 25 j

14

E0S9

17

RAL

EUCC 12

OB 16 *

IS

EA5A

37

MOV Dp A

ESCD OB

db n j

16

EriCE 04

DB 4 I

17

rdel

E0SB

7&

MOV A. £

E05C

*7

RAL

\

EH&D

SF

MOV Ei A

l

THIS TABLE GIVES Y COORDINATE
FOR UPPER DOT ROW OF
CHARACTER LINES 0*17
LINE 0

i DISPLAY f )NE ASCII CHAR
p CALL V 1 TH A= ASC l I CHAR
f BiC > X. Y COORD FOR

I UPPER LEFT CORNER OF CHAR.

1 RETURNS UPDATED At Y FOR NEXT CHAR IN B* C
t USES D FOR SCAN ROV COUNT. HL FOR BIT TABLE ADDS

E8CF

CDF 7EB

HLQi CALL DECS t CALC BIT TABLF

ADI

E0D2

CS

PUSH 8

E9D3

Sft

MOV P.M 1GF1 CHAR SCAN LINE VJ.DTK

Eb D4

23

1 NX H

EH 05

7E

MOV A.M

EBE*

CC10E9

CALL DZ C ft I ROW 0

EHB9

23

1 NX K

Eb DA

OD

PCS c

Eb EB

7E

MOV A.M

EH DC

CD10E9

CALL DZCft IROV 1

EH DF

23

I NX H

EHEO

OD

OCR C

Eb E 1

7E

MOV A.M

£G£2

CC1 OF 9

CALL DEC 6 I ROW 2

E&E5

23

INK K

EGE6

OD

DCfl C

E6E7

7£

MOV A.M

EH EH

CDI 0£9

CALL DECS IROV 3

F.fJEB

23

1 NX H

Eb EC

OP

BCR C

EH E D

?E

MOV A.M

ESEE

CDI 0£9

CALL DZ C ft IROV 4

Eb F 1

Cl

POP 8 I0R1G Xi Y COORDINATES

E0F2

7A

MOV Ai D

EBF3

90

ADD B t UPDATE X FOR NEXT CHAR

EHF4

47

MOV Hi A

EB FS

04

INR B

E0F6

C9

RET

i CALC BIT TABLE ADDR FOR GIVEN

CHA

EBF7 DS
E&F0 21 El £9

£0FB E67F
E0FD SF
E0FE 1600

£900 TB
E901 1 7
E902 5F
E903 7A
£904 17
E9D5 37

1 CALL A- ASCI i CHAR
I RETURN HL* TABLE ADDR
DZCSi PUSH D
LX I K. HZ, TAP

ADD ASCII CODE * 6
TO BASE ADDRESS OF TABLE

ANI 7FH
MOV E. A
MVI Dp 0
HDEL I DE*2
MOV A* £
RAL

MOV Ei A
MOV Ai D
RAL

MOV Pi A

X- 0

X-l

K*B

X-3

E906

19

DAD D
RDEL

i DE* 4

DO

PI

D4

DS

£907

7B

MGV A. E

P2

03

Dft

fit

£900

17

RAL

E9Q9 5F
E90A 7 A
E90B I 7
£9QC S7

E90D | 9
E90E Dl
E9DF C9

E9 1 0 SA
E 9 1 1 CS

MOV £. A
MOV A. D
RAL

MOV DiA

DAD &
POP D
RET

1 DO ONE SCAN ROW
t CALL A-BIT PATTERN
ID”# OF SCAN LINES VIDE
J B.C »X*Y
DEC6I
MO V Ei P
PUSH £

154 INTERFACE AGE

JANUARY 1978

S. D. SALES CO.

AN EMPIRE I NO. CO.

P.0, BOX 26810 DALLAS, TE*AS 75m

ORDER BY PHONE CALL TOLL FREE 1-800— 527-346G

EXPANDO RAM KIT

8K FOR $151.00

interface capability

nrji/ nn Control, data and address ln-

02r\ rUh JJ>4/D,UU puis uliliz&s low power

MEMORY CAPACITY dG™

MEMORY ADDRESSING ** POWEn^5^?^RJE^NTS

MEMORY WRITE *+ 4 3VDC 40QMA DC

PROTECTION + tavpC«0MADC

flK. l6KL 2-3K, 32K using Mas- ^SE^ESt ^ -10VDC3OMADC

MKA13& with flK bound- 4^ °n *£*'9 ^gulaUDn is provid-
es and protection, Utilizes j£25£SgL >V' 613 On t^arJ (invisible) refresh

DIP switches. PC board comes «s provided with no wall slates

with sockets for 32K operation. * or cVcl0 stealmg required

Orders now being arcepled MEMORY ACCESS TIME

Allow 6 to fl weeks tor det ivory . < a 375ns ■

Memory Cycle Time is 500ns.

Boy an Si 90 com pal idle BK Ram Board and upgrade the same board to a maximum ol
32K in steps of 8K ai your option by merely purchasing more ram chips from S D.

Sales I A| a guaranteed price — Look at the features we have built Jnio the board.

PRICES START AT S151 . FOR BK RAM KIT

Add $109.00 ref each additional eK Ram

S,D. SALES NEW
EXPANDABLE EPROM BOARD

16K or 32K EPROM $49.95 w/out EPROM
Allows you to use either 2708*5 for 16K of
Eprom or 271 6's for 32K of Eprom.

KIT FEATURES:

1. All address fines & data lines buffered.

2. Quality plated through P C, Board, irv
eluding solder mask and silk screen

3. Selectable wait states,

4. On board regulation provided.

5. Afl sockets provided w/ board.

WE CAN SUPPLY 450ns 2708^ AT $11.95
WHEN PURCHASED WITH BOARD,

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CHECK THE ADVANCED FEATURES OF OUR Z-flO
CPU BOARD: Expanded set of T&8 instructions, B0B0A
software capabllliy, operation from a single 5VDC power
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on card {a real plus feature!}, dynamic refresh and Nmi
available, either 2MHZ or 4MHZ op oral ion, quality double
Sided plated through PC board; parts plus sockets priced
fqr all 1C 5, "Add H0 exlra lor Z— BOA Chip which allows
4MHZ operation , Z— SC ehTp wl I h Man ual — 139. 95

MUSICAL HORN

One tune supplied with each Xil. Additional tunes — $6.95
each. Special tunas available. Standard tunes now available: —
Dixie — Eyes ol Texas — On Wisconsin — Yankee Doodle
Dandy — Notre Dame — Pink Panther — Aggie War Song —
Anchors Away — Never on Sunday — Yellow Rase of Texas —
Deep in I he Heart ol Texas — Boomer Sooner — Bridge over
River Kwai.

CAR & BOAT KIT H 0 ME Kl T Spw-at Oasi g n

$34,95 (26,90 Casa $3 50

6 DIGIT ALARM CLOCK KIT

Features: Llironi* dual displays, Mostek
50250 super clock chip, sfngle J.C. segment
driver, SCR digit drivers. Kit includes all ne-
cessary parts {except case). Xfmr optional.
Eliminate the hassle.

AC XFMR — SI. 50 Case $3.50

Bowmar 4 Digit LED Readout Array
Full V2 1 1 Litronix Jumbo Dual
Digit LED Displays

Fully assembled and lusted
Not a kli. Imsai — AH air —
5-100 Buss compatible. uses
low power static 2lL02-500ns
fully buffered on beard regulat-
ed. quality plated through PC
board, including solder mask. S
pos. dip switches for address
sslecl .

Jumbo LED Car Clock Kit

FEATURES:

A. Bowmar Jumbo .5 mfih LED array. |;'Yr

B. MOSTEK - 50250 - Supur clock chip.

C. On board precision crystal time base. fcY;

D- 12 or 24 hour Real Time formal. ijSKsy*

E, Parted tor car s, boals, vans, eie

F PC board and all parts iless case} Inc.

Alarm option — Ji.50
AC XFMR - *1.50

$16.95

5 Digit Countdown Utility ^ ...
Darkroom Timer Kit

Features: Large LED 1/2" displays ■

opor. from 0.1 sec lo 69 min. II J.

59.99 sec. 5A-115V. Relay Included to ^

control appliances. Operates en U5V , ^

AC. Displays can- be turned off for total Vh

darkness while counting. Ail necessary

parts Included. $44.95

Special design caee *375,

NEW COMPETITION CHESS TIME KfT
WITH TWO INDEPENDENT FIVE DIGIT
1/2” LED DISPLAYS

4K LOW POWER RAM KIT

Fully Buffered — on board regulated — rf YTHf tfugi

reduced- power consumption utilizing rrTjBQK^i

low power 21LD2 — 1 500ns RAMS -

Sockets provided tar all IC's. Quality KgHHnP**

plated througfi PC board. 'Add $10. for

£50ns RAM operation.

The Whole Works -$79.95

DIGITAL LED READOUT
THERMOMETER — $29.95

Features: Lltromu dual 1/2" displays.
Uses Sill coai k LD131 single chip CMOS
A/D converter. Kit includes ail neces^
sary pans (except case); AC line cord
and power supply included. 0-149n F.

6 Digit General Purpose or
Computer Timer Kit — $29.95

Features : Large LE □ 1 / 2 " displays , Mostek

50397 counter display /driver, counts up to fjCT; YJi?

59 minutes, 59.99 seconds wl I h crystal con- | -

trol led 1/100 second acc uracy , operates on ■ % . I

115V AC or 12V DC supply. AM necessary

parts Included. Special design cage *3.75.

Low Cost Cassette
Interface Kit

rai “«i_

4 JUMBO .50’- DIGITS ON ONE STICK!
WITH COLONS & AM/ PM INDICATOR
S3 95

DL 722- C,C. ' DL 72B - C,C.
DL721BC,A, DL 727 - C. A.
99c $1 ,29

The timers can be used In-
dependently or coupled.
The timer can ha sot to 59
minutes 59.9 seconds at 0.1
Intervals. Kit Includes all
necessary pyrts and on si-
Iraolive wood grain oasa.

$79.95
Complete Kit

$14.95

-^tUllHHIIllJjmiHir-

Feaiurej: K.C standard 2400/1200 Hz, 300 Baud, TTL, I/O
compatible, phase lock loop. 22 pm cannedior. Feeds serial data
via microprocessors HD ports and from casseli s I ape recorder
*14.95

THERMISTORS
MEFCO - WEWP
1 5KOHM

am.ou

TANTALUM CAPS
1 MFD. 20V DC.

P C. LEADS
15 rar 41.00

FLAT PACK
1C ASSORT.
FLAT PACK 5400
SERIES. SPECIAL
Qgv FFtDM ITT
20 AjimEsd
Csvlcm rtrSl.DU

ELECTRICAL COIL
13TTVPEC
IDT TV PEC
voun CHOICE
IS lit

2 TRANSISTOR
AUDIO

omi. wj specs.

S/SI

TRIMMER P0TS

iflK, aOK, KK
OHM MLrn Up PC
boards

VOUR CHOICE 1
10/ Si.

*

*

*

*

DISC CAPS
FOR BY PASS
.01 MF0- 100
■WA/DC PCHiJds
M/tt,

0A1UM

Uaod inTVTunfltJ
Qa,n txg rewound
(Sr Him irE-q
6/ SI

STANDARD COaS
Uw in TV Sals l ;
uh 5^^ awS 1 5 Uh
10'S, Tour cholco

iSiiSl

AUTO CUiL
TRAMF.

ldD3l lar Thu Bhfrii

Ultl

HEWCAMBICJH

JACKS

PARTJA50-4JM
Gtii] Pibhhj

eo/s i

SILICON
RECTIFIER
SptcWI
1N4DQ7 1 AMP
1000 PIV
PRIME UNITS
10/H.

*

*

*

*

pftoi&ttn Aui
Wo Ufluurn aimanl
3MK frci-n /* tiifl US
Ml a p'KJUCl

Famliioi- ■ srnflll.

rr.i/Ji uin ind d'j j’

OhnlocEiiia PcrffiCl
lor all liQr.1 wnsi-
Uwe appifcatums.

* IS/tl.Bfl

PLASTIC READ-
OUT FILTERS

, OMQInD'ly uSlKl In
dQDK I'J'L' r,iJ-|jpa-

tam. PoiTpaior U*e
wUh LEO ana allvflf
lypa TDBdatjl?

AMflEfi -filnrll

TTL ASSORTMENT

CanUins b hiQfi

Vltfd gr usutslfrjiflits,
SQ/S1.S0

*

flESiSTOn

SpocUM

22 OPm. 1 WflE!
Cifban CtHno lO'r
H.v-rJv val :,d. Paral-
lel 1 a JcijiL l lawnturi-

.:i g i 1 cnv.i-i rttiidlam

Heipr W? bsi«t)h«

iM.rao oiKPi'

» tor 11.

DISC CAP ASftT.
PC Ill3d5 Al EutUI
1C UlMuririll rolirta;
inovdes 00 f. .01.
05 plus oihar ilon-
a 1 d v^iuas
Ml r Si .00

P.C. LEAb OiQPFS
1N414A/ 1N014
-lEWrSJ.OC
1N4007- IA
- lOCPlV
WJ1-W1

*

MICA inrMMEh

PC 402 Mini*1ur#
1.5-KPf.
P.C. Mauni
4/11

MICRO-DIP $1.95

New — Sen 95 230D
The World's Smallest
Coded BCD Oval -In-Line
Switch! PC Mouhl
2300 02C BCD 1-2-4-B
23C0 12G BCD 1-2-4-a
Compliment

JOYSTICKS

FOUR 100 K-OHMS
POTS ^ A
Ideal lor • :
electronic xJ

games $3.95

STANDARD
ANT. TER.

Uwd fnr An; Hook-
up on 4ii TV Sflia.
1211

*

RAM’S

21L02-5O0NS
2U02-25ONE
21 T4 — 4K

noiA — 2$e
1103— IK .
MK41I5-0K
7fl5 200-256

3H1.50
. Bl 15.95
. 14.95
.6 1% 4.00
..... 35
16.45

CPU’S

2—30 includes manual
Z— 30 A includes manual
606OA CPU 0 BIT
araa cpusbit

29.95
34 9$
n.95
5.9$

PROMS

1702 A - IK -1. Bus
270S ■ SK Intel -450ns
5294 -4K
02S 1 2f9 1 K

27DSS e BK 5(gnellcs 650ns

3.95 or 19/35.

.14,65

7.95
. 2.50
9 95

COUNTER CHIPS

MK503G7 6 Digit elapsed t |mar B 9$

MK5a2S0 Alarm clock ...... 4.99

MK503W Alarm chip 2 ^

MK50296 6 a gi| up /dow n counter 1 2 .95
MK50Q2 4 tilgU WuntDf . . . . B.95

MK5021 - Cal. chip sq. rool 2.50

MICROPROCESSOR

CHIPS

d2l2- l/Oporl

3.50

0214 -P.I.C

12.95

B216 — Wnri invaH &Ub

4.95

0224 - ClKk Gan,

4.95

S229 — Inver! But

.3.95

PfcO lor ?-B0

14.95

CTC (cr^_B0

14.95

922B Sys. Cg/urollS' .

8.»

S25! Pnjq. eOPim. Inter t/ice

10.95

6255 Pro0. pe/p. mierraee

. 13.59

SB2D Dual Line Rki

1 75

sax? Dual Line C>

1,75

2513 Char. Gen .

. 7.50

6630 Quad Bus. Hecv

. . 2 00

74LS135N — 1/0 decode'

. 99

0T97-Hex Tn- Stole Buffer ..

1.25

1468/ 1489 fl 5232 . .

1.50

TR 1D02B UaH

3.95

2-80 PROGRAMMING
MANUAL

IN DEPTH DETAIL OF
THE 2-80 CPU
MICRO-COMPUTER

S.O, Sales Special
$9,95

CALL IN YOUR BANKAMER
(CARD (VISA) Oft MASTER
CHARGE ORDER IN ON OUR
CONTINENTAL TOLL FREE
WATTS LINE;

Choose $1. Free Merchandise From Asterisk Items on each $15 order!

Te*a$ Residents Call Collect:

214/271-0022
1-800-527-3460

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED!

Zerms - 60 Day
Money Mack guarantee!

NO COD s TEXAS RESIDENTS ADD
5% SALES TAX. ADD B% OF ORDER
FOR POSTAGE & HANDLING OR
DERS UNDER $10 ADD 75c HAND
LING. FOREIGN ORDERS - U. S,
FUNDS ONLY! A

JANUARY 1978

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO, 100

INTERFACE AGE 155

SOFTWARE SECTION

SOFTWARE APPLICATION

E912

07

DEC 6 1 ■ RLC

ESI 3

F5

PUSH P3W

£91 4

£60 3

AMI 1

E9| 6

CD24EB

CAUL DZP

£919

Fl

POP F5V

£91 A

04

1 NR B

ES k B

1 0

DEB E 1 COUNT SCAN LI

E9IC

F212E9

D2C61

E9IF

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POP B

E920

C9

BET

1

DETABl

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2CH*0

E9E1

03

DB

3 I 20 SPACE

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DB

o.o. 0.0, 0

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E9E7

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OB

1 i 21 1

E9E3

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OB

1 GOQOOGOB

E9E9

80

DB

1 OOOOOOOE

E9EA

00

OB

LO OOOOOOB

E9ER

00

DB

000000008

E9EC

00

DB

1000 ooo OB

ESED

03

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3 1 22 +1

E9EE

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DB

1 01 OOOOOB

E9£F

AO

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J 01 OOOOOB

E9F0

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0

E9F1

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Da

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E9FB

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DB

0

E9F3

05

DB

5 J 23 t

E9F4

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DB

0101 ODOOB

E9F5

Ffi

DS

mil 00 OB

E9F6

5D

DB

D 1 0 1 ODOOB

E9F7

E0

DB

IUI1 00 OB

E9F8

50

DS

D1OIOOO0S

E9F9

05

DB

5 J 24 S

E9FA

FS

DB

ILlll 00 OB

E9FB

AO

DS

! 01 OOOOOB

E9FC

FS

DS

m N 00 OB

E9FD

20

DB

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E9FE

F8

DS

111 1 1 00 OB

E9FF

05

DB

5 J 25 X

EAOD

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DS

00001 OOOE

EAOl

90

DB

lOOrOOODB

EAOE

20

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EACH

48

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01001 00 OB

EAO 4

80

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EA05

04

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4 % 26 t

EAO 6

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EACH

40

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EAO A

DO

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EAOB

02

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EAOC

40

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EAOD

80

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EAOE

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40

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EA 1 3

80

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EA14

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EAI5

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EA 1 6

40

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EA19

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£A1S

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EA 1 C

80

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20

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EAI F

50

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EA2G

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101 01 0OOB

EA21

50

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EA2 2

20

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EA23

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40

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EA26

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EA2D

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EA30

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EA 33

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0* 0* 0. 0* 1 00000008

lift 3ft

80

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EA3D

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EA3F

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EA50

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OB 01 OOOOOOB
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DB I 01 OOOOOB
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DB 3 t 37 7
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DB 00 i OOOOOB
DB 01 ODGOQQB
OB J 000 000 OB
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DB 3 i 33 0
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Eft. AD 03
EAAE CQ
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EASI AO
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EARS 03
EABA EO
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EAB6 00
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EABB AO
EABC AO
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DB I OO OOOOOB

db 3 i sr r

DB 1 1 I OOOOOB
DB 001 OOOOOB
DB 01 100000B
OB 0

DB 01 OOOOOOB
DB 5 I 40 *
DS 1111 LOGOS
DB I 00 OOOOOB
DB I 0| 1 | OOOE
DB I 0 1 01 DOOR
DB 111 n 0000
DB 3 J 41 A
DS 01 OOOOOOB
DB lOi OOOOOB
DB 1 I 1 OOOOOB
DB 1 0100000B
DB 101 OOOOOB
DB 3 1 42 B
OB I 1 DO 0000 S
DB I Ok OOOOOB
DB II OOOOOOB
DB 1 0 1 OOOOOB
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DS 3 1 43C
DB 1 I 1 OOOOOB
DS 1 00 0000 OB
DB I GOO 00 00 B
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DS 111 OOOOOB
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DB 3 1 45 E
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DB I 00 00 00 OB
DB 1 I OOOOOOB
DB 10QQQOC0&
DS I I 1 OOOOOB
DB 3 J 46 F

156 INTERFACE AGE

JANUARY 1978

SOFTWARE SECTION

SOFTWARE APPLICATION

EACti EO
EAC7 80
EACB CO
EAC9 00
EACA BO
EACB Ofl
EACC FO
£ACD 00
EACF, BO
EAC F 90
£AD0 FO
ZAM 03
EADS AO
EiAD3 AO
EAD4 ED
EADS AO
EftDf. AO
EAB7 03
EACH ED
EAD9 40
EABA 40
EA03 AO
EADC £0
£AD0 03
EA&E EQ
EAQF 40
EAEC 40
EAEt 40
EA£2 CO
EAE3 04
EAE4 90
EAE5 AO
EAE6 CO
EAE7 AO
EAEfi 90
EAE9 03
EAEA 00
EflEB BO
EAEC BO
EAED 00
EAEE EO
EAEF Ob
EAEO 80
EAR DO
EAF2 AH
EAF3 80
eaf4 aa
EA Fb 04
EAF6 90
EAF7 DO
EAfU SO
EAF9 90
EA FA 90
£AFB 03
EAFC EO

eafd ad

CAFE AO
EAFF AO
EBQ0 EO
EE01 00
EBUE CO
EB03 AO
EGO* CO
EGOS 00
EBU6 BO
EB07 04
EB08 40
EB09 AO
EEUA AO
EBQB AO
EBDC 50
E00E 04
EBOE EO
EBOF 90
EBIO £0
EG! L AO
EBl 2 90
EDI 3 03
ED 1 4 EO
EBl 5 60
EBL 6 EO
1317 SO
£810 EO
EBl 9 03
EBl A £0
EBJB 40
EB1C 40
EDI P 40
EBl E 40
EBIF 04
ESSO AO
EB21 AD
EBBS AD
EB23 AO
EBS4 50
£B2t> 00
EES6 80
EBB 7 08
EB2S SB
£B29 BO
EB2A 20
EB2B 05
EB£C 88
EBSD 08
EB2E A8
EBSF D8
EB30 08
EB31 03
EB32 AO
EB33 AO
EB34 40
£035 AO
E&36 AD
E037 03
EG3B AO
EB39 AO

E>B 1 I I 0000 DS
DB iOOOOOOOB
DB ] I DDOQOOP
OB L DO ODD 008
DB l 00000000
08 4 f 47 0
OB 1111 00006
DB IDOOOOOOE
SB 1 DM O0UO&
DB 10DIUDDOB
DB 111 I 0 DO OB
DG 3 I 48 H
DD l 0 1 00 00 OB
DB l 01 OODODB
DB 1 I 1000000
DS 1 0 1 DODOOB
DB I 0 1 00 00 OB
OE 3 1 49 I
DB 111 00 CODE
DB Oi 0000 ODE
DB 01 DOOODOG
DB 0] UOOOOOB
DB I 11 0 DODQ0
DB 3 * 4A J
DB 3 I 1 DODOOB
DB OJ OOOOUOB
SB 01 000 DO OS
DB 01 000 DO OG
OB 3 t 0000 DOB
DB 4 i 40 K
SB I0D1D00D8
OB I 0 I OODOOB
SB ItDOOOODB
DB I010D000B
OB I 00 1 DO DOG
DB 3 t 4C L
LB 1 DO 000 00 B
DB 1 DO 00 DO OB
00 10000000B
SB I 0000 DO OB
DB I 1 1 0 000 OB
DB S S 4D M
DB I OT>0 1 CODE
DB I 1 01 IOODB
DB I 0 1 0 1 CODE
DB 1000I00QB
DB LDOOIOOUB
DS 4 r 4E fi
DB 3 00 1 OOOGB
DB | JOIOOOOB
D0 101 I 0000 G
OB I 001 ODDOE
DB JOOLOQOOB
DB 3 I 4F 0
DB I 1 I 0 000 0 B
DB I 0 1 0000 OB
DB I 01 GOOOOB
DB 1 0 1 OODOOB
DB I 1 1 000 DOG
DB 31 50 8

DB 1 I 0000008
SG 1 01 OOOODB
SB t J UODOODE
OB I DO 0000 OS
DB I 000000 OB
DB 4 1 51 0

□B OIODDODOG
DG L 01 000 DOB
DB IDJOOODOB
DB I 0 1 OOOODB
DB DIOlOOOOfi
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DB IMOOG0OB
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SB 0 1 000 000 G
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DB 01 DO 00 000
SB 01 00 DO SOB
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EBS| 40
EB5 2 40
E053 40
EB54 CO
EB55 05
EB56 BO
EB5 7 70
EB5B AS
£059 20
EB5A 00
EBBB 05
EBSC 20
EB5S 40
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£060 20
E&61 02
EB62 80
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SB OIOOOGOOB
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LB £ r 60 *

SB 3 000 00 00 B
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DB 0 DODO 00 OB
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EB3F 20
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EB44 CO
EB45 00
EB46 BO
EB47 00
£046 CO
EB49 05
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EB4B 40
£040 20
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DB 00 1 Cl 00 QOS
Db DIDOOOSUB
SB IQDODOOOB
DG 3 t 3 000000
DB 2 i 50 t
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SB 3 0 00 0000 B
DB 3O0O0000E
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DB 5 J 5C
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DB DO 10 DO DOS
SB DO 01 DO 008
DB OOOOIODOE
DU 2 t 5 D J
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BBOO

P.O. Box 4430N Santa Clara, CA 95054
(408) 986-1640

Same day shipment* Firs! line parts only Factory
tested Guaranteed money back Quality IC's and A
other components at factory prices. m

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ELECTRONICS

Sinclair 3Vi Digit Multimeter

Balt, oper i mV and 1NA resol uiioo Re-
sistance to 20 met] ■ 1 % accuracy. Small,
portable, completely assem. in case. 1 yr
guarantee Best value evert $59-95

60 Mz Crystal Time Base
Kit $4.75 Converts digital clocks
Ifom AC line frequency to crystai time
base Cutslancfing accuracy. Kit inetudes:
PC board, MM5369, crystal, resisloFS,
capacitors andirimm&r.

Paratronics 100A Logic
Analyzer Kit $199,00

Convert* an oscilloscope imp a digital
(ester and analyzer. Trace computer pro^
gram How, monitor 10 sequences, etc
Trouble snoot all digital. CMOS and MQ5
families. 1 28 bil Irutd table (Stjy 16 bits).
Complete *Hh case, pans and instructs.
Model to Trigger Expander Kit expands
Modal 1D0A In 24 dils $229.00. Modet
150 Bus Grabber Kti $359,00, a one
t>oa rd logic analyzer for S- 1O0 bus appri-
calipns. Instant access to 56 -5- 'GO bus
signals. Compteie hit wilft all parts and
in Sir nets

Not a Cheap Clock Kit $14.95

Includes everything except case. 2-PC
boards. 6-. 50" LEO Displays, 5314 dock
chip, transformer, all components and
full instructions Same clock kit with .80
displays, ML 95

New CQsmac Super ,lELF'

flCA CMOS expandable micro computer
w/HEX keypad input and video output for
graphics. Just (urn on and start loading
your program using |he. resident monitor
on ROM. Pushbutton selection of all four
CPU modes. LED indicators of current
CPU mode and. four CPU states Single
step op. fur program debug Bn ill in p*r.
supply, 256 Bytes of RAM. audio amp. &
sphr Detailed assy. man. w/PC board &
all parts. Comp. Kit $106.95 Custom
hardwood cab., drilled honi panel. 19,75
Micad Battery Backup Kit w/aJI parts 4.95
Fully wired and tested in cabinet 151,70
1602 software xebng. dub: write for info.

Digital Temperature Meter Kit

Indoor and outdoor Automatically
switches back and forth. Beautiful. 50"
LEO readouts Nothing like it available
Needs no additional parts lor comp let 5.
full operation, Will measure -tQtr to
'-200'F, air nr liquid. Very accurate
Complete instructions $39,95

2*5 MHz Frequency Counter

Kit Complete kil less case 537,50

30 MHz Frequency Counter

Kit Complete tri! less case $47,75
Prescalar Kit to 350 Mtfz SI 9. 95

Clock Calendar Kil $19,95

CT7Q15 direct drive chip displays date
and time an .6" LEDS with AM- PM indi-
cator. Alarm,' doze feature includes buz-
zer. Complete with all pans, ppwer supply
and instructions, loss case.

Stopwatch Kit $25*95

Full six digit battery operated. 2-5 volts.
3.276B MHz crystal accuracy Timas to
59 min. , 59 sec. . 99 1/100 sec. Times std.,
spill and Taylor. 7205 chip, all compO'
nents minus case. Full insirue. While or
black plexiglass case. $5.00

RCA Cosmac VIP Kit 275.00

Video computer with games and graphics.

Original Cosmac “ELF1 kil

with PC board, monitor, power supply
plus all parts and Instructs. 509.50
Board only U ,95

1977 1C Update Master
Manual

Final 1977 clo Seoul 515-DQ white they
last, 1.978 Master available late Jan 1078
$30.00. Complete ID date selector, 1234
pg. master ref. guide, 17,060 cross ref-
erences. Free update (or 1977. Domestic
postage S2.00 Foreign $6,06

Auto Clock Kit $15*95

DC clock with J-.50" displays, Uses
National MA-1QT2 module wiln alarm
opiion. Includes llghl dimmer, crystal
timebase PC boards. Fully regulated,
comp, instructs. Add $3.95 for beautiiul
dark gray case. Best value anywhere.

4Ya Digit DMM kit $85,00

Volts— ohms— mill I ameier accuracy +• 1
count. Ranges: Volts — 2, 20, 260 Obms
— 2K. 2rneg. 20 meg. Ma— 200, 2000.
.4" display. Variable update rate. Comp,
w/parts, PC boards, instructs., less case.

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 99

INTERFACE AGE 157

JANUARY 1978

SOFTWARE SECTION

SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT

Tax Calculation Program

By Gary O. Young

Ever wonder what the effect would be on your taxes if
you earned more income or lowered your taxable in-
come by making a deductible investment? Here is a pro-
gram that will tell you approximately what your taxes are
now and what they would be if you raised or lowered
your taxable income.

The program is written in North Star DOS BASIC and
fits in less than 3K of memory. It contains the Federal
and California State tax tables for single taxpayers mak-
ing over $10,200 per year. These are contained in DATA
statements and can be easily changed.

Using the adjusted gross income (gross income less
normal deductions), the program calculates the Federal
and California State taxes plus FICA. The program also
calculates the percentage of each tax to the total tax
and to the total adjusted gross income.

With the adjusted gross as a base, the program re-
quests an adjustment to this gross as if extra income
were earned (adding to the adjusted gross) or tax deduct-
ible investments were made (subtracting from the ad-
justed gross). The taxes and percentages are then
calculated for this new amount.

Finally the program will display the changes between
the current figures and the previous ones. It will list the
change in taxable income, corresponding changes in
taxes, percentages of each tax to the total taxes, and
percentage of the change in taxes to the change in in-
come. In this way you can tell what percentage of that
extra income will be consumed in taxes, or how much
you will save in taxes by making that investment,

100 REM 1040 TAX CALCULATION PROGRAM

200 REM WHITTEN BY GARY YOUNG

300 REM SURE COMPUTER SERVICES

400 REM PO BOX 66572

500 REM LOS ANGELES* CA 90066

600 REM <2133 399-7830

700 REM

SOO REM WRITTEN IN NORTH STAR BASIC REL 3 FOR AN IMSAI 8000
900 PRINT "104Q TAX PROGRAM VERSION 4"

1000 DIM T1 C4* 1 0 >*T2 (4 * 1 1 )

1 100 DATA 0*2200*0*0

1200 DATA 2200*2700*0*14

1300 DATA 2700*3200*70*15

1400 DATA 3200*3700*145*16

1500 DATA 3700*4200*225*17

1600 DATA 4200*6200*310*19

1700 DATA 6200*0200*690*21

1600 DATA 8200*10200*1110*24

1900 DATA 10200*12200*1590*25

2000 DATA 12200*14200*2090*27

2100 DATA 14200*16200*2630*29

2200 DATA 16200*16200*3210*31

2300 DATA 10200*20200*3030*34

2400 DATA 20200*22200*4510*36

2500 DATA 22200*24200*5230*30

260 0 DATA 24200*28200*5990*40

2700 DATA 20200*34200*7590*45

2000 DATA 34200*40200*10290*50

2900 REM CALIF STATE SINGLE TAXPAYERS

3000 DATA 0*2000*0*1

3100 DATA 2000*3500*20*2

3200 DATA 3500*5000*50*3

3300 DATA 5000*6500*95*4

3400 DATA 6500*0000*155*5

3500 DATA 0000*9500*230*6

3600 DATA 9500*11000*320*7

3700 DATA 11000*12500*425*8

3000 DATA 12500*14000*545*9

3900 DATA 14000*15500*600*10

4000 DATA 15500*1000000*030*11

4100 FOR J=1 TO 10

4200 HEAD T1 C 1 * 0) *Tl C2* J>*T 1 <3* J>*TK4* J)

4300 NEXT J

4400 FOR J-i TO 1 1

4500 READ T2 U * d>*T2 C2* J) *T2 C3* J1*T2 C 4*

4600 NEXT J
4700 DIM A4SC8>

4000 DIM AC60 >

4900 HI =60

5000 REM Ml IS THE MODE* M2 IS FIRST TAB* M3 IS SECOND TAB

5100 REM K4=5ET PAPER SWITCH

5200 M4*0

5300 M2»25\M3=33

5400 INPUT "NEW OR OLD HUNT "*Ali
5500 IF A1S-"NEW" THEN 6400
5600 IF Alio" OLD" THEN 5400
5700 INPUT "FILE NAME 7 "*A25
5800 OPEN #0*A2i
5900 FOR J-l TO Hi
6000 READ #0*A( J)

6100 NEXT J
6200 CLOSE #0
6300 GOTO 6000
6400 FOR TO Ki

6500 A(J)*Q
6600 NEXT 0
6700 GOTO 7400

6800 INPUT "LIST OR UPDATE? "*A3S
6900 IF A3S="LIST" THEN 8000
7000 IF A3 S&" UP DATE" THEN 7200
7100 GOTO 6000
7200 IF A! Si" OLD" THEN 7700
7300 REM Ml *0 FOR UPDATING NEW
7400 Ml *0
7500 GOTO 0400

7600 REM Ml-1 FOR UPDATING OLD
7700 Ml-!

7000 GOTO 8400

7 900 REM Ml *2 FOR LISTING ONLY
0000 Ml =2

0100 IF M4>0 THEN 0400
0200 M4=l

8300 INPUT "SET PAPER AND RETURN"* A3S
8400 J1"0

8500 REM UPDATE NEW OR LIST C5EQUENT IAL OPERATION)

0600 IF Ml a I THEN 8 900

8700 GOTO 9100

8000 REM UPDATE OLD LOOP

8900 INPUT "LINE? "*Jl

9000 IF Jl "999 THEN 37300

9100 REM BEGIN CYCLING THRU THE FS

9200 IF Ml <>I THEN 94Q0

9300 IF J1«>1 THEN 9900

9400 PRINT "001 NUMBER OF EXEMPTIONS" * TAB CM2 )* 13 I *AC3 >

9500 IF Ml =2 THEN 10000
9600 INPUT AC0 )

9700 IF Ml =1 THEN 8900

9600 GOTO lOOOO

9900 IF 01 <>10 THEN 10500

10000 PRINT "010 WAGES* SALARIES* TIPS IT* TAB CM3 )* X9F2 * A £ 1 )

10100 IF Ml *>2 THEN 10600

10200 INPUT A<U

10300 IF Ml =1 THEN 8900

1040Q GOTO 10600

10500 IF Jl<>12 THEN IS 100

10600 PRINT "012 DIVIDENDS” *TAB CM3 >* S9F2*A{2 )

10700 IF Ml =2 THEN 11200
10000 INPUT ACS)

10900 IF Ml=i THEN 0900

1 1000 GOTO 11200

11100 IF Jt <>14 THEN 11700

11200 PRINT "014 INTEREST INCOME" * TABIM3 >* S9F2*AC3 )

11300 IF Ml "2 THEN 11800
U400 INPUT AC3 )

11500 IF m«l THEN 8900

11600 GOTO 11800

11700 I F tJl <>I 5 THEN 12600

11800 PRINT "015 OTHER INC OME" * TAB f M3 > * % 9F2 * A C 4 )

11900 IF Ml -2 THEN 12700
12000 INPUT AC4)

12100 IF MI»1 THEN 8900

12200 INPUT "DO YOU WANT TO DO BUSINESS CALC? "*A4S

12300 IF A4S«"N" THEN 10700

12400 IF A45o"y" THEN 12200

12500 GOTO 12700

12600 IF Jl <>40 THEN 13300

12700 IF ACIS)°0 AND Ml «2 THEN 16700

12600 PRINT "040 GROSS INCOME ON BUS ."*TAB CM2 )* I9F2* AU 8 )
12900 IF Ml -2 THEN 13400

158 INTERFACE AGE

JANUARY 1978

SOFTWARE SECTION

SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT

TAX COMPUTATION PROGRAM

ENTER ADJUSTED GROSS INCOME

17000

ADJUSTED GROSS

$17000.00

FEDERAL TAX

$3458.00

X -OF- TAX

60.1

X-OF-GRS

20.3

STATE TAX

$995.00

X-OF-TAX

17.3

X-OF-GRS

5.9

FICA

$1303.50

X- OF- TAX

22.6

X-OF-GRS

7.7

TOTAL TAX

$5756.50

X-OF-TAX

100.0

X-OF-GRS

33.9

WANT TO ADJUST THE INCOME?

Y

ENTER ADJUSTMENT

TO GROSS -

2000

ADJUSTED GROSS

$15000.00

FEDERAL TAX

$2862.00

X-OF-TAX

59.3

X-OF-GRS

19.1

STATE TAX

$780.00

X-OF-TAX

16.2

X-OF-GRS

5*2

FICA

$1185.00

X-OF-TAX

24.5

X-OF-GRS

7.9

TOTAL TAX

$4827-00

X-OF-TAX

100.0

X-OF-GRS

32.2

CHANGES FROM THE

PREVIOUS RUN

CHANGE IN GROSS

$-2000.00

%-CHANGE

-11.8

FEDERAL TAX

$-596.00

X-OF-TAX

64.1

X-OF-GRS

29.8

STATE TAX

$-215.00

X-OF-TAX

23-1

X-OF-GRS

10.8

FICA

$-118.50

Z-OF-TAX

12.7

X-OF-GRS

5.9

TOTAL TAX

$-929.50

X-OF-TAX

.0

X-OF-GRS

46.5

WANT TO ADJUST THE INCOME?

Y

ENTER ADJUSTMENT

TO GROSS 1000

ADJUSTED GROSS

SI 6000>00

federal tax

$3152.00

X-OF-TAX

59.5

X-OF-GRS

19.7

STATE TAX

$885.00

X-OF-TAX

16.7

X-OF-GRS

5.5

FICA

$1264.00

X-OF-TAX

23*8

X-OF-GRS

7.9

TOTAL TAX

$5301 .00

X-OF-TAX

100.0

X-OF-GRS

33.1

CHANGES FROM THE

PREVIOUS RUN

CHANGE IN GROSS

$1000.00

X-CHANGE

6.7

FEDERAL TAX

$290.00

X-OF-TAX

61.2

X-OF-GRS

29.0

STATE TAX

$105.00

X-OF-TAX

22.2

X-OF-GRS

10.5

FICA

$79.00

X-OF-TAX

16.7

X-OF-GRS

7.9

TOTAL TAX

$474.00

X-OF-TAX

.0

X-OF-GRS

47.4

WANT TO ADJUST THE INCOME?

N

READY

JANUARY 1978

INTERFACE AGE 159

SOFTWARE SECTION

SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT

13000 INPUT A< 1 0 >

13100 IF ML*l THEN 0900

13200 GOTO 13400

13300 IF JlolQG THEN 14200

13400 PRINT -100 MILES TRAVELED- * TAB C M2 ) , I9F2 , A C 17 5
13500 IP Ml -2 THEN 13800
13600 INPUT A C 1 7 )

13700 IF THEN 0900

13800 C l -AC 1 7 >** l 5

13900 PRINT "444 MILEAGE EXPENSE", TAB (M2 ?,X9F2,C 1
14000 IF Ml -2 THEN 14300
14100 GOTO 14300
1 4300 IF JK»llO THEN 14800

14300 PRINT -110 PLANE, BOS* TAX I”* TAB CM2 ), I9F2,AC i 91
14400 IF Mi *2 THEN 14900
14500 INPUT AU9>

14600 IF Ml =1 THEN 8900

14700 GOTO 14900

14000 IF J1O120 THEN 15400

14900 PRINT -ISO ADVERTISING ",TAB(M2 ) , I9F2, AC20 )

15000 IF Ml -2 THEN 15500
15100 INPUT A<20)

1 5200 IF MI-1 THEN 0900

15300 GOTO 15500

15400 IF J1 <>t 30 THEN 16000

15500 PRINT -130 OFFICE EXPENSES- * TAB CMS)* 1 9F2 , A (21)

15600 IF Ml*2 THEN 16100
15700 INPUT ACS1>

15800 IF Ml *1 THEN 8900

15900 GOTO 16100

16000 IF Jl<»140 THEN 16600

16100 PHJNT -140 DEPRECIATION", TAB CM2 ), *9F2, AC22 )

16000 IF Ml =2 THEN 16700

16300 input Acaa>

16400 IF Ml«l THEN 0900
16500 GOTO 16700
L 6600 IF Jl<> 145 THEN 17EQQ

16700 PRINT -145 REPAIRS" , TAB CMS ) ,*9F2,AC23 I
1 6800 IF ML -2 THEN 17300
16900 INPUT AC23)

1 7000 IF ML -1 THEN 8900

17100 GOTO 17300

17200 IF JL <>1 50 THEN 17800

17300 PRINT "ISO TAX ON EQUIPMENT", TABfKp 3, X9F2,AC24 J
17400 IF Ml sag THEN 17900
17500 INPUT AC24 >

17600 IF Ml »1 THEN 0900

17700 GOTO 17900

17800 IF Jl<>160 THEN 19000

17900 PRINT -160 JOURNALS AND MAG", TAB CM2 ) , *9F2, AC25 >

1BOOO IF Ml -2 THEN LS300
18100 INPUT AC25>

18200 IF Ml -1 THEN 8900

I 0300 AC35)=A(1 73*.15+AC19>+AC£GI*ACS1 >+AC 22 >+A CY3 J+AC24 )

+AC25)

10400 PRINT "444 TOTAL EXPENSES" * TAB CM2),S9F2,AC35)

1 8500 AC36 >=A< 1 8 >-A (35 )

18600 PRINT "444 NET BUSINESS INCOME" , TAB (M3 >,X9F2, AC 36)

1 8700 AC5>^A( 1 3+AC2 J+AC3)+AC4 >+A(365
L 8800 PRINT "444 TOTAL INCOME", TABCM3 19F2,A( 5 )

18900 GOTO 19100

19000 IF JI<>50 THEN 20300

19100 PRINT "050 ADJUSTMENTS TO INCOME",! ABCM3 >, S9F2 ,AC6 >
19200 IF Ml =2 THEN L9500
19300 INPUT A C 6 )

19400 IF Ml =i THEN 0900
19500 A C 7 5 eA( 5 ) -A < 6 )

19600 PRINT "44 4 ADJUSTED GROSS INC0MErt,TABCM3 3, % 9F2, AC 7 >
19700 PRINT

1 9800 IF m<>0 THEN 20400

19900 INPUT "WANT TO ITEMIZE DEDUCTIONS 7 -,A4£

20000 IF A4S*"N" THEN 26800
20100 IF A4So"Y" THEN 19900
20200 GOTO 2040Q
20300 IF JI<>200 THEN 20900

20400 PRINT “SOO MEDICAL I NSURANCE" ,TAB CM2 3 , X9F2, AC 40 >

20500 IF MI -2 THEN 21000

20600 INPUT A (40 3

20700 IF Ml ^1 THEN 8900

20800 GOTO 21000

S0900 IF JloSIO THEN 2L500

21000 PRINT "210 MEDICINE AND DRUGS", TABCM2 *9F2,AC4 1 )
21100 IF Ml -2 THEN 21600
21200 INPUT A C 4 1 >

21300 IF Ml »1 THEN 8900

21400 GOTO 21600

21500 IF Jl <>220 THEN 23400

21600 PRINT "220 OTHER MEDICAL EXPENSE", TAB CM2 >, *9F2, AC 42 >

21700 IF Ml =2 THEN 22000

21800 INPUT AC 42 5

21900 IF Ml =l THEN 8900

22000 C 1 =A (415/2

22100 IF Cl >150 THEN Cl=»150

22200 C2=AC7)4*01

22300 C3-AC4 1 1-C2

22400 IF C3 <0 THEN C3=0

2E5Q0 C4«AC403-CI

22600 C5aC3+AC40 ) -Cl +AC42 5
22700 C6-AC7)**03
22800 C7°C5-C6
22900 IF C7<0 THEN C7=0
23000 AC4 3 >-C 1 +C7

23100 PRINT "*** MEDICAL DEDUCT I ON" , TAB CM2 > , E 9F2 , AC43 1

23200 IF Ml =*2 THEN 23500

23300 GOTO 23500

23400 IF Jl<>240 THEN 24000

23500 PRINT "240 STATE AND LOCAL TAX", TAB CM2 >,*9F2*AC44 3

23600 IF Ml-2 THEN 24100

23700 INPUT AC 44 3

23800 IF Ml -1 THEN 8900

23900 GOTO 24100

24000 IF Jl-oSSO THEN 24600

24100 PRINT "2 50 OTHER TAXES", TAB CMS >, 1 9F2, AC45 3
24200 IF Ml -S THEN 24700
24300 INPUT A C 4 5 >

24400 IF Mt=I THEN 0900

24500 GOTO 24700

24600 IF J1 < >2 60 THEN 25200

24700 PRINT "260 INTEREST EXPENSE", TAB CMS >,I9F2 ,A(46 )

24800 IF Ml -?2 THEN 25300

24900 INPUT AC463

25000 IF Ml -I THEN 8900

25100 GOTO 25300

25200 IF Jl<>870 THEN 25800

25300 PRINT "270 CONTRIBUT I 0NS",TAB CM2 ) ,19F2,A( 47 >

25400 IF Mi-2 THEN 25900
25500 INPUT AC47)

25600 IF Ml “1 THEN 8900

25700 GOTO 25900

25000 IF J1O2S0 THEN 26400

25900 PRINT "280 CASUALTY OR THEFT", TAB CM2 ),I9F2,AC 48 I
26000 IF Ml-2 THEN 26500
26100 INPUT A (48 >

26200 IF Ml =L THEN 0900

26300 GOTO 26500

26400 IF Ji<>890 THEN 29200

26500 PRINT "290 Ml SC DEDUCT I ONS" ,TAB CM2 J,I9F2,AC49>

26600 IF ML =2 THEN 26900
26700 INPUT A (493
26600 IF Ml-1 THEN 0900

2 6900 A C 50 1 “A C43 3 +A C 44 3 +A C45 3 +A (46 >+A C 4 7 > 4A C 40 3 4A (49 >

27000 PRINT "44* ITEMIZED DEDUCT I ONS", TAB CM3 >, X9F2,AC50 )

27100 D-A (734*16

27200 IF D>1 700 THEN AC93-D ELSE AC9)-t700
27300 IF AC93>2400 THEN A(93”2400

27400 PRINT "4*4 STANDARD DEDUCT I ON", TAB CM3 >, *9F£ , AC 93

27500 IF AC 91, A (50 3 THEN 27900

27600 PRINT "*** ITEMIZED DEDUCTIONS USED"

27700 A C9>=AC 50 >

27800 GOTO 28000

27900 PRINT "44* STANDARD DEDUCTIONS USED"

28000 AC1O3-AC0 )*750

28100 PRINT "44* STANDARD EXEMPT! ON", TAB CM3 3, 1 9F2, AC 10 3
20200 A(l 1 3-AC71-AC93-AC 101

28300 PRINT "444 TAXABLE INCOME", TAB CM3 ), X9F2,AC1 U

28400 PRINT

20500 REM TAX CREDITS

28600 C1*354ACB>

20700 C2«.02*AU 1 3

28800 IF C2>1 60 THEN C2-180

28900 IF C2<C1 THEN C2=C1

2 9000 PRINT "4*4 TAX CR ED IT" , TAB C M3 1, JE 9F2 ,C2

29100 GOTO 29300

29200 tF Ji <>86 THEN 30000

29300 PRINT "006 OTHER TAXES OWED", TAB CM3 3 ,X9F£ , AC 1 2 )

29400 IF Ml ^2 THEN 29700
2 9500 INPUT AC12J
29600 IF Ml ”1 THEN 8900
29700 G1=AC1 1 3
2 9800 GOSUB 30700
29900 AC29XT1

30000 PRINT "444 FEDERAL TAX" , TAB CM3 3, T9F2, A (29 3
30100 GOSUB 40400
30200 AO03-T3

30300 PRINT "4*4 F« I .C .A ,",TAB CM3 >, S9F2,AC30>

30400 ACl33eAC291+AU23+AC30>-C2

30500 PRINT "4*4 TOTAL FEDERAL TAXES OWED", TABC M3 ), S9F2, AC13J

30600 PRINT

30700 GOTO 30 900

30800 IF JL <>90 THEN 31400

30900 PRINT "090 FEDERAL TAX V ITHHELD", TAB CM3 >,*9F2, AC l 4 >

31000 IF Ml =2 THEN 3150Q

31100 INPUT A ( I 4 3

31200 IF Ml THEN 8900

31300 GOTO 31500

31400 IF Jic>95 THEN 32000

31500 PRINT "095 ESTIMATED TAX PAYMENTS", TAB CM3 1 , 19F2, AC I 5 J
31600 IF Ml =2 THEN 32100
31700 INPUT A C 1 5 >

31000 IF Ml -1 THEN 8900

31900 GOTO 32100

32000 IF Jl <>97 THEN 33700

32100 PRINT "097 F.LC.A. WITHHELD", TAB CM3 ) ,3I9F2 , AC27 >

32200 IF Ml THEN 32500

160 INTERFACE AGE

JANUARY 1978

AO?

0^

SPEAK !

AT THE

SECOND

Q,

<N,

% *°»o

X>

%

• Tutorially Talk about our Tantalizing Thinkertoys
• Comprehensively Comment on your Complex Computer Calisthenics
• Describe Daring Digital Deeds

CHOOSE YOUR OWN TOPIC(S)

Topics at the FIRST West

t Tutorials for the Computer Novice
t People & Computers
t Human Aspects of System Design
t Personal Computers for the Physically Disabled
t Legal Aspects of Personal Computing
t Amateur Artificial Intelligence
t Computer Art Systems
t Music St Computers
t Electronic Mail

t Computer Networking for Everyone
t Personal Computers for Education
t Amateur Radio & Computers

Coast Computer Faire included:

t Residential Energy St Computers
t Computers & Systems for Very Small Businesses
t Entrepreneurs

t Speech Recognition & Speech Synthesis by Home Computer
t Tutorials on Software Systems Design
t Implementation of Software Systems & Modules
T High-Level Languages for Home Computers
t Multi-Tasking on Home Computers
t Homebrew Hardware
t Bus St Interface Standards

t Microprogrammable Microprocessors for Hobbyists
t Commercial Hardware

NOTE: The Conference Proceedings of the First Hteff Coast Computer faire carries over 320 pages of these tutorials St technical
presentations, many discussing the state-of-the-art in home & hobby computing. The Proceedings is immediately available from
Computer Faire (within California, $13.40; outside California, $12.68; foreign, please write for rates-payment must accompany
order], or from your local computer store (a dastardly dis-service to you if it's not!),

FOR YOUR TALK TO RE PURLISHED

in the Proceedings of the SECOND West Coast Computer Faire ,
which will be available at the Faire,

abstracts & camera-ready papers

will be needed.

^ CALL or WRITE:

SN _ t Tell us your topic

^ f Request Speakers ’ Instructions

Phone instantly to request Author's Kitf

Deadline for submitting camera-ready, fulTtext paper in specified format;-! 978 Jan
.COMPUTER FAIRE BOX 1 579, PALO ALTO CA 94302 □ (41 5] 851-7664

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 9

JANUARY 1978

INTERFACE AGE 161

SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT

Before you write that
letter to the editor, re-
new your subscription,
or send in a new one;
or forward any inquiries
or correspondence to
us, we would like you to
know we have moved.

Our new address is:

INTERFACE AGE
Magazine

16704 Marquardt Ave.
Cerritos, CA 90701
(213) 926-9544

32300
32400
32500
32600
32700
32800
32900
33000
33100
33200
33300
33400
33500
33600
33700
33800
33900
34000
34100
34200
34300
34400
34500
34600
34700
34800
34900
35000
35100
35200
35300
35400
35500
35600
35700
35800
35900
36000
36100
36200
36300
3 6400
36500
36600
36700
36800
36900
37000
37100
37200
37300
37400
37500
37600
37700
37800
37900
38000
38100
38200
38300
38400
38500
38600
38700
38800
38900
39000
39100
39200
39300
3 9400
39500
39600
39700
39800
39900
40000
40100
40200
40300
40400
40500
40600
40700
40800
40900
41000
41100
41200
41300
41400
41500
41600
41700
41800
READY

INPUT AC27 )

IF Ml *1 THEN 8900

AC 1 6) -AC 1 5)+AC 14 )+AC27 )

PRINT "♦** TOTAL TAX PAYMENTS”* TAB CM3 >j X9F2*AC 16)

PRINT

C1-AC16)-AC13>

IF CKO THEN 33300

PRINT "**♦ IRS OWES YOU "*TABCM3)*X9F2*C1
PRINT

GOTO 33800
Cl-ABSCCi )

PRINT "*♦♦ YOU OWE IRS "* TAB CM3 )* X9F2*C 1

PRINT

GOTO 33800

IF J1 <>98 THEN 34300

PRINT "098 CALIF TAX VITHHELD"*TABC M3 >*X9F2 *AC28 )

IF Ml -2 THEN 34400
INPUT AC28)

IF Ml-1 THEN 8900

GOTO 34400

IF J1 <>93 THEN 37100

PRINT "093 CALIF ESTIMATED PAYMENTS"* TAB CM3 )* X9F2*AC32)

IF Ml -2 THEN 34900
INPUT AC32)

IF Ml-1 THEN 8900

REM CALIFORNIA STANDARD DEDUCTIONS
Cl "1000*AC8 )

Gl-AC5)-Ct

PRINT "*** CALIF STANDARD DEDUCTI0NS"*TABCM3>*X9F2*C1
PRINT "*** CALIF TAXABLE INC0ME"*TABCM3)*X9F2*G1
GOSUB 39600
AC3 1 )-T2

AC33)-AC32)*AC28)

PRINT "*** TOTAL CALIF TAX PAID"*TABCM3 )* X9F2*AC33)

PRINT "*** TOTAL CALIF TAX 0WED"*TABCM3)*X9F2*AC31 >

Cl -AC33 )-AC31 >

IF CKO THEN 36200

PRINT "*** OWE CALIF TAX"*TABCM3 >* X9F2* ABS CC1 >

GOTO 36300

PRINT "**♦ REFUND CALIF TAX "*TABCM3)*X9F2*C1
PRINT \PR I NT \PR I NT

PRINT "*♦* FED TAX X OF INCOME"* TAB CM3 >*X9F2*AC 13 )/AC7)*l00
PRINT "♦*♦ CALIF TAX X OF INC0ME"*TABCM3)*X9F2*AC31 )/AC7)*l00
PRINT "*** F.I.C.A. X OF INCOME"* TAB CM3 >* X9F2*AC30)/AC7 >*100
T3-AC 1 3 >+AC31 KAC30)

PRINT "*** TOTAL TAX X OF INCOME"* TAB CM3)* X9F2*T3*1 00/AC 7)
PRINT \PR I NT \PR I NT
IF Ml <>1 THEN 37300

PRINT "LINE NO. "*X4I*J1*" NOT RECOGNIZED"

GOTO 8900

IF Ml -2 THEN 41400

INPUT "DO YOU WANT TO SAVE THE RESULTS? "*A4S

IF A4S-"N" THEN 38300

IF A4 S < >" Y" THEN 37400

INPUT "OUTPUT FILE NAME? "*A4S

OPEN #0*A4S

FOR J-l TO K1

WRITE #0*AC J)

NEXT J
CLOSE #0

INPUT "DO YOU WANT A LISTING? "*A4S
IF A4S-"N" THEN 41400
IF A4S<>"Y" THEN 38300
GOTO 8000

REM ACTUAL CALCULATION SUBROUTINE

REM FEDERAL TAX CALCULATION

FOR J«1 TO 18

IF G1>T1C2*J) THEN 39300

Tl-Tl C3* J)+CG1 -T1 Cl* J))*T1C4* J>*.01

GOTO 39500

NEXT J

PRINT "AMOUNT NOT IN FED TAX TABLE "*G1
RETURN

REM STATE TAX CALCULATIONS

FOR J-l TO 11

IF G1 >T2 C2 * J) THEN 40100

T2-T2C3* JKCG1-T2C1* J))*T2C4* J>*.01

GOTO 40300

NEXT J

PRINT "AMOUNT NOT IN CALIF TAX TABLE "*Gl
RETURN

REM FICA CALCULATION
G1-AC1 )

IF G1 >16500 THEN G1 -16500
T3-G1 *.059

IF G1 -16500 THEN RETURN
G2-GKAC36)

IF G2 >16500 THEN G2 -16500

G2-G2-G1

T3-T3+G2*.079

RETURN

INPUT "WANT ANOTHER RUN? "*A4S

IF A4$*"Y" THEN 41700

STOP

A1S-"0LD"

GOTO 6800

162 INTERFACE AGE

JANUARY 1978

Oigi-Kaf Stock!
Ifre fnNr*

_ A P tin* _

wmiB.
Memo
mp 52222*
HPS53WA
MP$2W?A
MPas?] .
MP®39l
MP53394.
MP53395 .
MP$35tl
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2HS21D . .
?N®55 . .
MPE103.
2NH57 . .
MPSA53 ,
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1 .55/10
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130.00/M
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130.00/M
800,00/M
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400,00/M
230.00/M

800.00. -M

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2-54 i/1 SCREW. ,99/C

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fc'32 1 n SCBEW . . .75/C
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1H52308 4.7V
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11153308 6.7V

* a Mtc

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1H5243H 13V
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1N5243B 15V
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IH57400 16V
IH53490 19V
1N525Q8 20V
1N52518 22V
1M5552B 24V
1NJ3B8 35V
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1HS2S58 26V

1M001 44/10 S.50/C S«/M

IN 400? 441 0 5.40/C HUM

1N4D03 48-10 5.B0/C S57/M
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IN *005 52' 10 70 VC 563/M
1M4004 .90,10 7.75/C 169/M
1 N*Qfl? .99/10 3 60/C 177/M
INI 148 40/10 3.50/C 129/M

LINEAR I.C s 952 P .

CMOS 74C 555 P
P&lNM TRANS STQR5 151 P.
MEMORY |.C. j 59? P.
MOS-tSI I -C-l 713 P, ■ ■ -
INTERFACE Its 4*4 P
VOLTAGE MG I.C.'* 128*
LINEAR AP i 43? P

LINEAR AP II 246 P

40 m HAND8DQK 194 P

5PECIAL FUNCTION

SC'MP APPLICATIONS
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FET OATAQQOfi

CM05 4000 273 P

ANALOG MANUAL 637 P.

LED DIGITS AND LAMP5

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CORPORATION

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IX. S * RESISTORS • TRANSISTORS . CAPACITORS * OlOOCS * IX, SOCKETS & PINS « SWITCHES
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PATIWTED CHJHJMAFSLTIft 5CHEEM. Dl£ CAST METAL FRAME
MOUNTS JH PAN*U UP TO 3/1*' 1110. NO EXPOSED
HARDWARE. SCRATCH ftBtSTANT AND EASlLV CLEANED
aiMINATD GLARE.

MOUNTING ADAPTERS AVAILABLE TO SlMPtffY MOUNTING
AND ASSURE PERFECT ALIGNMENT.

M0 BEZEL WrTH RED FILTER *r$j

430 MOUNTING ADaH(B FOR MA1K1 A MAI 002 . -49

*23 MOUNTING ADAPTER FOR MAIOIO . . .49

CLOCK MODULES

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DOUBLE DIGIT DISCOUNTS SAVE VOU EVEN MORE!

iHSim 9, IV

1N5254E MV

IN5330E 10V

1N55S7B 11V

HANDLING
CHARGES XlMlK DISCOUNT

$ 0.OT-S 4.99. . . AM 51.00 * «•«-* »•»* • • • • •"*»

S 5.00-524.99. . . Ad* 50.75 Ttai M **• 5 25.00-5 99.99 . Lm 10%

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$ 50.00-599.99. . . Add 50.25 ^ ^ S * SOO.OO-5999.99 . U» 20%

STKUXJ* Up . ,*No Charge turttnee la otfdrcifd in live U.5. A. end $1000.00 L Up . . . Less 25%

VOLUME

DISCOUNT

OvOO $ 24.99 MET

$ 50.00-599.99, , , Add 50.2S

5100-00 A Up I . * No Charge iot« lo a

OfEtori *(E«piod if Phono or Moll
Moilff(Chn(||0 * Bork-Amorlcoi* -
P.O. Don 677, Thiol Bluer fall*, Minn, 36701

• Chock * Money Order
(ITS) 611 1-6674

1® PF . . 40 T, 3 7: l|

720 FF 40 W 3. 50/ C I

*7Q PF . . .40/10 3J0/CI

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.022 Uf 50/10 *.®.C|

.0*7 Uf 70'ID 5 63 cl

1UF.. 1.J5/10 11.50 C*

DIGIKEY

CORPORATION

Quality Electronic Components

P.O.' Box 477 ‘ Thief Rher Folk. MN 54701 (218) 681-6474

SILICON DIODES

FREE CATALOG

JANUARY 1978

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 97

INTERFACE AGE 163

SOFTWARE SECTION

SOFTWARE GAMES

The Tax Man

by Gary 0. Young

Here's a game that will get you in shape for the April
IRS Olympics. The program will ask the same questions
as a 1040, itemized deductions, and business expense
tax forms. The program then calculates the taxes owed
and subtracts the taxes paid. If you get a refund, you win
this game, if you owe Uncle SamT you lose. To make the
game more complete, California State income tax and
PICA are also calculated.

The program was written using North Star DOS BASIC
and can save a copy of the data in a file to update or
print later.

The game runs in three modes — “New", “Old Up-
date", and “Old List". In “New" mode the variables are
initialized and all the questions are asked sequentially.
After answering all the questions with the appropriate
amounts, the program will save the results in a file and
list the tax forms doing all the calculations. When it lists
the forms, some lines will begin with a three digit
number and the rest will begin with three asterisks. The
values on the tines with the asterisks are generated by
the program such as calculated tax. The tines with the
numbers are input by the player {payer) and can be
changed or updated later.

)n the “Old Update" mode, the data are read from a
data file generated earlier. The program then requests a
line number which corresponds to the three-digit num-
ber on the input lines during a “New" run. That line is
printed along with the current amount for verification
and requests a new value for that item. A line number
999 terminates the update. Then as in the “New" mode,
the data are saved on a file and the forms are printed.

In the “Old List" mode, the data are read from a pre-
viously generated file, the tax forms are printed, and the
tax is calculated. No updating takes place.

The game is played by first running in “New" mode
with accurate current data to establish a base. Then run
in “Old Update11 mode to change an item and see the
resultant changes, i.e., change the gross income, deduc-
tion, or number of deductions.

The program contains the tax tables for California
State and Federal income tax for single taxpayers.
These are contained in data statements in the beginning

of the program and can easily be changed for any state
or table. The format of the data statements is lower
limit, upper limit, tax amount, and percentage of amount
over the lower limit. FICA is calculated at 5.9% for in-
come earned in wages, salaries, and tips, and 7.9% for
business income up to a $16,500 limit.

The adjusted gross income is derived from the wages,
salaries, and tips, dividends, interest income, other In-
come, net business income, and adjustments to in-
come, The net business income is derived by subtract-
ing mileage expense, advertising, travel, office expense,
depreciation, repairs, tax on equipment, and magazines
and journals from the gross business income. These
categories can be easily changed to be appropriate to a
particular business.

Next the program wilt calculate the standard and item-
ized deductions and use the larger of the two. The
medical deduction is derived using the medical insur-
ance, medicine and drugs, and other medical expenses.
This deduction is added to the State and local taxes,
other taxes (real estate taxes), Interest expense, contri-
butions, casualty and theft, and miscellaneous de-
ductions (tax preparation charges) to get the final
itemized deduction.

The program takes into account tax credits, other
taxes owed, excess FICA paid, Federal tax and FICA
withheld, and estimated payments made to calculate
the final refund (hopefully) or payment to IRS.

The California tax is calculated using the adjusted
gross income and standard California deduction. The Cali-
fornia tax withheld and estimated payments made are
subtracted to derive the California tax refund or payment.

To make you feel even worse while playing this game,
the program wilt print the percent of your income that
goes to each tax.

The program takes about 10K, but can be shortened
by eliminating the disc file save and some of the detail
lines. Also, the questions or categories can be changed
to be more applicable to a particular situation. This pro-
gram is not intended to be the final word on April 15th. It
is intended to show the approximate outcome of a
change in some of the data on a 1040 tax form before the
critical date.

1040 TAX PROGRAM VERSION 4

NEW OR OLD RUN? NEW

00 1 NUMBER OF EXEMPTIONS 0

71

010 WAGES* SALARIES* TIPS ,00

T20000

012 DIVIDENDS .00

?200

014 INTEREST INCOME .00

7350

015 OTHER INCOME .00

7150

DO YOU WANT TO DO BUSINESS CALC? Y
040 GROSS INCOME ON BUS * -00

72500

100 MILES TRAVELED *00

72000

*** MILEAGE EXPENSE 300-00

110 PLANE* BUS* TAXI -00

?50

120 ADVERTISING

•

o

o

?eoo

130 OFFICE EXPENSES

• 00

7125

1 AO DEPRECIATION

.00

7 500

1 AS REPAIRS

*00

750

150 TAX ON EQUIPMENT

.00

730

160 JOURNALS AND MAG

• 00

740

*** TOTAL EXPENSES

1295.00

*** NET BUSINESS INCOME

1205.00

*** TOTAL INCOME

21905.00

050 ADJUSTMENTS TO INCOME

• 00

70

*** ADJUSTED GROSS INCOME

21905.00

164 INTERFACE AGE

JANUARY 1978

SOFTWARE SECTION

SOFTWARE GAMES

WANT TO ITEMIZE DEDUCTIONS?

y

010 WAGES* SALARIES* TIPS

20000.00

200 MEDICAL INSURANCE

• 00

012 DIVIDENDS

200-00

11 100

014 INTEREST INCOME

350.00

210 MEDICINE AND DRUGS

•

O

o

015 OTHER INCOME

150-00

?50

040 GROSS INCOME ON BUS.

2500.00

220 OTHER MEDICAL EXPENSE

.00

100 MILES TRAVELED

2000 - 00

7100

*** MILEAGE EXPENSE

300.00

*** MEDICAL DEDUCTION

25.00

110 PLANE, BUS* TAXI

50.00

240 STATE AND LOCAL TAX

-00

120 ADVERTISING

200.00

71000

130 OFFICE EXFENSES

125.00

250 OTHER TAXES

.00

140 DEPRECIATION

500.00

7200

145 REPAIRS

50.00

260 INTEREST EXPENSE

*00

150 TAX ON EQUIPMENT

30.00

7700

160 JOURNALS AND MAG

40.00

270 CONTRIBUTIONS

O

o

•

*** TOTAL EXPENSES

1295.00

?I00

*** NET BUSINESS INCOME

1205.00

280 CASUALTY OR THEFT

o

o

*

*** TOTAL INCOME

21905.00

?0

OSO ADJUSTMENTS TO INCOME

.00

290 MISC DEDUCTIONS

o

o

•

*** ADJUSTED GROSS INCOME

21 905.00

7200

*** ITEMIZED DEDUCTIONS

2225*00

200 MEDICAL INSURANCE

400*00

*** STANDARD DEDUCTION

2400-00

210 MEDICINE AND DRUGS

50*00

*** STANDARD DEDUCTIONS USED

220 OTHER MEDICAL EXPENSE

100*00

*** STANDARD EXEMPTION

750.00

*** MEDICAL DEDUCTION

25-00

*** TAXABLE INCOME

1 8755*00

240 STATE AND LOCAL TAX

1000-00

250 OTHER TAXES

200*00

*** TAX CREDIT
086 OTHER TAXES OWED
?0

*** FEDERAL TAX
*** F.I.C.A*

*** TOTAL FEDERAL TAXES OWED

090 FEDERAL TAX WITHHELD
74000

095 ESTIMATED TAX PAYMENTS
7200

097 F.I.C.A. WITHHELD
7900

*** TOTAL TAX PAYMENTS
*** IRS OWES YOU

098 CALIF TAX WITHHELD
71200

093 CALIF ESTIMATED PAYMENTS
7200

*** CALIF STANDARD DEDUCTIONS
*** CALIF TAXABLE INCOME
*%* TOTAL CALIF TAX PAID
*** TOTAL CALIF TAX OWED
*** OWE CALIF TAX

*** FED TAX Z OF INCOME
*** CALIF TAX X OF INCOME
*** F.I.C.A. Z OF INCOME
*** TOTAL TAX X OF INCOME

DO YOU WANT TO SAVE THE RESULTS? N
DO YOU WANT A LISTING? Y
SET PAPER AND RETURN

001 NUMBER OF EXEMPTIONS 1

180.00

.00

4018.70

973.50

4812.20

*00
• 00
.00

5100.00
287.80

.00

.00

1000.00

20905.00

1400-00

1424.55

24.55

21.97
6.50
4 .44
32.92

260 INTEREST EXPENSE 700*00

270 CONTRIBUTIONS 100.00

280 CASUALTY OR THEFT .00

290 MISC DEDUCTIONS 200.00

*** ITEMIZED DEDUCTIONS
*** STANDARD DEDUCTION
*** STANDARD DEDUCTIONS USED
*** STANDARD EXEMPTION
*** TAXABLE INCOME

*** TAX CREDIT
086 OTHER TAXES OWED
*** FEDERAL TAX
*** F.I.C.A.

*** TOTAL FEDERAL TAXES OWED

090 FEDERAL TAX WITHHELD
095 ESTIMATED TAX PAYMENTS

097 F.I.C.A. WITHHELD
*** TOTAL TAX PAYMENTS

*** IRS OWES YOU

098 CALIF TAX WITHHELD
093 CALIF ESTIMATED PAYMENTS
*** CALIF STANDARD DEDUCTIONS
*** CALIF TAXABLE INCOME
*** TOTAL CALIF TAX PAID
*** TOTAL CALIF TAX OWED
*** OWE CALIF TAX

2225.00

2400.00

750.00
18755-00

180.00

.00

4018.70

973.50

4812-20

4000.00
200.00
900.00

5100-00

287.80

1200.00
200-00

1000.00

20905.00

1400.00

1424.55

24.55

*** FED TAX % OF INCOME 21*97

*** CALIF TAX Z OF INCOME 6.50

*** F.I.C.A. % OF INCOME 4.44

*** TOTAL TAX Z OF INCOME 32.92

WANT ANOTHER RUN? Y
LIST OR UPDATE? UPDATE
LINE? 240

240 STATE AND LOCAL TAX 1000.00
? 1 600
LINE? 999

DO YOU WANT TO SAVE THE RESULTS? N

JANUARY 1978

INTERFACE AGE 165

COMPU TIME
CT IOO

COMPUmWIE offers
A

Real Darn Clever
Enhancement to users of
I MSA I /ALT AIR
Microprocessors

5 mw aus compatible

TIME & CALENDAR

COMPU/TtME CT100 tl93 Kil
COMPU only ClOl *119 Km
TIME only T102 *165 Km

COMPU /TIME PC Board only

MM16 EPROM

S245 Assembled
S 1 89 Assembled
$295 Assembled

$ 90

■ ui miing up \Q 16 2?08 EPRQMS

* S-'OO Bus Compuier Systems

* Memory c*p#oly of &K or 16K byles by OlP

1 -dK boundary ddctressmg by Dip SwUch $ Q.

* 0 lo 4 cycles by DIP Switch ^ ^ y . Ij U

* output address input lines fully bulleted
1 h i-grjde gtass'SpoKy *itn piated-trmi boles

■ F. pcrny solder marked

FCS 8 000 A l‘-v [> 0,1

*1* fi hr

wm »sw rstsooo
SPECIAL
J4.SSEA

. tfiy.euti MwiMd
UgjjlM .-i -u

display

£•0* 4 J"- fl" iWiH-
* Ca'"i£l'i Jii*gi> n-«-
W ..rt. Jat? ttifF
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ft » «(’ ■

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□ t . H 13 ^ i t 4

■n>£« (if 14 ■"*

■ tc ijgf iin;

£ y tO*1

J

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SLIT H' WRAP WIRE WRAP TOOL

* Sills and Dpefls, .nSuUCinrt UJXH-'H)

Qjrc #Tf

« ha d« culling a* pic Vrippmg

* Comti :ompi(rf ^ien two ififl h &doqi6

• 2* km wue

Modil Pm tt* M

Plugboards aaoov

Universal Microcomputer/
Processor plugboard use *Ein

5 ‘OP bub complete w-t‘ ' (rii bin* 4

linlwir# i J * IS 1 1 It

$19.95

CHANNEL F]

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-*•**/' itrrxr^mXwr TTUOt

* frtftje Action • SpffM Apt «n
■ Aulomilx lime 4 no it GrrtMfliHQ
a Barren inr AC uoEniion

a jon AC * DuJi aH'irob *rth B-*i> icmn
3)l^y_yO 9 fluiH ■* Pro riockfy irvd Tmmi Qiw*
» tasy hook-up on any & W a> Color tv

* t artery warranty

et».n».l F - iMMomi cartridges -$17.95 ea. »} JST/i", JJT

8411 1c licriH'SnoOBn^^lniy QHl Sptr**, ,-' tfiytrv 0819 Dr« flns \ 1 or 7 oUyers

Ouiari dooiiit OopSU OBil Uigic Numtari OB 70 tail pUrnS'

MV Dnifl tfli srwi^p Siu»ry iwipji*1 ■o&'t- 0B7Z BuWmH |2 pip

D-SUB CONNECTORS

NO. PI NS

PART NO

PRICE

COVER PRICE

9

DE-9P

1 *19

1 25

9

0£95

2 IS

15

DA l&P

2.1 1

1 SO

TS

DA 15S

3.10

25

OB 25P

3 00

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25

OB 25S

4 00

37

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4,14

2.00

37

□ E-37S

600

50

DD 50P

5 40

2,25

50

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8 00

EDGE CONNECTORS

ftp . PTHS

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TO

PIN

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CLOCK CHIPS

*MS5» * 0V* BCD (hWM. Rhh PIN 19 95

UUS311 lOq* KOChHEMt 1? 0! 1* Hw 4 91

WMUiZ i Dh?i BCD OOputs 1 HP5, Djdj* * »

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CMOS

4Q0H 175
4009 48

J9£0 48

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4DI4 175
4015 r ?6

4030 60

5032 1 W

4033 3.00

4046 ?60

4046 1 06

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4060 61

4061 1 iO

4062 UO

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491,7 B 60
45 IB 1.55
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4570 I.B5
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4627 I 76

462? 100

49?U I 76
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MMBOC9 76 «4

LM30IM I 70
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LH30IAJf 35
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I.UJ06H 3 50
LM.301H Vj
LVJO 7** 35

LW308AH 3 25*
LM30&AH JOtF
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LK*3M*J 180
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LWM3A11 300
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16568B 700

■MEb&GTru 1 75
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LINEAR

LM7QJH 19
I.U7Q3LH 4b
L41KJ3CH 4b
L^ItJOCH in
LM7MKH Or,
LUImpi 15
LM11ICM 39
LMFSten 3,J
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tWl73C*r 56
tWf?6Cir 750
UM 775CP* J,»

1U733CH 100

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LM14I0N
L M 74 tej
1.W74 iCry
LW14 7CH
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LMIBMPl , 50
LMI808N Joo
■LMIBIQN jig
L-MlBl 2N q (J0
(M1B2QN 175

tMI830K 7 on

LMI845N 134

LM21 1 11* 135

LM79D0H 9U
LW260I4* 3?15

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LMJ9L,Jri L 60
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LVK76N 1 )5
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LM3302H- 7«>

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LM4250C74 7.C10

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? lb
I on

RCA Lift EAR SERIES

CAJRilJ

CA3073

CA»36

CAjOlIl

CA3D46

CAltHfl

CA3060

cA*teo

CA3081
CAJUJllJ
t*3083
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1. do

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325

II

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7.00

1 eo

65
3. IS
1 39
1 75
49
ISO

MICROPROCESSOR CRYSTALS

FREQUENCY

price

I0MH;

S 95

1 M12 MH;

9 80

2 0MK?

5.9S

2 097152 WHi

a. 50

2A 576 MH*

8.50

? 667 MHi

8.50

3.00 MHt

a. so

} 20 MH7

B.5Q

3 ?7fi8 MHi

8 50

3 575535 MH;

1 25

4 0 MH t

4.95

4 d mt

4.95

4 194304 MH:

4.95

4 91520 mi

4. 95

FOR PROCESSOR TECH

14.318 *4.95

1

nCQUEMCY

fleca

oO MHj

io&as MH?

495

S L06 MHf

4 05

& 7143 MM;

4 95

6 34 MH:

4 95

6 144 MH?

4.95

6 40 MH:

4 95

6 5536 MH|

4 95

8 0 MH:

4 95

13 0 MH:

4.95

La DO MH:

4 95

16 437 MH:

4.95

70 0 m:

4.9&

:? 1194 mh:

4 95

. 7 0 MH'

4 95

iG ij MH;

4 95‘

49 0 Mh:

4 95

DIP SWITCHES 7

4 POSITION S150 6

5 POSITION 1 60 9

6 POSITION 1J0 10

POSITION

POSITION

POSITION

POSITION

1.0D

2.00

2.25

2.50

WIRE WRAP CENTER

HOBBY-WRAP TOOL-BW-630

Battery Opeialed {Sue C)

Wersfhs ONLY it Ounces
Wraps 30 AWG Wire ortlh
Standard DIP Sockets < 02S men}
Compile with built-in tm and sleeve

$34.95

wnn.n t,,

WIRE-WRAP KIT — WK-2-W

WRAP * STRIP * UNWRAP

• Tool lor 3D AW6 Wire

• Roll or 50 F| While or Blue 30 AWG Wtre

» 50 pcs each 1 2 3 A t lenglhis —

pre si ripped wire

$1195

WIRE WRAP TOOL WSU-3Q

WRAP . STRIP . UNWRAP W «

WIRE WRAP WIRE — 30 AWG

wn $1 as ioooh sis oo

SPECIFY COlOfl — White - Yedaw - fled Green - Blue ■ BtlC*.

WTRE OiSPENSER - WD 30

• M ti roll 30 AWG KYNAR wire wrap wire $3 45 ■■

• Cuts wire To dasired length

• Strips 1 ' of insulation - Blue- Yellow While ^ Red

LIQUID CRYSTAL DIGITAL
CLOCK CALENDAR

LCD IDI ortCD 102

your choice

Clear deaih stand lor

For Auto. Home. QFhee
Smau m sue \2x2vj*h}

?usr, ouiTcm lor seconds leieabe lor date

Ciflt.A’L mounl jnywdmre Mhitn jjiirjpr JM aa-uHlft-
s- aed I4P# <3* V6LCOQ indudeo
2 M0&6LS AVAILABLE

(.CD- 101 oona&l# ■n-odei rt,n$ on sflil-coniaiHflO

oariei't; ttyr trt-Lie r rnjn a year

LCD- 102 rwn* 01" U Vo,f 6y6i#m aAcl ,$ sacH

'ier>i8ii

$33.95..

S2.00

MA1003, 12V DC CLOCK MODULE

- -y | Built in K'TAL controlled
t' time bo«, Pro tactwd
, ] aotomotiwa uoil ti'annwritf .

V- Automatic brightnaa* con
I trol with 0.3" grao1"1 color
diipiav Dim fay turnoff

Computer Products

5351 WEST 1441*1 STREET
LAWNDALE. CALI FORNl A 90260
<2131 679-3313

RETAIL STORE HOURS M-F 9 7 SAT 9-5
Discounts available at OEM quantities Add St 25
for shipping California residents add 6% sales ta*

1978 CATALOG NOW AVAILABLE

166 INTERFACE AGE

JANUARY 1978

FOR ALL CUSTOMERS EXCEPT CALIF. CALL TOLL FREE 800421-5809

MICROCOMPUTER

Hi C R 0 PR El Q£ SSO R ' s SUPPORT DEVICES

Fa 19 95 B?i7 3 95

3500 S?!4 995

T WA 00 a? IE 4 GO

CDP1903CD ?4 9& 9334 4 95

AM390I 32 95 83?8 QJ &

&502 12 95 8338 8 00

6800 19 95 -B351 1 7 DO

ftOOfl 1 y 75 8353 29 00

BOBOA 15 95 8755 13 00

TWS9900Tl 89 95 HJ57 25 00

CHARACTER

GENERATORS

351 3 UP 6 75

3513 DOWN 6 76

36U UP (5*1 9 96

751 3 DOWN'S*! 10 95

McMgati m ao

MCM65MA 10 50

MCM6&72 lOBD

MCM65JA 14 75

WCM65Y5 14 7&

z$o support devices

3881 12 95

3882 12 96

F I SUPPORT DEVICES
3851 14 95

3853 14 95

STATIC RAMS

1 'U

ism

108

71 L07

l«0>

l 50

1 40

l 75

2 1 1,07

1 7501

1 95

1 BO

1 BO

Jl L U

4 26

4 10

396

1 101 A

l 4E

l 79

1 10

2101 1

7 95

7 75

7.60

210?

1 25

1 IS

1 00

7lOZ 1

1 50

i 30

1 15

7111 1

i on

3 50

3.25

7117 1

TOO

7 BO

2 69 1

7114

1 7 55

lfi-95

1£ 50

47MA

1 7 95

12.50

1 1 95

5101CL

1 1 95

n 76

10 25

DYNAMIC RAMS

MISC

OTHER COMPONENTS

NH0O35CM i 70

5iH00?SCM 3 50

NfiT?0 3 50

N8T36 3*5

74367 90

DM8D9B 90

1488 1 96

I4B9 \ 95

OJ707A JilO

C 14 04 3 95

P 34Q8A & 00

P 4201 4.95

MM 5330 7 50

MM 5369 1 90

DM 8130 3 90

DM 5 1 3 1 3 75

DM '08 a I 7 50

DM BA 33 2.50

DM 8835 2 50

5N74LS307 90

SN741.536H 90

WAVEFORM GENERATOR KEYBOARD CHIPS

903a 4 00 A *5' 23 ?a I3.W

MC4024 2 50 AY5 3600 !3&$

t-ATE ADDH
TMS 4044
TMS 550T

FLOPPY DISC CONTROLlEfl

1 77 ip 56 95

1771B 01 59 95

HART'S

AYS 1 01 3A
AV5 1 Oiq*
TR 100JA
TM5601 I
1M 5*0?
iV &403

JADE VIDEO INTERFACE KIT

FEATURES $89.95

S-100 Bus Compatible
32 or 64 Characters per line
16 lines ,

Graphics (128 x 4§ matrix)

Parallel & Compositive video
On board low-power memory

Powerful software included for

JADE PARALLEL/SERIAL
INTERFACE KIT
s.,00 $124.95 KIT

2 Serial Interfaces with RS232
interfaces or 1 Kansas City cassette
interface.

SeriaJ interfaces are crystal controlled
Selectable baud rates.

Cassette works up to 1200 baud.

1 parallel port.

tui software included tor ( ■

home, 50 L, Scroll Graphics/ I EDGE CONNECTORS

aracter, etc.

iper case, lower case & Greek
ack-on- white & white -on- black

MOTHER BOARD

* 13 SLOT MOTHER BOARD w/front

panel slot

* S-100 DESIGN

* FULL GROUND PLANE ON ONE SIDE

* RC NETWORK TERMINATION ON

EVERY LINE EXCEPT PWR & GRD

* KLUGE AREA

■ STRONG 1/8" THICK DOUBLE SIDED
BOARD

BARE BOARD S35.0D KIT $85.00

PERSCt DISK DRIVE FOR S-100

Info 2000 S-100 DISK SYSTEM IMP
COMPLETE

Info 2000 S-100 DISK SYSTEM
(includes dual drive, power supply, case,
intelligent controller, adapter, cables, and
disk monitor on EPROM) j2 g 5Q. QO

COMPLETE TQL SOFTWARE A Ar

PKG< FOR DISK $195.00

REAL TIME CLOCK FOR S-100 BUS

BARE BOARD $30.00 KIT $124.95

S-100 Altair Spacing $4.45
S-100 Imsai Spacing $4.45

HE PROM SETTER

WRITE and READ
EPROM

1702A-2708-2716

5204-6834

* Plui?* DimMy iMu yuuj-Al FAIR 1MSAI riimiuif**r

* fm (mlrs Mjiiti MmOiiI*- BunrJ *nd Liirrn-tJ EPROM
Nf^Vn Mrtil

p 1'tir EPRMM Sijrtipi Uoil ii ronmclml ui ih» dom-
fiuipr ihrmmfi n 2S Plrt CftwiPdnr

* Pmx rum hook t% uri urnf»ln1ii*d by I hr Cutnpuipr

* fiih' Rf-hI In (hr III lip Wtillrn on Ihn

FPRt IM i n in vrut I'rnrFssnr ahiJ Ifl ihp t umpulrr
dn Ihr ml

* Osf Si'r:Kd 1 'mf In Rertlt EPROM's Cttntpnl* irilo
y liter Cfiiniiuipr

* Sulr ii ,1 re mr JujIpiI

* Sin Elli'rniii Hupplidh. YlMif Lmtti fuller cinr*

IP 4lU

* rt'MhlilpS .m nn FI i it h 1 Dd Ibttnltal Ml

* Miihu-Il lUriudril lMfiv(-r> ikrtH 40 (Jdv<

THE PROM SETTER
KIT ASSEMBLED
$210.00 $375.00

SOROC 10120

A CAPABLE LOW
COST APPROACH TO
REMOTE VIDEO
DISPLAY TERMINALS

$975 00

Assembled
Price Includes

• Block Mode

• ^Lower Case

• 24 Line Option

• and shipping
charge is on us.

8K STATIC RAM BOARD

ASSEMBLED & TESTED

250ns.

450ns.

$1 99l95
$150.00

* WILL WORK WITH NO FRONT PANEL
Jk FULL DOCUMENTATION

* FULLY BUFFERED

* 5100 DESIGN

* ADEQUATELY BYPASSED

5k LOW POWER 5CHOTTKY SUPPORT 1C S

250ns. KIT $169.95
450ns. $129.95

BARE BOARD $25 00

W/SCHEMATIC ^ ,V/V

ADAPT YOUR MOTOROLA QSflQ
SYSTEM TO OUR S-100 BK RAM
BOARD. KIT PRICE $12.95

COMPATIBLE

{2MH2J

(4IV1HZ)

IMSAI I ALT Ain S-100 COMPATIBLE

JADE Z80

-with PROVISIONS tor Kl I

ONBOARD 2706 and POWER ON JUMP

$135.00 EA. {2MHZ1
$149.95 EA. (4MHZ1

BARE BOARD $35.00

JADE 8080A KIT

$100.00 KIT

BARE BOARD $35.00

TU-i VIDEO INTERFACE

You will want to know about the TV-1 Video
to Televisior Interface Kit.

No need to buy a separate Video Monitor if

you already own a TV set. Just connect the

TV-1 between your system video output and

the TV set antenna terminals * that's all there

is to it - to convert your TV set to a Video

Monitor, and at a much fower cost! PRICE $8 95

^ ? Computer Products

5351 WEST 144!* STREET
J LAWNOALE. CALIFORNIA 90760
|713> 679-3313

—

RETAIL STORE HOURS M F 9-7 SAT 9 5
Discounts available at OEM quantities Add £1 25
lor shipping California residents add G% saJes tax

JANUARY 1978

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 98

INTERFACE AGE W7

FREE SOFTWARE in DR. DORR’

&

*

COMPLETE SYSTEMS &

APPLICATIONS SOFTWARE
User documentation, internal specifications,
annotated source code. In the two years of
publication, DDJ has carried a large variety of
interpreters, editors, debuggers, monitors,
graphics games software, floating point
routines and software design articles.

S JOURNAL

*

23-

23-

23-

23-

23-

INDEPENDENT CONSUMER EVALUATIONS

&

&

&

PRODUCT REVIEWS
& CONSUMER COMMENTS
Dr. Dobb's Journal publishes independent
evaluations— good or bad - of products being
marketed to hobbyists. It is a subscriber-
supported journal. Dr. Dobb's carries no paid
advertising; it is responsible only to its
readers. It regularly publishes joyful praise
and raging complaints about vendor's
products and services.

23-

23-

23-

2^

23-

23-

23-

po box 6528 denver Colorado 80206 (303) 777-71 33

NUMBER 8

It is not very often that thpfe is a journal /news let ter that the Digital Group
is able to recommend without some hesitation [and we get them all} . However,

Dr, Dobb's Journal of Computer Calisthenics & Orthodontia is one pleasant
exception, Jim Warren, the editor, has put together a good concept and is
managing to follow through very well indeed. There is no advertising in the
Journal^ It is supported solely on subscriptions. That also means that
manufacturers have zero leverage over the content of the magazine. The Journal1;
primary purpose is to place significant software into the public domain and to
provide a communications medium for interested hobbyists. The approach is
professional and they are growing quickly;,

{In case it might appear otherwise to lJOetil: people, there is no official link
whatsoever between the Digital Group and Dr, Dobb's Journal - we’ve taken our
lumps as appropriate just like everyone else when Jim felt they wen- justified,)

We think Dr, Dobh's Journal is here to stay and ,1 publication that is a must
for everyone in the hobbyist world of computers. Don't miss it!

“THE software source for microcom-
puters. Highly recommended /’

Philadelphia A rea Computer Soc,
The Data Bus,

“li looks as if it’s going to be THE
forum of public domain hobbyist
software development.

Rating — # ft ft ft"
Toronto Region Association of
Computer Enthusiasts (TRACE),
Newsletter

"The best source for Tiny BASIC and
other good things. Should be on your
shelf/’

The Computer Hobbyist,

North Texas (Dallas) Newsletter

&

*

&

*

&

&

#

&

*

& LOTS MORE 1 ! Dr. Dobb’s Journal

fcw ■ w IVIUIIL ■ ! of Computer Calisthenics "& Orthodontia

♦ Hot News&
Raging Rumor

♦Systems Projects

of Computer Calisthenics " & Orthodontia

Please start my one-year subscription (ten issues) to Dr, Debt's Journal
of Computer Calisthenics 3 Orthodontia and bill me for just $12.

NAME _

ADDRESS

CITY/STATE

_ZIP

Unconditional Guarantee: If you ever wish to discontinue your
subscription for any reason, we will refund the complete amount for
the remainder of your subscription.

□ Visa

□ Mastercharge

Card Number

Expiration Date .
Signature

Outside the U.S., add $4 for surface postage. Airmail rates on request.

Mail this coupon or a facsimile to : Dr. Dobb's Journal, Dept 55,

El Camino Real, Box Er Menlo Park CA 94025

168 INTERFACE AGE

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO, 18

JANUARY 7 978

SOFTWARE SECTION

DO YOU WANT A LISTING? Y
001 NUMBER OF EXEMPTIONS
010 WAGES* SALARIES* TIPS
012 DIVIDENDS

014 INTEREST INCOME

015 OTHER INCOME

040 GROSS INCOME ON BUS.

100 MILES TRAVELED

*** MILEAGE EXPENSE

110 PLANE, BUS* TAXI

120 ADVERTISING

130 OFFICE EXPENSES

140 DEPRECIATION

145 REPAIRS

ISO TAX ON EQUIPMENT

160 JOURNALS AND MAG

*** TOTAL EXPENSES

*** NET BUSINESS INCOME

*** TOTAL INCOME

050 ADJUSTMENTS TO INCOME

*** ADJUSTED GROSS INCOME

1

20000

-00

£00

*00

3 50

.00

150

.00

£500

-00

2000

-00

300

-00

50

.00

200

.00

125

-00

500

.00

SO

*00

30

-00

40

-00

12 95

.00

1205

.00

a 1905

.00

.00

21905.00

200 MEDICAL INSURANCE 400.00

210 MEDICINE AND DRUGS 50.00

220 OTHER MEDICAL EXPENSE 100.00
*** MEDICAL DEDUCTION 25*00

240 STATE AND LOCAL TAX 1600.00

250 OTHER TAXES 200.00

260 INTEREST EXPENSE 700-00

270 CONTRIBUTIONS 100.00

280 CASUALTY OR THEFT .00

290 MISC DEDUCTIONS 200.00

*** ITEMIZED DEDUCTIONS
*** STANDARD DEDUCTION
*** ITEMIZED DEDUCTIONS USED
*** STANDARD EXEMPTION
*** TAXABLE INCOME

2825-00

2400.00

750.00

18330.00

*** TAX CREDIT 180.00
086 OTHER TAXES OWED *00
*** FEDERAL TAX 3874.20
*** F. I «C -A. 973.50
*** TOTAL FEDERAL TAXES OWED 4667.70

090 FEDERAL TAX WITHHELD
095 ESTIMATED TAX PAYMENTS
097 F.I.C.A. WITHHELD
*** TOTAL TAX PAYMENTS

4000.00
200.00
900.00

5100.00

*** IRS OWES YOU 432.30

098 CALIF TAX WITHHELD 1200.00
093 CALIF ESTIMATED PAYMENTS 200.00
*** CALIF STANDARD DEDUCTIONS 1000.00
*** CALIF TAXABLE INCOME 20905.00
*** TOTAL CALIF TAX PAID 1400.00
*** TOTAL CALIF TAX OWED 1424.55
*** OWE CALIF TAX 24-55

*** FED TAX % OF INCOME 21.31
*** CALIF TAX Z OF INCOME 6*50
*** F.I.C.A. Z OF INCOME 4.44
*** TOTAL TAX Z OF INCOME 32-26

WANT ANOTHER RUN? N
STOP IN LINE 41700
READY

INTERFACE

AGE

BACK ISSUES

Available in Limited Quantities

1976

APRIL, AUGUST, OCTOBER, NOVEMBER

1977

JANUARY, FEBRUARY, MARCH,
APRIL, MAY

$1.75 Each + 50<p Postage & Handling

1977

JULY, AUGUST, SEPTEMBER, OCTOBER
$2.00 Each + 50c Postage & Handling

INTERFACE AGE

Department B.l.

P.O. Box 1234
Cerritos, California 90701

ATWOOD

CARO OF THE MONTH

4K RAM BOARD

Fast, Low Power
2102 1 (450 NS)

Fully Buffered
PialetHfi rough
Holes

-»rnnri

aKMK

-mum

Standard
Dual 22 Pin (J56)

Gold plated
conned or

Dense AS'W’ package

Symmetric conn ad or allows RAM board to
be inserted in either Direction

ASSEMBLED AND TESTED 389.95 K)T S79.95

NEW BOARDS

8K EPROM BOARD 5 Volt only

32 CH, ANALOG BOARD Compatible with our bus

G.P, PROTOTYPE BOARD

SEND FOR FURTHER DETAILS

2102L1 450NS, Low Power Multiples of 25 $L20 ea.

DIGITAL I/O BOARD KIT $59,95 {See our December ad)

Send Check, Money order, BankAmericard or Master Charge to:
KATHRYN ATWOOD ENTERPRISES
P,0. Box 5203
Orange. California 92667

California residents add 6% sales tax.

For orders less than $25.00 add $1 25 for shipping.

Estimated shipping lime, 2 days APO ol Money Order. BankAmericard or
Master Charge number. For checks allow 7 days lor clearance.

JANUARY 1978

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 96

INTERFACE AGE 169

SOFTWARE SECTION

SOFTWARE GAME

Crazy Ball with
North Star Disc BASIC

By Sy Feierstadt

In our August 1977 issue, we
published a software program called
‘CRAZY BALL' by Elliott Myron. Mr.

Myron's program was written in
MIT’s 8K BASIC using a PolyMor-
phic VTI interface addressed at
7 COO (HEX). This is a modified ver-
sion of Mr. Myron's program 'CRAZY
BALL’ to be used with North Star's
Disc BASIC.

The video portion is used with a
VDM video driver addressed at CCOO
(HEX) which is 52224 decimal. The
VDM has no graphics capabilities
but this program will allow graphics
display. The technique can be used
with many graphic games. This also
holds true in this modified version.

1 RErt MICHU-BY1E

1 mn INTERFACE AGE AU&USf mv

2 REM Ort I b INaLLY WHITTEN EDM a poly o m aOARD

3 hem aY elliott myhun

4 REM HOD I MED K'Ofl 'ODM1 V | F1£0 DRIVER USING

is norths far disc basic

6 HER MODIFIED BY 5¥ rEIEHSrADr
-i hem hicso Kvre
H 4EH HUB 424*

4 RE* HI AH I LAKES. F LOT I DA 33ft I 4 RHONE l-IBbl Rftft-bftlp

in i emit 1 1 j GOTOim

ftft|NpJT“DO YOU -AtJT IHSTHUCMONSi IK# A J

3ft|FA*."Y£S,4?HEN9ftS

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5ft Y-52S24S.] GHRlf 1 I JS A* IfiftMJ- 1 bfl\C" 9\D*4b \G- 1 60
AftlCHHSt I I I

7fl INROr’I-SLOW GAME R-NflMOM GAHE 3-KAST <T. X
Ad I ► X* I FHEN X>ftft\lF X-ft THEN X- | (|\ 1 > X- j 1 HEM Jt-ft
qa IF r*l OR X<1 THEN X-ft\l CMH1 1 | | > %HtM SETUP HELD
I AftFUH I* |T063\I- ILLD* | . AMSIEXT
1 L & KILL V*64 .31?

IftfthOHI-lfcl TOl 1ft3Sh|LUJ. I • FANEXT

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1 bfl F-5H5+UVr ILL E.fc
HA K*453*DSL*4fi3\M- mGJSUH R5ft

in* n-n*i

1M HILL K.L

■SAAB EH CHECK RADDLE POSIT ION
?|ftK-INP<252t

aaoix h*4i r hens fin vnert raddle or
3 3A IF H-Sfl rHEN3nnSBEH RADDLE DOWN
34HREH ANY OTHER HEY VJLL r HEE7.E THE RADDLE
ft6AG0JD35ft

261 | f > -b4 J«»3ft THEN 2?SI\j- ILL F.33

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san i" total lames "in." halls h^tjhned 1
511 KUR |- 1 flUWtShNrr

501 I f Tl*l5 THEN 541
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54ft tK f<5 JHEN 55ft ELSE bbfl

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bift IF r«Tfl THEN b ta ELSE 6S*
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f*LELLp ir LJJHS LIKE YOU ^AT F HE CUHPH T £ H - - - 1 -
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R3nrB-|SLUr03lft

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mnisfuovE the paddle up uk do^n TU hit ihe ball-..*

1j FM "PRESS THE FOLLOWING KEYS I «

130 1 TA9f mi ( “KEY UR“

13ft P TAB f IP1ii'KLY DUvN*H

9Aftl TAkr |fll . +SPACE KEY « * * . FHEtllt"

IbftlV'^rHE OBJECT is TO GET AS MANY P0INF5 AS POSSIBLE...''

W I* YOU tEF ONE POINT EVERY TIME THE HALL HI 15 THE PADDLE-.-”

171 INPUT “ARE YULJ READY)... f " . A A S | r A 1* ^Y ES M f HEN S ft \ I K A J- <+Y" T H EN 3 fi
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■ready

170 INTERFACE AGE

JANUARY 1978

BITE

The Small Systems Journal

Isn't it time . . .
you had your own personal computer?

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• Detailed hardware and software design articles authored by individuals who are
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• Tutorial background articles on hardware, software and applications ideas for the
home computer and general topics of computer science.

• Reviews of processors as candidates for small general purpose systems.

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interesting problems such as electronic music, video games, control of systems for
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phone your request directly — call 603/924-7217 and ask for subscription department.

Read your first copy of BYTE from
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10 Bill me

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P/ease enter my subscription to BYTE , , .

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JANUARY 1978

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 104

INTERFACE AGE 171

-visrau.

“Dickie says that if we don’t let HIM re-program the
train he won’t play with us anymore.”

□JQ|Q|c

3

o o QO 0 O °

oooo •

“The computer must know it’s being replaced — this
is its last will and testament!”

oooo

CD

^vl

O i

<&i fwt

‘It does the work of seven men and I operate it!”

“When’ll I be eligible to come back
and try out for the job again?”

172 INTERFACE AGE

JANUARY 1978

MICRO-

MARKET

WORD PROCESSING LETTER

has continuing series on
SELECTRJC, just $12.95/12 issues,
payable to:

Bookmakers, Box 158
San Luis Rey, CA 92068

SOUTH FLORIDA

Sunny Computer Stores t Inc,

• ALPHA MICRO SYSTEMS,

MICRO FILE, IMSAI

• BOOKS, MAGAZINES, NEWSPAPERS

• FULL SERVICE

• SOFTWARE

• WRITE OR PHONE US FOR PRICES
MORE THAN JUST TOYS

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Coral Gables, Florida 33146
(305) 661 »6 042

6800 SOFTWARE

INTERRUPT DRIVEN PRINTER ROUTINE - Any
BASIC program which uses a printer Through a par-
allel I/O port will run up 10 50% tester1 . . . .' . .$7,50
graph — Create real-lime graphics with ASCII
characters on a SWTPC GT 51 display with BAStCI
U&e standard BASIC statements, no need tor tedious
machine language programming £5.50

The above 2 programs require SWTPC 5K BASIC 2.0.
LIFE — Play J.H. Conway’s game of LIFE. Enter a
pattern and watch ii evolve! £7.50

POTS HOT— Ballistics trajectory game with a
realistic moving display. Every play diilerentr (Re-
quires SWTPC GT-61 display) $7 50

Each program requires a 6500 with M1KBUG and less
than 2K of memory. Full source listing and WHKBUG
paper laps included, or add Si 00 for Kansas CHy
formal cassette.

—Write lor flyer on our other programs—

APPLIED MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEMS

Bo* 68, Silver Lake, NH 03575

Computer Mart of New York toe,

116 Madison Avenue * New York, N.Y.

Microcomputers, 8ooksr Components, Parte
Auiftorueti Deafer— Service— fritndly Advice
Closed Monday

Open 10-6 Tues.-Sal. STAN VEIT,

10-9 pm on Thurs. Storekeeper

Telephone (212) 686^7923

NORTH STAR BASIC PROGRAM

EACH SYSTEM COMPLETE . ON DISKETTE

heady to pun

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE ■ GENERAL LEDGER
■ ACCOUNTS PAYABLE ■ PAYROLL
' SOFTWARE LOCATOR - N S BASIC TUTORIAL
BUSINESS STATISTICS " fllORYTHM GtNERATOR
* WORD PROCESSING

FED INCOME TAX PREP (AVAIL 1 JAN 7fl)
RENTAL LOCATOR SERVICE * CHECK BOOK
BALANCE

- insurance billing ■ medical billing

-ONLY £?S.OO PER SYSTEM POSTPAID
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED SINGLE DRIVE
fl K FREE VlEMOFtV PRINTER OPTIONAL
AM SOFTWARE

SOFTWARE

DEPT II P.O. BOX 2526
ORANGE . CA .

Check om prices — We will n of tie undersold f

POLY 8813

1 drive No monitor

$2500

POLVSa

System 2

S575

IMSAI 18080

22 Slot

$575

IMSAI

PC Board s/Klts

15% Off

APPLE II

16K

S143Q

EXTENSYS

Memory

20% Ofl

NORTH STAR

Disc

15% Of l

AAAA Computer Now's
1477 Barringlon, Suite 17

W+ Los Angeles, CA90Q2S <213)477-8478

End your video display problems
quickly with a PIXE-VERTER

MODEL PJV-ai

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juuf tavOflfc
CWipurltr %T«t

or hGtaDf-dlrect.

SB.SQ Hi farm

CONVERTS *nT Eg«d TV RECEIVER hi to J Tty-ltoltft VIDEO MON I TOR
lh MINUTES!

* IDEA L FOR COMPUTERS. DAMES, CAMERAS, VTfl’i, fto,

* C0NKECTS OIREOTLt TO TV A N TENNA TERMINALS.

* WORKS EOLIALLT WELL OH J H«l” CHASSIS SETS.

* ACCEPTS ART SIGNAL NSm 0.15 Ifl 5 II fftLN. ANALOG sr DIGITAL.

* LEW PURER REQUIREMENTS- -S Mill - 3 rm, mat.

* WIDE Oft MDPASS ptmiH gp'ivial COLOR SM SOU NO Kpi/iUtwi!

4 *■ v/Vi — oi, al joa-aai-am

ATV Research

^,—£^0 H-| RFlOfiDWAt DAKOTA CITY. NE. BETH

POLY 66 USERS GROUP

$5 covers first 12 newsletters and mem-
bership in software exchange group. 40
programs available and growing daily.

1477 Barrington, #17
Los Angeles, CA 90025

/ COMPUTER HOBBYISTS! ~

Nationwide Classified %

Advertising Newsletter

Buy & Sail Hardware & Software

ne w/u s ed /u n i qu e/I ow -cos t 1

$3,75 for 18 iiHtei.

Free sample issue on request. ,

0N_LINE Newsletter

2*696 Si nil Crui Hwy, Lob Gt'oi, Ci 0503d ,

KIM-1 $245

SPECIAL — Includes power supply

Immediate Delivery

KIM 4 -part harmony music pkg $35

4.5 amp KL Power Supply +5V, + 12V $34

Write for list of KIM memory and accessories

A B Computers

P.O. Box 104, Perkasie, PA 18944

NORTH STAR DISK OWNERS

Challenge the Royal Navy during Ihg dark days of
World War II In NORTH ATLANTIC CONVOY RAIDER.
Rules, program documentation, and three scenarios
(SGHARNMORST, BISMARCK, TfRPlTZ) on diskette.
Runs with North Star BASIC V.3 in 2QK Lotef memory
$10. (plus lax).

BEDROSIAN

3412 Alma Avenue. Manhattan Beach, CA 90266

__ I

MICRO-MARKET AD RATE:

$50.00 per column inch. Maxi-
mum of 4 column inches per ad.
Submit ads to Micro-Market Ads
INTERFACE AGE Magazine,
PO Box 1234, Cerritos, CA 90701.

Wifi SUCHEN FflCHBRIEFE

LLAMAMOS PARA MONAGRAFIAS

APPELLE POUR MONOGRAPHES
CALL FOR PAPERS

The February issue will feature an International Special, the first in an ongoing series. INTERFACE
AGE wants to inform its readers on microcomputing activity the world over. We have readers in many
foreign countries and invite authors from outside North America to submit manuscripts.

Readers from Britain, Europe, Eastern Europe, Japan, South Africa, Australia, Latin America: We are
seeking articles on your experience in microcomputing for home and professional use. Hobbyists
and professional small system users are invited to share their problems and solutions with our readers.

For those of you who can read English, but have not yet tried writing, make an attempt. Outline
your article in the same manner as you would in your native tongue. Keep your sentences short; use
graphics and photos whenever possible. Type your text neatly double-spaced on letter-size paper. Do
not be concerned about your language inadequacies. We’ll polish your text before publication. Honor-
aria range from $15 to $50 per printed page. Payment shall be remitted in the method of your choice.

JANUARY 1978

INTERFACE AGE 173

FOR SALE: Microdata minicomputer 810
with 16K core memory and Mohawk card
reader with interfaces, manuals. Cost
over $8000, asking $1300. F-Co, 1506
Sandcastle Dr,, Corona del Mar, CA
92625, (714) 644-6031 evenings.

FOR SALE: Sphere 31 0A microprocessor.
As is. Includes: M6800 CPU, cassette in-
terface, video interface, ASCII keyboard,
4K memory, EPROM monitor (editor,
assembler, and debugger), and, power
supply. First reasonabte offer takes it.
Jerry Katcher, 303 Sample Bridge Rd.r
Mechanicsburg, PA 17055.

FOR SALE: 8K-S080A system, 6 parallel
I/O ports (add 2 chips for 3 more PIO and
1 serial), 3K PROM brd (w/o 2708 PROM),
2-4K 45Qnsec low power static RAM,
TVT-II terminal with cursor control
board, Uart board, 2K RAM board, Hall ef-
fect ASCII keyboard, HITS audio cas^
sette Interface, (sockets for all chips). All
boards new, unused, most assembled, 5
amp power supply, edge connectors,
card guides, case, documentation,
two-60 chip wire wrap protoboards with
96 w.w. sockets. $695. Write for more in-
fo, David Krivoshik, 18 Newcomb, Eliza-
beth, NJ 07202.

FOR SALE: TVT-3 terminal, unused. $95
or best offer takes. Also ASCII keyboard
in perfect condition with M03 circuitry,
optional parity, etc. for $20. David
Tucker, 23681 Marlow, Oak Park, Ml
48237, Or call after 4:00 (313) 967-3130,

DISK FILE Management Programs: Mini-
mum memory requirements. No scratch-
pads, file to file merge, or wasted space.
Fast binary retrieval on alphanumeric
linked keys. Entry and update programs
in BASIC, easily converted to any lan-
guage, Optimized algorithms, ample
remarks. Send $10 for source listings
{$10.65 Calif, res.) to TEL-ADS, 7364 San
Ramon Rd., Dublin, CA 94566.

TELEPRINTERS FOR SALE: Model 15
(Baudot) with table, $65.00; Model 28
ASRfs, KSR's, RO‘s (write); Model 33ASR
with modem, $675.00. Some Model 35
(ASCII) equipment available. Tape pun-
ches and readers. Parts and supplies
(tape, paper, ribbons). Model 33ASR wir-
ing diagram packet, $5.75; Model 33
copyholders, $14.00; Model 33 readers
and parts, write. Send SASE for list.
Lawrence R. Pfleger, 2141 N. 52nd St.,
Milwaukee, Wl 53208,

FOR SALE: IMSAI 4K EPROM board with
EPROMs. Never used, $350. Associated
Electronics PROM burner (burns 1702
and 8702 EPROMs) with power supply,
$260. J. Williams, 2415 Ansdel Ct.,
Reston, VA 22091.

WANTED: Used Qantel computing equip-
ment: CPUs, peripherals, PC cards,
manuals, Ron Tipton, Route 7, Fayette-
ville, AR 72701, (501) 643-2191

FOR SALE: Altair’s Centronics 701
line printer. Complete with controller
card. Can be used in S100 bus. 3 months
old. Sells for $2375, wifi sell for $1750.
Scott Jacobs, (312) 827-3198 or (312)
638-0446.

SOFTWARE Exchange: North Star Disc
Media. Let's swap. Send SASE to HBR,
Box AF, Woodbridge, CT 06525.

FOR SALE: Sanyo VM4155 solid state
video monitor, new. $200, J. Williams,
2415 Ansdel Ct.r Reston, VA 22091.

FOR SALE: S100 connectors. Gold 3-lev
WW, ,025 pins spaced ,125, .250 between
rows, ears. Fits IMSAI motherboards.
Solder near conn, on S-100 +5 & Grn —
still space for 2 wraps/post. All other
pins have NO solder, but may be WW‘d,
Pins straight. $3.25 ea,, 50 + $3.00, Card
guides: 25c/pr, Add $2/order ship. Mark
La Gasse, 3 Ames St. (MIT); Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02139.

FOR SALE: Professional assembly!
PR-40 alphanumeric printer. Works
beautifully! New condition, $200. 63 key
alphanumeric keyboard with 9 LED
status indicators. Also new, complete
with power supply, $40. Both for $230.
Call Tom P. Chen, 822 Valley Crest SL. La
Canada, CA 91011, 790-7702.

FOR SALE: Altair 88G0A, 24K static, Ex-
pander board, 2 SIO, 88 ACR, ASR-33
w/auto TD, iCOM microfloppy, disc
BASIC, assembler, editor, monitor. All
manuals. Alt up and running. Best offer.
Harris G. Bruch, P.O. Box 1155, Pitts-
burgh, NY 12901, (518) 561-1532/561-4680.

FOR SALE: 1 Olgideck Model 60 digital
recorder with motor control and dual
read/write amplifiers. New in original
packing with manual. $100, R. Carideo,
32 Marlboro St., Malden, MA 02148.

FOR SALE; Altair 8800A computer,
assembled and tested. Hardly used, ex-
cellent condition. Includes 1024 bytes
statis memory and manuals, $625 or best
offer. Frank GuidiT 11097 Ave., 424,
Drnuba, CA 92618, (209) 591-3763.
WANTED: Speech Lab kit or assembled
board and documentation or manuals by
themselves. State condition and price.
For Sale; PROM programming from
Binary or Hex paper tape: 1702A ($4),
2708 ($8). From Hex or Octal listing:
1702 A ($5), 2708 ($16). You supply the
PROM. I have a few 1702 A PROMs
available at $6 each. Quantity discounts
on programming. 48 hour turnaround,
H.S. Corbin, 11704 Ibsen Dr., Rockville,
MD 20852, (301) 881-7571.

FOR SALE: 5.4 megabyte disk packs.
Beautiful shape, guaranteed to initialize.
Fit IBM 2311 or Honeywell 172B drives
(2.7 megabyte on IBM). Original cost up
to $400, Sell for $5 plus $2 shipping.
Harry Handley, 437 Selkirk Dr., Winter
Park, FL 32792, (305) 645-1765

FOR SALE: Two PTC 16KRA memory
boards (16K bytes) $350 each. Quantum
ics MM8B memory board (8K bytes) $150.
All boards factory assembled and tested
and brand new. Lorin S. Mohler, 219 N,
Sweetwater St., Anaheim, CA 92806,
(714) 998-5831 after 5 pm

FOR SALE: ASR 33 teletype including 4
rolls of white bond paper. Excellent con-
dition. $850.00, Steve Faber, bus. (213)
659-9440. Home (213) 651-3761.

FOR SALE: AH MiTS, ah work. (3) 4K
dynamic boards $100 each, (3) 4K syn-
chronous boards $125 each, IK static
board $50, SIO-C setup for TTy, $75.
Mother board expansion $10 each. Poly-
Morphic 64 char, video board $125, John
R. DeHart, 9303 Town Park Dr„ Houston,
TX 77036, (713) 981-4267,

FOR SALE: Most of the memory and CPU
parts, blueprints and description for the
IMP-16 system by Hal Chamberlain, as
described in The Computer Hobbyist.
Send SASE for list and prices, Larry
Neville, Rb 2, Box 65E, Talbott, TN 37877.

WANTED: Diablo Hytype II in good con-
dition. Prefer 1620 terminal, but will take
printer only if all self-contained in
cabinet. Neil Ferguson, 116 Woodland
Cir., Arlington, TX 76013, (817) 265-9054.

FOR SALE: Imsai 8080, with 22 slot
motherboard, MIO board, VTI 64 video in-
terface, 8K of RAM, keyboard and paper
tape, all assembled and running. Call
(703) 992-4903. John Cummins* Rte. 2,
Box 330, Trout vi he, VA 24175.

FOR SALE: (2) 8K Solid State Music
memory boards, 500 nsec., static, plus
spare ICs, ah for $380. Color video re-
corder plus video camera and zoom-lens
plus extra video cassettes, all for $400.
Larry Wright, P.O. Box 7576, Menlo Park,
CA 94025, (415) 854-5678.

FOR SALE Complete M6800-based
Wtntek system. Includes 6800 CPU, 16K
static memory, IK ROM monitor, Wintek
BRB video terminal (80x24), SWTPC
AC-30 cassette interface w/2 cassette
players, PR-40 printer, and Centronics
306 serial printer. Make offer for any or
all. Call or write Scott Daily, Box 741,
Lafayette, IN 47901, (317) 742-1417.

174 INTERFACE AGE

JANUARY 1978

1270 Cl H 4 >=" FOREIGN RESOURCES ARE ♦

1275 ClM5>»*R£CENT TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES
1200 C ] * t i > - ’ OUR I NNflUAT IVE APPROACH IS ■
1ZH5 Cl*I7>~*[JUft RESEARCH UDIf^ J3 ■

12P0 Cl ton r'CQMFAHT POLICY IS ■

1295 C1M9>-*UPPER NANAGEMENT is 1
iJOO CH(10)p"WEAA TEflH DEVELOPflENTS APE 1
1301 REM BU SUBROUTINE
1305 ♦

1310 Dltf?)-TAH-I-CAPF 1
1315 D1*I3)-"U-EAM 1
U2G j)im)=*V-CAh *

1325 I>tM5)-'fiOH '

1330 tU*(4)-"CAHAH *

ISIS Dlf fPl^'R^-DZ *

1340 Dl»<eja'CP-3D '

1345 D1H91- "ROBOTICS *

1350 DllflOl-'WAKEIi MEMORY *

1351 REH P2» SUBROUTINE
1355 D2* 111*" PAT TERMS *

1340 P2* ( 2 } * * SDL UT I OHS *

1365 P2*< 31 *■ VARIABLES ■

1370 D2t( 4 !•* APPROACHES 1
1375 D2l f 5 J » * MET HOUOL □ C I E 5 *

J3S0 D2*(ai-‘EN&lN£ERING AIDS ■

1305 D2t i 71 ■ * OPT IONS 1

1390 D2t ( 6) ■ ‘ ARGUMENTS *

1395 D2*(9)-"C0NCEPTS ■

1400 D24 1 10 J ■ * TECHNOLOGIES 1

1401 B9* = Er5» fFNA > +Pt » < FNP > +S7* ( FNC }

1402 F9MG5* tFNAM-B4f (FNB J f*7*f FNC >

1403 Off =B5t ( FNA i tfiflt I FNfi 1 +B 7i < FNCl

1404 H9*=B5ttFNAj+S4t [FNBJ + B7HFHCJ

1405 J94-B5M FNA >+B6*< FND? tB?t t FNC)

1406 K?»«ESi< FNA ) +64* < FNBJ fB7* (PNC)

1 407 L9>-B5HFHAI +B64 (FNB t +B7* ( FNC 1
1400 7*^". 1

14(39 A61 b * PUT *

1410 REH SENTENCE #1

J 440 PRINT
J 450 PRINT
1455 PRINT
1460 PRINT
1465 PRINT
1475 PRINT
1400 PRINT
1405 PRINT
1490 INPUT
1495 IF
1500 rF «»'
1505 GOTO
1530 PRINT
1535 PRINT
15*0 END
OK

THE ABOVE IS THE REPORT YOU REQUESTED PE COMPILED
FOR " IK*

CAST YOUR VOTE

The authors of this issue would like to know your feelings as to which article you consider the best. You may cast
your vote on only one article. Select the best article and circle the corresponding number on the reader service card.

At the end of the voting period all votes will be tallied, the highest scoring article will be announced and the author
will receive a $100 bonus.

ARTICLES

389 QWERTY Is Obsolete by Sid Owen

390 The Word Processor by Ken Knecht

391 Medical Accounts Receivable Package by Mat Lockwood

392 Microcomputer for Business Risk Analysis by Jon R. Prescott

393 How to Buy An Apartment House by Richard E. Michels

394 Turning Toward MECA by Cart Denver Warren II

395 Interval Timer by Darrel J. Van Suer

396 Computerese Speech Writer by Ashok Nagranl

397 Cromemco Dazzler Graphics Interface Driver by Ray Duncan

398 Tax Calculation Program by Gary 0. Young

399 The Tax Man by Gary 0, Young

400 Crazy Ball for North Star BASIC by Sy Feierstadt

Vectored from Page 152

: 1 * { FHtki *B9*+A2* (ENA 1+A3* ( FNA J + A4t tF9* + A4 1 ( FMA i+G9t+Zt

‘ REM SENTENCE #2

i BN*=H ( + N1 + B 1 1 (FNB 7 t B3l tFNS) +D4* tFNBl +2*
i REM SENTENCE #3
i- C3*="DU£ TO A *

h CC*-C14!FNC)4A34lFNC3+C2*tHVtF7t
I AEM SENTENCE f 4
1 G3*-*A«E '

1 PI'I -Ql KFNA3 +C2I tFNAl +03* +J94+Z4
REH SENTENCE f 5
EU* "BECAUSE OF *

E2*="A *

EE4 =DI 9 (FNfi MA4t£FNB) + E2f*S3«[ FNC ) +B4t( FNA ) t£l* + Kv|t2*

T 1 t=R* E F N Si > :T2l=RtlFN£ 1 ;Y34 = E4 ff NF 3

IF Yi*OY24 THEN 142fl ELSE 600

IF T140Y31 THEN M2? ELSE &00

IF YJ*OT3f THEN 1433 ELSE 6D0

PAINT YTHY2tJY3t

PRINT

NEXT I

PAINT

PRINT "DO YOU NEED ANT MORE AEPQAT9T *
PRINT "TYPE ■’YES r DTHERUIEE TYPE-OVER"
INPUT flt

IF H*«"YEa* THEN GOTO 200
IF nfp'GUEp" THEN 00 TQ 1530
GOTO I49D

PRINT "HOPE YOU MERE SATISFIED."

PRINT 1 GOODBYE "

END

JANUARY 1973

INTERFACE AGE 175

ADVERTISER fNDEX

There’s an iCOM
for Everyone
at these

Computer Stores. . .

ALABAMA
Computerland
Huntsville
(205) 539 1200

ARIZONA

Byte Shop ol Arizona
Tempe

(602) 894-1129

CALIFORNIA

Byte Shop
Computer Store
San Rafael
(415) 457-9311

Byte Shop
Fresno

(209) 485-2417

Byte Shop Computer
Si ore of Diablo Valley
Walnut

(415) 993-6252

Computerland
ol Hayward
Hayward
(415) 538-8080

Computerland ol
Saddleback Valley
Mission Viejo
(714) 770-0131

Computerland
ol San Diego
San Diego
(714) 560-9912

Computerland ol

SanTusiin

Tustin

(714) 544-0542

Compuierland
of West LA.
Inglewood
(213) 776-8080

Byte Shop of Lawndale

Lawndale

(213) 371-2421

Byte Shop
of Westminster
Westminster
(714) 894-9131

Orange County
Computer Center
Cos la Mesa
(714) 646-0221

The Computer Mart

Orange

(714) 633-1222

Byie Shop of San Di ego
San Diego
(714) 565-8008

Byte Shop of Hayward

Hayward

(415) 537-2983

Micro Comp u I er C an I er

Anaheim

(714) 527-8080

COLORADO

Prime Radix
Denver

(303) 573-5942

Byte Shop
Boulder

(303) 449-6233
FLORIDA
Byie Shop ol Miami
Miami

(305) 264-2983

Byte Shop
of Ft Lauderdale
Ft Lauderdale
(305) 561-2983

HAWAII

Capacity. Inc,

Maui

(808) 575-2930

The Computer Room
San Jose
(408) 226-8384

Byte Shop
Computer Store
Santa Clara
(408) 249-4221

Byte Shop
Computer Store
Santa Barbara
(805) 966-2538

Byte Shop 111
of San Jose
San Jose
(408) 377-4685

Byte Shop
of Thousand Oaks
Thousand Oaks
(305) 497-9595

Tech- Mari
Tarzana
(213) 344-0153

Byte Shop of Tarzana

Tarzana

(213) 343-3919

Byte Shop of Pasadena

Pasadena

(213) 684-3311

ILLINOIS

The I tty Bitty Machine
Company
Evanston
(312) 328-6800

Bits and Bytes
Computer Store
Posen

(312) 389-7112

Computerland
□t Arlington Heights
Arlington Heights
(312) 255-6488

Li ttipuie Computer Mart
Skokie

(312) 674-1383

The Numbers Racket
Champaign
(217) 352-5435

Champaign Computer
Company
Champaign
(217) 359-5883

INDIANA

Byte Shop
The Data Group Inc.
Indianapolis
(317) 842-2983

KENTUCKY

Cybertronics
Lou is vitle
(502) 499-1551

Compuierland
o! Louisville
Louisville
(502) 425-8308

LOUISIANA

Southern
Electronics, Inc.
Shreveport
(318)222-8795

Computer Shoppe, Inc.

Metairie

(604) 454-6600

MARYLAND

The Computer
Workshop, Inc.
Rockville
(301) 468-0455

Computerland
of Rockville
Rockville
(301) 948-7676

MASSACHUSETTS

Computer Marl, Inc.

Waltham

(617) 899-4540

American Used
Computer Corporal ion
Boston

(617) 261-1100

NEW YORK

Synchro Sound

Enterprises

Hollis

(212) 468-7067

Compuierland
of Tonawanda
To na wanda
(716) 836-6511

Computerland of Ithaca
Ithaca

(607) 277-4888

Computer Shoppe
Middle Island
(516) 732-4446

PENNSYLVANIA

Byte Shop of
Philadelphia
Brynmawr
(215) 525-7712

Personal Computer

Corporation

Frazer

(215) 647-8463

SOUTH CAROLINA

Carolina Computers

Columbia

(803) 798-7524

TEXAS

Micro Store (0010)
Arlington
(817) 461-6081

MICHIGAN

General Computer
Troy

(313) 362-0022

Computer Mart
Royal Oak
(313) 5 76’ 0900

MINNESOTA

Microprogramming, Inc.

Burnsville

(612)834-3510

Microstore
Richardson
(214) 231-1096

Microtek, Inc,
Houston
(713) 7BD-74 7 7

Elect rote*
Houston
(713) 526-3456

Computer World
Arlington
(817) 469-1502

Computer Depot
Minneapolis
(612) 927-5601

NORTH CAROLINA

Digital Dynamics
Corporation
Chariolle
(704) 374-1527

NEW HAMPSHIRE

Computer Mar! of
New Hampshire
Nashua

(603) 883-2386

NEW JERSEY

Computer Mart of
New Jersey
Iselfn

(201) 283-0600
Computerland
of Morristown
Morristown
(201) 539-4077

Computer
Terminal Store
El Paso
(015) 532-1777

Computer Shop
San Antonio
(512) 828-0553

The KA Computer Store
Dallas

(214) 634-7870

WISCONSIN

Madison
Computer Store
Madison
(600) 255-5552

CANADA
Computer Mart Ltd
Toronto, Ontario
(416) 484-9708

Computer Place
Toronto, Ontario
(416) 598-0262

mr miCROPGRIPHERRLS

6741 Variel Ave.. Canoga Park. CA 91303 U.S.A. • (213) 340-1391 TWX 910-494-2786

a division of Pertec Computer Corporation

176 INTERFACE AGE

info

Inquiry

Number Page

MANUFACTURERS

1 Alpha Microsystems 30-31

2 Alpha Supply Company . 64

3 AP Products, Inc. 51

4 Audio Engineering 71

104 BYTE Magazine 171

43 Canada Systems SB

G Central Data 36

7 CMC-TEI 11

9 Computer Faire

10 Compu/Time 10

1 1 Cromemco 1

12 Databyte 13

13 Data Dynamics Technology 40-41

1 4 D.C. Hayes Associates 2?

15 The Digital Group 3

16 Digital Microsystems 74

17 dillthfumf Matrix 16,17

16 Dr, Dobb s Journal 168

19,103 Dynabyle 4,5

20 E ^Instruments, Inc. 9

21 Electronic Control Technology ........ .67

22 Electronic Systems 53

64 Forethought Products 71

25,26 Heath Company , _ r . , 28, 6C

27 (COM 176, IBC

28,45 Into 2000 23,33

* INTERFACE AGE Magazine 54

INTERFACE AGE Back Issues . . .22. 86. 169

29 Meoa. 20

30 Micro Business “70 42

31 Micromatlon, Inc. .38

101,32 Mic rope li s Co rp 58,59

33 Micro-Term, Inc. ,,,21

5 MPI 74

35 National Sohware Exchange 14

35 Objective Design, Inc. .52

37 OK Machine & Tool Carp 35

38 Osborne 6 Associates, Inc. 48

39 P Ai A Elect ron lea, Inc 29

40 Para s it ic Engi neerin g 7

41 Percom Data Corp is

42 Peripheral Vision * . .. . , .12

PolyMorphJc Systems, tnc. 47

44 Research Computer Systems 70

102 Scientific Research .55

46 Seat 1 1 e Com pu I e r Produc ts 69

47 Sharp & Associates, Inc .14

48 Software Exchange 66

49 Space Byte Corp 15

50 Structured Systems Group ,32

51 Summagraphics Corp. 37

52 SWTP IFC

53,54,55 Sybek 92,93

56 Technical Design Labs , * , 65

7 TE1-CMC .,,,11

58 Terminal Systems, Inc, . .66

59 TLF Corporation ,50

60 U I Ira- Violet Products, Inc. 19

61 Vandenberg Date Products . , 72

62 Vector Graphic, Inc. , 34

Vista Computer Company 44-45

63,24 Wameco, Inc , , , .43, 73

65 Wintek 72

66 Xllax 67

67,68 Kybek * 66,70

COMPUTER STORES

69 Bits N Bytes, Fullerton, CA 129

70 Byte, Inc. 144

71 Byte Shop, Lawndale, CA i£i

72 Byte S hop, M ari n a de I fteyH C A 1 34

73 Byte Shop, Miami, FL 121

74 Byie Shop, OH .... 14S

75 Byte Shop, Pasadena, CA 14^

76,77 Byte Shop, San Francisco, CA 1 19, 1 38

78 Byte Shop, Tempe,*AZ ,135

79 Byte Shop, TuslIn.CA 140

80 Computer Components 127

81 Computer Enterprises 12a

82 Computer Marl, New Jersey .131

83 Computer Marl, New York 143

84 Computer Marl, Orange, C A 1 39

85 Co m pu t er Store. Sa n ta Mon ica, C A ...,137

86 MCI .,141

87 Microcom Systems 129

89 Micro Computer Devices 127

90 Mission Control 13G

Orange County Computer Center 145

9t Rondure Company 136

92 SemCom 146

93 Sunny Trading Company 13i

9 J Su nsh I ne Com p u I er Co m pany ,142

95 Tech-Man 132

SURPLUS STORES

96 Atwood Enterprises . . 169

97 Digi-Key Corporation _ , . t „ , . 153

98 Jade Com puter Products 166- 167

99 Quest Electronics 15?

100 S. D. Sales Company 155

'Manufacturer requests factory-direct Inquiry.

JANUARY 1978

READER SERVICE CAR©

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January 1978 Issue
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Title

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January 1978 Issue
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6 Cl Engineer (Eteclrpn £S, Mechanical ESC 1

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A G Magazines

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A Q Nave AH Computing EqurpmenT

C □ Gub Meetings

S □ Need Mwe Peripherals

D ODireci Man Fnjm Manufacturers

1 C □ Have CPU Only

e doiikk

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7. 1 prater la Buy

E GCmer

A □ Direclry From Manufacturers

3. 1 Nc-ad TMt ((lfurmtiloni For

B □ Lbcef Computer Reiaiier [Store j

A d immediate Purchase

C dMail Order

B □ Purchase 30-60 Days

0 □ Club Group Purchases

C d Comparisons

E P Older

D QUeralufO Library

4, i Look TiS INTERFACE AGE Flral For

€ doner

A □ Ne* Product information

4, My Inttretl Emphiiait (a

6 G Schwara information

A d Hardware

C O Tutorials

e G F'lmwine

D D Hardware Afr-eiM

C QSOtenrflra

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n n f'lhw

F □ Rarnarhs

Please send information on items circled below.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 a 9 10 n 12 13 14 15 16 17 10 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

26 27 20 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 30 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 40 49 50
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76 77 75 70 80 01 82 83 84 85 86 87 B0 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
101 102 103 104 105 106 107 100 109 1 10 111 112 1 13 114 1 15 1 16 117 1 18 119 120 121 122 123 1 24 125
126 127 126 129 130 131 132 133 m 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150
151 152 1 53 154 155 156 157 156 159 160 161 162 1 63 164 165 166 167 1 68 169 170 171 172 173 174 V75
176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 104 185 186 187 188 189 190 19 1 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200
20 1 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 2 10 21 1 2 12 2 1 3 2 14 2 1 5 216 2 17 2 1 6 219 220 22 1 222 223 224 225
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E. G Older

D □ Have No Equipinorrt

T. 1 prefer To Buy

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A. O Directly From Manglaclurers

3. 1 Need Thla JnlormalJon For

0 G Local Computer Retailer [Store)

A, □ immediate PuiehoM

C. d Malt Order

0. Q Purchase 30-60 Days

D. □ Club Group Purchases

C. □ Comparisons

E. O Other

□ . D Literature Library

$. 1 Look To INTERFACE AGE drat Far

E □ Omer - - —

A G N6w Product Information

4. My Imam! Emphasis la

0 a $0is*are information

a. □ Hardware

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£ O Product Advertising

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Clinton, Iowa 52732

Rich Man, Poor Man, Merchant, Physician,

Teacher, Lawyer, Student, Musician....

There’s MtCOM Floppy Disk
System for Everyone!

More Uses

People from every walk of life are
adding iCOM® Floppy Disks to their
microcomputers for such diverse
tasks as payroll, inventory control,
mailing lists, game playing, record
keeping, parts ordering . . .

We've uncovered some Innovative
applications, too: The sailboat architect
who puts equations and algorithms on
an I COW disk to test his nautical
theories : the student who has auto-
mated a bowling alley; the iCOM
dealer who designed an environmental
control system for a university.

More Speed

These users have found iCOM
floppies to be much faster and more
versatile than cassette or paper tape.
With ICOM,
programs can
be loaded in
seconds; files
updated in
minutes;
hundreds of
programs can
be stored on
a single disk.

More Models

iCOM has Frugal Floppies™, Dual
Floppies, Microfloppies™ (using the
new 5Va" diskette), and other new
approaches to floppy disk systems.
Each Is hardware and software
compatible with Altai r™, IMSAI, Poty
88, Sol-20 and other microcomputers
using the Altai r $-1 00 bus format.

More Software

Then there's ICO M's famous
software ; Powerful field-proven
FDOS-ll with macro-assembler, string-
oriented text editor, and file manager.
Plus easy-to-use compatible 8K Disk
BASIC. Each with super features such
as: named variable length files, auto-
file create, open and close, multiple
merge and delete . . . and more.

More Backup

We've been building floppies for
microcomputers for more than 3 years.
Long before the rest. Thousands of
systems are operating perfectly in the
field. And we re part of Pertec
Computer Corporation, one of the
largest manufacturers of peripherals,
microsystems, data entry products
and data processing systems. Well be
around whenever you need us.

More Dealers

Maybe not in quantity, but in quality.
We've chosen our dealer network
carefully to assure you of assistance
every step of the way. Our prices are
right. Our delivery is
fast. Our dealers are
experienced and
knowledgeable.

Must Reading

Our free booklet,
"What a Floppy Disk
Can Do for You'1
is must reading.
Send for yours today
or visit yourdealer.

i 0t

©O

9 1 97 7 . Pertec Compuler Corporal ton

miCROPERIPHERQLS

6741 Variel Ave.. Canoga Park, CA 91303 U.S.A.
Tel . (213) 348-1391 T WX 910-494-2788

a division of Pertec Computer Corporation

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 27

the world's
most powerful
microcomputer
comes home

Be sure to use coupon
on page 28 of this
magazine to order your
FREE Heathkit Catalog]

■■■

Computer hobhviste
wanted the p
sional machines.

But they've had
to settle for less.

Professional
machines were
too expensive.

Not anymore.

Now there's the
Heathkit Mil.

Professional performance, kit price.

The HI I uses Digital Equipment Cor-
poration's 16-bit LSI-11 CPU. Exactly the
same CPU found in the lame us DEC
PDP-11 -probably the most popular
commercial and industrial computer in
the world. So now a low-cost kit gives
you the speed, power and throughput
of the world's most popular professional
computer.

Software and support. As an Hll

owner, you have access to an incredible
range of software - editor, relocatable
assembler, linker, absolute loader, debug
program, I/O executive program, dump
routines, BASIC and FOCAL. And, by
joining the DEC user's group (DECUS),
you can have access to one of the largest
software libraries in the world. And
there's more to come. Much more.

Of course, the Hll executes the power-
ful PDP 11/40 instruction set which in-
cludes over 400 commands. And the fully
assembled KD-11F CPU board includes
4K x 16 bits of memory. The backplane
accepts up to six additional modules
(memory, serial and parallel I/O, etc,)
Heath will soon introduce a dual floppy
with a disk operating system to take

full advantage of the Hlls power. And
the Hll is fully compatible with all DEC
LSI-11 accessaries.

Heath documentation is second to none.
You get Illustrated step-by-step instruc-
tions on how to build the kit, thorough
explanations of the software and compre-
hensive operating instructions, if you
want to see for yourself, we'll send you
the entire manual set (#HM-U00) for
just $25. And you can apply the cost to
the price of the computer.

With the Heathkit Hll, you can enjoy
power, speed, versatility and potential
no 8-bit machine can match. And the
Hll costs little more than lesser
computers - just $12955

Don't settle for less than the best, A
close look In the latest Heathkit catalog
will convince you that the Hll is the
best home computer you can buy.

System Engineered
for Personal Computing

CIRCLE INQUIRY NO. 26